
Class _._. LA^AS- 

Book ^_^._l(b^_ 

GopyiightN" 



copypiGHT DEPosrr. 



A HISTORY 



Schools of C 



CHOOLS OF LJNCINNATI 



BV 

JOHN B. SHOTWELL 



CINCINNATI 

THE SCHOOL LIFE COMPANY 

1902 



TMfe LibRARY OF 
CONGRESS, 

Two Copies Received 

JAN ? 1903 

Copyright Entry 

CLASS CLr XXo, No 

>^%%%^ 
COPY B, 



Copyrighted, 

1902, 

John Erough Shotwell 



V 



V 



PRI]FACE. 



THE duty of a historian, says Lord Bacon, is "to 
represent the events themselves, together with the 
counsels, and to leave the observations and conclusions 
thereupon to the liberty and faculty of every man's 
judgment." 

Thus, it is claimed that Bacon throws the moral re- 
sponsibility upon the readers, not upon the writers, of 
history. This is a comfortable position for a writer to 
be in, and I cheerfully recommend that all writers 
assume it, for the burden of getting together hundreds 
of facts frorji all imaginable sources is responsibility 
enough for one person to carry. 

This volume was mostly written by myself ; contri- 
butions are easily recognized. Thanks are due many 
persons for assistance, notably. Howard Ayers, President 
of the University of Cincinnati ; John B. Peaslee, for- 
mer Superintendent c^f Schools ; John H. Brawley (photo 
of Charles McMicken ) ; and Judge Samuel F. Hunt. 

A"(9 errata is published. The errors found are cor- 
rected in the index. 

John B. Shotwell. 

Chiciuiiati, O., Dec, 1902. 



DEDICATED TO 

JULIUS FLEISCHMANN, 

MAYOR OF THE CITY OF CINCINNATI. 



CONTENTS. 

PagR. 

General Sketch 3 

Board of Education 29 

Superintendents — N. Guilford (60), Joseph Merrill 
{62), Andrew J. Rickoff(63), Isaac J. Allen 
(64 and 85), Lyman Harding (65), John Han- 
cock ( 65 ) 60 

Superintendents — John B. Peaslee.. 68 

" Isaac J. Allen 85 

Emerson E. White 89 

•' Richard G. Boone 97 

Board of Examiners loi 

Walnut Hills High School 107 

Sign School for the Deaf 113 

Oral School for the Deaf 115 

Hughes High School 122 

Woodward High School 13:^ 

Domestic Science 153 

'Woodward in the Civil War 157 

Music in the Public Schools 166 

Penmanship 171 

Drawing Department 1 74 

Cincinnati Museum Association 180 

University of Cincinnati .. 186 

Howard Ayers 200 

The Observatory 206 

Charles McMicken 210 

Medical College of Ohio 22^ 

Ohio College of Dental Surgery 238 



Contents. 

Page. 

The University Organization. 231 

Asa Van Wornier 340 

Technical School ■ 247 

Cincinnati College and Its Law vSchool 251 

Outings 266 

Public Night »Schools : 369 

Carnivals 278 

Physical Culture 282 

German Department 289 

College of Journalism 310 

Lane Theological Seminarv 312 

.School Architecture 317 

Hebrew Union College 329 

Miami Medical College 334 

Y. M. C. A. Law .School 339 

Natural History Society 3z|6 

Cuvier Club, Audubon .Society 351 

Hay ward School of Elocution 354 

Normal School 356 

Agnostic Sunday School 361 

Public Library 365 

College of Music 369 and 468 

Cincinnati Conservatory of Music 371 

Ohio Militarv Institute 373 

Eclectic Medical Institute 379 

Laura Memorial Woman's Medical College 382 

Ohio Mechanics Institute 387 

Cincinnati College of Dental Surgery 392 

Nelson Business College 397 

Watters Business College 399 

School Journals 401 

Cincinnati College of Pharmacy 406 

School Libraries 409 



Contents. 



Principals Association 414 

House of Refuse 419 

Teachers Club ^2^ 

Bartholomew-Clifton School 431 

Cincinnati Teachers Association 434 

Mathesi? 4^6 

Bible 442 

Colored Schools 447 

Aledals and Prizes 461 

Fall Festival Parades 465 

Colleg-e of Music /j68 

Ehrgott Vocal School, Miss Satlers School 477 

Calvin E. Sto'we's Report 481 

College of Teachers 489 

Wesley an Female College 491 

Spanish- American War 1^00 

Christine G. vSullivan tjo 

National Educational Association i^iS 

Early Chronicles c^z^ 

Ohio Conservatory of Music :;34 

Institutions now Closed.. c^:^9 

Miscellaneous c^c;i 

American Book Company. c:^6 

H. Thane Miller School.. ^64 

Franklin School :^66 

Personal , ^()S 

Kindergartens [^86 

New Citizens Educational League, etc c^oi 

Athletics c^grj 

Cincitmati Veterinary vJollege 604 

INDEX ' 



ILLUSTRATIONS 



liii-c-tsro 



Aiken, Walter H. 170 A 
Albers, Dr. H. W. 536 
Allen, Isaac J. S6 
Allison, James 420 
Allison, Robert. 88 
Andrew, M. F. 527 
Anderson, "VY. L. 503 
Arnold, Brent. 205 
Art Academy. 185 
Art Museum. 181 
Authors Grove. 69 
Ayers, Howard. 203 

B. 
Baily, Hezekiah B. 429 
Bardes, Georg-e. 70 b 
Barney, H. H. 123 
Bartholomew-Clifton School. 43 
Benedict, W. R. 443 
Bishop, J. Remsen. 108 
Bloom, LaFayette. 270 
Bloom, Simeon. 272 A 
Bode, August H. 273 
Bolenbaugh, G. B. 64 A 
T5ooth, E. R. 248 
Boone, R G. 100 
Braam, Maximilian. 519 
Braun, Geo. F. 154 
Brandt, James M. 437 
Brooks, Charles J. 533 
Brown, Albert T. 300 
Brown, Wm. K. 492 
Brown, Mrs. McClellan. 493 
Bundy, Wm. E. 292 
Burns. Geo. AV. 426 



Caldwell, John A. 20 
Carnegie Library. 488 
Cash, Denis F. Ill 
Champlin, Howard. 559 
Chickering, J. B. 546 
Church, John A. 298 
Cincinnati Conservatory of 

Music. 372 
Cincinnati College Building. 563 
Cincinnati College of Dent. 

Surg. 394 



Cincinnati Kindergarten 

Training School. 587 
Cincinnati Wesleyan Female 

College. 495 (old); 496 (new) 
City Hall. 158 
Clark, Peter H. 450 
Cleveland, Harlan. 264 a 
Columbian School. 302 
Comegys, C. G. 219 
Conner, Dr. P. S. 553 
Cook, Dr. Louis P. 605 
Cooper, James. 169 
Cormany, Jacob E. 5 
Cornish, Louis A. 505 
Cox, Benjamin H. 547 
Coy, E. W. 125 

D. 

Dabney. W. P. 503 
Danziger, Henry. 285 
Darby, Thomas H. 473 
Davis, Wm. Henry. 413 
Dearness, Fred W. 92 
Dehner, John P. 410 
DeHart, A. J. 452 
Deppe, "W. P. 513 
Dickson, W. L. 544 
Disque. H. J. .561 
De Witt, John D. 552 

E. 

Eclectic Medical Institute. 380 
Ehrgott, Oscar J. 478 
Eichberg, Julius H. 408 
Eighteenth District School. 427 
Ellis, ^Vade H. 112 b 
Ely, Rev. John Hugh. 374 

F. 

Falls, Dr. Wm. H. 12 a 

h'ennel, Chas. T. P. 407 

Ferris, Howard. 342 

Ferry, Francis. 607 

Fick, H. H. 526 

First District School. 439 

Fisher, T\^m. Hubbell. 352 b 

Fleischmann, Julius. 156 

Flinn, W. S. 114 

Floral Parades. 466, 509-272 B 



Flowers. Montaville. 357 
B'ogel, L. J. 34 
Foraker, Joseph B. S3 
Franklin School. The. 507 
Frey, Theodore. 12 B 

G. 
Gaines, John I. 448 
Garfield School. 360 
Gault, W. P. 499 
Giauque, Florien. 571 
Glendale Public School. 64 b 
Glenn, James M. 172 
Good, W. Rankin. 585 
Gordon, Harry L. 467 
Grossman, Louis. 396 
Guilford, Nathan. 482 
Gusweiler, Frank R. 501 

H. 
Haarmeyer, H. J. 275 
Hancock, Harris. 230 A 
Hancock, John. 484 
Hanna, Henry. 217 
Hanna Hall. 195 . 
Halstead, Murat. 311 
Hannaford, Samuel. 318 
Hartzell, W. F. 596 
Harper, George W. 145 
Harper, J. C. 118 
Harding, Lyman. 66 
Hauck, H. G. 17 
Hauer, John S. 593 
Hayward, Francis R. 355 
Hays, George W. 507 
Hebrew Union College. 331 
Hefner, Edward. 445 
Heintz, M. G. 14 
Heizer, John A. 592 
Henshaw, A. S. 600 
Herholz, Alfred. 590 
Herrmann, August. 94 
Heywood, John C. 79 
Hickenlooper, Andrew. 141 
Hinkle, Thorton M. 260 
Historical Society Room. 201 
Hodges, N. T>. C. 366 
Hoffman School. 322 
Hoffman School Carriage. 509 
Hoffman L. Fred'k. 480 
Hoffheimer, Harry M. 529 
Hosea, L. M. 490 
Hopkins, William A. 524 



House of Refuge. 421 

Hughes High School, (new) 557 

Hughes High School, (old) 127 

Hunt, Charles J. 47 

Hunt, Samuel F. 256 

Hyndnian, J. G. 226 

I. 
Ingalls, M. E. 183 
Island Queen. 267 

J. 

Jackson, George H. 540 
James, F. B. 131 
Johnson, Francis W. 456 A 
Johnson, A. B. 63 
Johnson, Harry S. 58 
Jones, Frank J. 193 
Jones, Rankin D. 211 
Junkermann, G. F. 167 
Junkerman, G. S. 393 



Kaefer, William. 520 
Kemper, Caleb. 187 
Kemper, James B. 162 
King, Rufus. 236 
Klein, W. J. 324 
Knost, Herman. 290 
Kuhn, Oscar W. 232 

L. 
Lane Seminary. 313 
Langdon, Dr. Frank W. 352 
Laura Memorial College. 384 
Law School. 264 
Laycock, John H. 12 b 
Lewis, Samuel J. 505 
Lindahl, Josua. 483 
Lincoln Public School. 328 
Logan, Samuel T. 438 
Long, C. C. 30 

Longworth, Nicholas. 112 A 
Luhn, J. Wm. 207 

M. 

Madisonville High School. 133 
Mallon, Guy. 26 
Malsbary, Chas. F. 424 
Mann, Jennie O'Keefe. 364 
Mannheimer, Jennie. 471 
Marcus, Dr. Joseph C. 12 A 
Martin, Isaac M. 402 
Markbreit, Leopold. 475 



Marvin, Dr. S., B. 515 
Matthews, Alex. 423 
Header, Joseph F. 403 
Mechanics' Institute. 388 
Medical College of Ohio. 225 
Merrill, Joseph. 482 
Miami Medical College. .337 
Miller. H. Thane. 565 
Miller. H. Thane (School). 564 
Miller, Charles A. 417 
Minning, Arthur C. 573 
Mitchell, Dr. Giles S. 531 
Mithoefer, H. H. 75 
Moch, M. E. 262 
Monfort, E. R. 105 
Morgan, W. H. 315 
Morris, R. Proome. 529 
Moses, Joseph. 359 
Myers. P. V. N. 221 
Mt. Adams Public School. 595 
McCallister, \Vm. 41 
McClure, Henry B. 151 
McDonald, Alex. 343 
McFarlan, Frank G. 241 
McL.aughlin, James W. 320 
McLeish, John Lewin. 197 
McMicken, Charles. 213 
McMicken Homestead. 215 

N. 

Natural History Society. 349 
Nelson, Richard J. 398 
Niederhelman, Fred'k E. 287 
Nineteenth District Floral 

Parade. 509 
Nlppert, Carl L. 11 

O. 

Observatory. 209 - 

Ochiltree, R. M. 340 

Ohio College of Dental 

Surgery. 230 
Ohio Conservatory of Music. 5.35 
Ohio Mechanics' Institute. 388 
Ohio Military Institute. 376 
Ohio Military Institute Co. 

A. 377 
Oliver, John C. 335 
Oral School. 116 
Oyler, George T\^ 61 
O'Hara, Joseph W. 23 
O'Neil, W. J. 98 



P. 
Parker, Jos. 569 
Parham, W. H. 454 
Peaslee, John B. 43 
Phillips, Richard C. 498 
Philipson, David. 333 
Pitman, Benn. 352 A 
Pflueger, Theo. B. 149 
Powell. James. 147 
Prichard. Edward H. 279 

R. 

Ravogli, Dr. A. 475 
Ray, Dr, Joseph. 435 
Rehm, Ernst. 53 
Reed, Dr. C. A. L. 234 
Remley, W. H. 415 
Renner, Otto J. 103 
Rendigs, Wm. 8 
Rethnian, George. 582 
Rickoff, A. J. 484 
Riverside School. 281 
Rogers, John C. 294 
Rogers. W. P. 264 B 
Rothenberg, Louis. 45 
Ruehrwein, Wm, 326 
Rulison, Hiram. 49 
Runyan. D. L. 462 

.S. 

Sadler, L. L. 120 

Sanders, Alan. 164 

Sands, Geo. F. 516 

Sawyer, Louis B. 529 

Sayler, John R. 254 

Schwaab, John. 25 

Scudder, John K. 381 

Senior, Edward. 386 

Shay, Thos. F. 562 

Shearer, John L. 390 

Sherman School. 306 

Sherman School Carriage. 272 B 

Sherwood, J. E. 486 

Shotwell, John B. 405 

Shuff, John L. 143 

Siewers. Dr. Sarah M. 36 

Siling, Wilmer L. 375 

Sinton, David. 345 

Sixteenth District School. 3."* 

Slate Work Arithmetic. 73 

Slate Work Spelling. 77 

Smedes, John M. 55 



Smith, J. H. Chas. 15 
Smith, H. A. 229 
Smith, Amor Jr. 196 B 
Smith, Sam'l W. 578 
Sparl^s, Charles S. 362 
Spencer, Dr. J. R. 602 
Spiegel, Fred. S. 412 
Springer, Reuben R. 368 
Sproull, W. O. 223 
Stephen.s, Chas. H. 542 
Sterling, W. S. 370 
Stevenson, Prank W. 238 
Strickland, W. S. 283 
Struble, Stanley, 555 
Strunk, Wm. 70 A 
St. Xavier College. 441 
Sullivan, Christine G. 511 
Surdo. Jos. 576 
Swain, Chas. L. 575 
Swing. P. E. 569 

T. 

Taft, Alphonso. 199 

Taff, Charles P. 277 

Taft. Wm. H. 258 

Tenth District School House. 522 

Thirtieth District School. 81 

Thorns, M. H. 196 A 

Toelke, Joseph H. 19 

Trisler, Jno. R. 589 

Trisler, Earl C. 517 

Turrell, Isaac H. 160 

Turrill, M. S. 444 

Twenty-second District 

School. 245 
Twenty-sixth District Floral 

Parade. 466 
Twenty-seventh District School, 

271 
Twenty-eighth District 

School. 308 
Twenty-third District 

School. 538 



U. 

University of Cincinnati. ISO 

V. 

Vander Stucken, Prank. 469 
Van Dyke, A. M. 139 
Van Wormer Library. 191 
Van Wormer, Asa. 243 
Venable, Emerson. 598 
Vogel, W. H. 175 
Voorhes, O. P. 580 

W. 
Wald, Gustavus H. 252 
Walden, John M. 463 
Walnut Hills High School. 109 
Washburn, W. C. 178 
Waters, Jabez M. 549 
Walters, J. Harry. 400 
Webster School. 71 
Weidner, Jr., Chas. Frontispiece 
^Veil, Samuel. 32 
Wesleyan Female College. 495-6 
White, Laura Heinrich. 304 
White, Emerson E. 90 
Whittier School. 250 
■\^^ilson, Francis E. 51 
■Wilkinson, E. W. 64 A 
Windsor Public School. 64 
Withrow, Dr. John M. 383 
Wise, Isaac M. 330 
Woodward High School. 137 
Woodward Homestead, The. 530 

Y. 

Y. M. C. A. Building. 347 
Youmans, Fred. M. 96 
rowell, R. C. 176 

Z. 

Ziegler, Carl. 584 
Zoological Gardens. 268 
Zumstein, Prank C. 296 




Charles Weidner, Jr., 

President Board of Education, 1899-1902 
A member since April, 1888. 



SCHOOLS OF CINCINNATI. 



CHAPTER I. 

{;e\'?:kai. sketch of system. 

\V. H. Morgan. 

THE idea of the free education of the masses at the 
expense of the public treasury is a genn of Anglo- 
Saxon conception. In the early settlers, this germ found 
swift and industrious husbandmen. This Western coun- 
try was an inyiting field for all movements and ideas 
which had for their purpose the eleyation and improye- 
ment of man's estate. As population increased, so did 
this idea strengthen ; and, as the settlers moyed west- 
ward, the spelling book and the arithmetic were the 
inseparable accompaniments of the rifle and the plow. 

The settlers of the Ohio Valley were no ordinary 
men. Many of them were heroes of the American Revo- 
lution which had so recently and successfully been con- 
coiicluded, and the women were the heroines of that 
time — the wives, sisters, and mothers of these same men. 
Under the ordinance of 1787, the Northwest Territory 
had just been opened for settlement, and, with the 
immortal provisions as to education, religion, and mor- 
ality, the people were deeply inspired. They were the 
" salt of the earth." It is no wonder then that, as soon 
as a community had been formed, steps were taken to 
organize churches and schools. 

The original efforts in these directions, especially of 
schools, although of the intensest nature, seem to us ex- 

(3) 



4 vScnooLs ov Cincinnati. 

ceeding crude and primeval, but the desire and will were 
there. The settlers first "got up a purse," each con- 
tributing as he could. The very impecunious ones were 
relieved from any promise to pay. This collection was 
the beginning of the present school system and the impel- 
ling influence which caused our city to become eventually 
the first of the cities in the Northwest Territory, and the 
first to have a public school system. The spread of 
general education in the infant city kept pace with the 
general growth in population and trade, and, as each new 
family entered its gates, its members became imbued with 
the same impulses. In the first decade of the century 
there was organized the Cincinnati College, and this 
was the great agency in the encouragement of the better 
and broader training in intellectual pursuits. Among its 
promoters and projectors were Peyton Symmes, Daniel 
Gano, Melancthon Wade, Jacob Wheeler, Martin Baum, 
Dr. Daniel Drake, and Christ Zeigler. These men had 
been in the colony since its foundation. This organization 
continued in existence until 1850 and was a powerful 
influence in the promotion of those virtues which ^vere so 
conspicuously portrayed in the great ordinance of 1787. 
Among those who first came to the settlement was 
John Filson, a teacher who manifested his professional 
propensities by suggesting the name of Losantiville for 
the new metropolis. This man added to his pedagogical 
attainments those of surveyor and civil engineer, and 
one day, while in the wilderness (now near the corner 
of Seventh and Elm Streets), engaged in the then dan- 
gerous calling of laying out new additions or subdivi- 
sions, he was killed or carried away captive by the Indi- 
ans ; at least, such was the accepted explanation of a dis- 
appearance which has never been fully accounted for. 
This man was an early victim from the teachers' corps 



Genekai. Sketch of vSystem. 5 

to savage cruelty. Tliis lamentable occurrence did not 
preclude the coming of the schoolmasters, ami by the 
second decade there were several schools. 




Jacob E. Cormanv, 

Vice-President Board of Education, 1899-1902. 
A member since April, 1880. 

About this time the settlement put (ni the dress of 
an incorporated city, with mayor and other municipal 
officers, and soon there were divisions and subdivisions, 
wards and districts, with an independent school in each 



6 Schools of Cincinnati. 

section. General education, ho\vever, was in a chaotic 
state, and there was held just prior to this period, and 
partly under tne auspices of the Cincinnati College, for the 
encouragement of learning, a meeting of the College of 
Professional Teachers, which had recently been organ- 
ized. At this time the increasing population and import- 
ance of the State justified an agitation of the question of 
a general statute touching the passage of laws making 
provision for such general free education as the times 
demanded. This agitation continued for some time, and 
finally State Senators Nathan Guilford and Samuel Lewis, 
the pioneer heroes of Ohio schools, were successful in 
urging legislators to create such laws. The agitation 
resulted in 1835 in the passage of the common school law, 
which provided for Cincinnati a "Board of Trustees and 
Visitors," who, in conjunction with the City Council, 
should levy and collect taxes for school purposes. The 
title, "Board of Trustees and Visitors," remained until 
the year 1878, when "Board of Education" was sub- 
stituted as the official title. 

The Visitors and Trustees consisted at first of five 
men chosen by the city, and whose business it was to 
establish and maintain common schools, to be supported 
by public taxation. It was empowered to appoint six 
residents as a " Board of Examiners and Inspectors of 
Common Schools," whose duties were to examine and 
inspect such persons as desired to teach. At the first 
opening of the schools in 1828, there were required two 
buildings of two or three rooms each, and there were in 
all about 70 or 80 pupils. One of these buildings stood 
on the river bank just east of the present Front Street 
Pumping Works, and the school was Ji'c/>^ by two men, 
one Mr. Stephen Wheeler, who had previously lost his 
right arm, was a cousin of the late Principal W. B. 



General Sketch of vSystem. 7 

Wheeler, and tlie other was Mr. J. F. Easterbrook. The 
second building was on Sycamore Street, near Fifth. 
The infant system grew apace, and soon another building 
was hired on Franklin vStreet, which afterwards became 
known as the First- District School ; then another on 
Congress Street was secured, where now stands the great 
liquor establishment of Mihalovitch, Fletcher & Co. To 
this was given the title Fourth District School ; then 
another on Fourth Street, west of Smith, which became 
known to the school boys of the day as the "Frogtown" 
School. Another was hired on Race Street, near Front, 
and was known as the Fifth District School. 

In the summer of 1S33, the first printed report of the 
schools appeared. The number of pupils enrolled was 
1,900, and the city was divided into ten school districts, 
two in each ward. This report was signed by E. Hinman, 
Samuel W. Davies, and W. G. Pendleton. The amount 
expended for schools in 1833, of ■ which the report was 
made, was $7,778. (There were other reports made pre- 
vious to this report of 1833, but they did not appear in 
print and w^ere not preserved.) Of this amount ex- 
pended for the schools in that year, $175 was in premium 
books, and banners used in the great school procession of 
fune, 1833. This procession seems to have been a dem- 
onstration in behalf of the schools, to awaken and inspire 
enthusiasm. Thus it seems that every one at that early 
day was not in favor of public schools, and we of this day 
are not in full position to criticise, for this spirit is with 
us even now, and there are some who do not consider the 
public schools quite the place for their children. 

The course of study and books pursued at this time 
were embraced in the following, each member and local 
trustee being authorized to select such books and to make 
such course of study, as he deemed proper without reference 



8 



vSciIOOI-S OF ClXCIXXATI. 



to Other schools : Hall's School Companion, Fierpoint's 
National Reader, Rater's Arithmetic, Talbott's Primary 
Geotrraphy, Parley's First Book of History, Kirkham's 
English Grammar, Webster's Spelling Book and Alpha- 
l^et. The report of 1833 closes as follows : 

"The J^oard is free to state that the common schools 
of Cincinnati, although they have not yet realized all the 

anticipations of their en- 
lightened and patriotic 
founders, are by no means 
in a condition to warrant 
discoiu'agement or doubt 
as to their final destiny. 
Though planted in the 
soil lately rescued from 
the savage and among 
people gathered promis- 
cuously from every clime, 
these noble institutions 
are yet slowly but surely 
advancing toward the ac- 
complishment of all thev 
were destined to pro- 
mote, and will in due 
time, if properly fostered 
and sustained, contrib- 
ute their full share toward the general conviction, now 
happily attained, that universal intelligence is the only 
sure foinidation of liberty and virtue. 

(vSigned) Pkyton Symmks, 

George Graham, Jr., 
J. R. Bai.dridge, 
Henry B. Funk, 
Wm. S. Ridgei.ey." 




William Rendigs, 

Member Board of Education, 
1887-92. President, 1890-92. 



(JKXKKAI, SkKTCH OK SvSTK.M. 



9 



We approacli now the second decade ot" the connnon 
schools, at whicli time the growing numbers and improved 
conditions made loud and strenuous demands for more 
and better accommodations, and during the next five 
years five or six new buildings were erected, as follows : 
Front Street, corner of Parsons ; Sycamore Street, near 
Fifth ; Congress Street, near Lawrence ; London (or 
Eighth) Street, near John; Race .Street, near Front; 
Franklin Street, near ALiin. These houses were located 
on the sites of the rented buildings. Each had four com- 
modious rooms, and were afterwards enlarged and 
improved by the additions of another story and the divi- 
sions of some of the larger rooms. One of these build- 
ings, the one on Front Street, remains, and as such tells 
the story of the second stage of school buildings in our 
city. In some of these the fire engines were housed, 
and when the city was visited by a conflagration the 
clanging of the bells in the cupolas put an end to learning 
and reciting and, in the pulling of the ropes and "run- 
ning with the machine," furnished amusement as well as 
work for the wanton school boy. 

The Trustees and Visitors were faithful to duty 
and gave diligent attention to the wants of the schools. 
With the construction of the six buildings above referred 
to, there came a quietus to such matters, and the intellectual 
wants of the schools absorbed most of the time and 
attention of the authorities. In 1837 the Board was 
changed, and new districts were formed, until in 1844 
there were ten districts already organized, and in 1846 
two additional buildings were erected, the Tenth District, 
on Vine Street near Thirteenth, and the Eleventh District, 
on Clinton Street. At this time the number of pupils 
had increased to about 7,000, with a daily attendance of 
about 4,000, and the number of teachers had increased 



lo Schools ok Cincinnati. 

from 28 ill 1834, to 76 in 1844, including one teacher of 
penmanship and one of music. The salaries of the 
teachers had been increased from a maximum of .$200 a 
year to a maximum of .|S40- The wisdom of the Board 
at this time was conspicuous in refusing to assign more 
than forty-five pupils to a teacher. 

There had been various amendments made to the 
school laws, some increasing the number of trustees, some 
affecting the studies to be pursued, some limiting and 
specifically prescribing the duties of the Board, and all 
rules and appropriations being subject to the action of 
the City Council. The course of study at this time em- 
braced what was to be found in the works of thirty-five 
different authors, and on subjects from the alphabet to 
Blair's Rhetoric, It covered more branches and a greater 
range of subjects than we now attempt in all grades 
through the first year of high school. 

Up to this time (1846) uniform work had never 
been suggested. If such thought had been in existence, 
it had not been made prominent. The same text-books 
were not used in all the schools, and each principal con- 
ducted his school in his own way, testing his own work 
and that of his assistants at such times and in such man- 
ner as he and his local trustees thought best. It occurred 
to some members of the Board of Trustees and Visitors, 
of whom there were now twenty, to make a general and 
uniform examination of the schools. Heretofore all for- 
mal examinations of pupils had been done orally by the 
trustees or principal. This plan consumed much time 
and put to a severe test the patience and devotion of the 
different trustees. The reports of these years contained 
the printed statements made by the various members 
touching the examinations, giving the name of the 
teacher in each school and his opinion of the work. 




LAKL L. XlFPKKI, 

Member Board of Education. Elected Lieutenant-Governor 
of Ohio, November, 1901. (n^ 



12 Schools op' Cincinnati. 

The city at this time had a population of 45,000 to 
^0,000 people, and it was fast assuming metropolitan airs. 
It soon began to be whispered about that a high school 
and superintendent were necessary. At the mention of 
these, some of our hitherto enthusiastic school men stood 
aghast and extended their hands in horror, but, like all 
such movements, there was a substratum of determination 
under them, which, whenever thei-e was any encourage- 
ment, came to the surface. Mr. William Hooper, who 
was president of the Board in 1847, in his annual report, 
says : " What is desirable is the establishment of a central 
school, to which the ambitious scholars from the senior 
class of every school might pass,*' etc., and as the duties 
of the Trustees and Visitors were becoming so exacting,_ 
he suggests, " The Board feel that they will not have 
discharged their dutv without bringing before you for 
consideration the propriety of appointing a superintend- 
ent of all the schools," etc. 

These were two radical and important measures and 
came to be fixed conditions very soon. The establish- 
ment of the high school came in the autumn of that year, 
and the appointment of a superintendent came two years 
later, when the Hon. Nathaniel Guilford w^as chosen for 
the office. This man and Samuel Lewis, previously 
referred to, were the moving spirits in securing legisla- 
tion in behalf of the schools. This year the number of 
teachers increased to loi, and the special committee 
of the schools consisted of William Goodman, Charles 
Bryant, William Hooper, Bellamy Storer, D. K. Cady, 
and John A. Warder ; and in the Board were such men 
as A. J. Pruden, Alfonso Taft, Rufus King, John Hirsch- 
berg, and William Greene. 

A new era now seemed to dawn upon the schools. 
After a long and serious controversy, a high school was 



(jen'ekal Sketch ok System. i _^ 

established (1847). It was organized in the basement of 
the German church on Wahiiit Street, near Ninth, 
with H. H. Barney as princiapl, and with 97 boys and 
girls as pupils. This school r'nnained in these quarters 
only three or four months, when it was removed to Center 
(or Longworth) Street, to a building leased by the Board 
of Education. (The Murdock Building, 120 Longworth, 
now occupies this site.) About three years thereafter 
the Woodward and Hughes bequests became effective, 
and the school was divided, one part being assigned to 
the old Woodward College Building, the other portion 
reinaining on Center Street until the Hughes Building 
was coinpleted. Up to 1895 the high schools ran in- 
dependently of the common schools and were not under 
the superintendent. 

The number of pupils by 1850 had increased to over 
11,000, and the number of teachers to 124, including 2 
teachers of penmanship, 3 of music, and i of drawing. 
Among the teachers employed at this time were I^. H. 
Edwards, Henry Peppelman, Obed Wilson, W. B. 
Wheeler, D. G. A. Davenport, A. J. Rickoff, Herman 
Schultz, Cyrus Knowlton, Charles Aiken, E. Locke, 
W. F. Hurlburt. 

Retracing our steps to the year 1840, we find the 
study of German introduced, but in a perfunctory and 
half-hearted way. At first two teacliers were engaged on 
this branch of work. In the third year there were four, 
and in 1849 the number had increased to eight, and the 
number of pupils to about 600. The men mostly in- 
terested in the introduction of this branch were Louis 
Weitzel and C. S. Kaufman. In 1851 , w^hen Superintend- 
ent Guilford assumed tlie duties of his office, a systeinatic 
educational scheme was adopted, and in his report for 
1852 he outlines and presents the plan of work. The 



14 ScirOOLS OK CiNCIXXATI. 

use of oral as well as ^vl■ittene xamination was referred to, 
and also tabular reports concerning the enrollment, attend- 
ance, absence, results of examination, the standing of the 
different schools in the various branches, the mmiber 




Michael G. Heintz, 
Member Board of Education, April, 1900-02. 

admitted to high school, etc., were presented. With great 
honor and usefulness Mr. Guilford continued his work 
until the spring of 1854, when he was succeeded by 
Andrew J. Rickoff, who afterwards became one of the 
most renowned of American school men, and now resides 
at Yonkers, New York. (Just as I finished the above 



(jhnkkal vSkkpcm ok Svstkm. 



sentence, a telejiTam was received, announcinjy the sudden 
demise of Mr. RickofF, in San Francisco, Cal.) 

In the summer of 1851 the agreement between the 
Trustees and Hug'hes Fund on the one part, and the Board 
of Education on the other, w^as consummated, and this 
ao^reement was continued until 1895, when authority was 
oriven to the difterent parties to amend it. The change 

referred to affected the 
rehitive numbers of 
members composing 
tlie Union Board. By 
it, the Board of Edu- 
cation was given seven 
out of fourteen mem- 
bers. Heretofore this 
Board had had but six 
out of thirteen. The 
high schools also were 
put under the super- 
\ ision of the Super- 
intendent of Schools, 
and such an amount 
of money was appro- 
priated by the Board 
of Education for the 
use of the Union Board 
as was deemed necessary, without further report to the 
Board of Education. 

In 1851 Dr. Joseph Ray was made principal of the 
Woodward School and continued as such until his death 
in 1855. Mr. H. H. Barney was made principal of 
Hughes and continued his position until elected State 
School Commissioner in 1854. From the division of 
the Central .School, each division pursued its onward and 




J. H. Charles Smith, 
Member Board of Education, 1882-84. 



l6 ScirOOI.S OF ClXCIXXATI. 

upward course for more than forty years, until another 
separation took phice (1895), when the Wahiut Hills 
High School District was formed. The organization of 
this school was necessary owing to the large and rapidly 
growing section of Walnut Hills and our eastern suburbs. 
The building is one of the most beautiful and substantial 
in the United States. 

In 1852 it became apparent that some new school 
buildings were required, as none had been erected during 
the previous five or six years. A lot on Piatt (now Bay- 
miller Street), near Hamilton Road (now McMicken 
Avenue), was purchased, and an eight-room house built 
and called the Fourteenth District. This house, now in- 
creased in size to 24 rooms, is occupied by the Fourth In- 
tennediate. Another lot was purchased on Findlay Street , 
west of Vine, and an eight-room house constructed and 
called the Thirteenth District. This building, which 
was opened and dedicated with much pomp and cere- 
mony, has been razed to the ground and replaced by one 
of modern proportions and architecture — the Webster. 

The old frame structure on Buckeye Street now 
presents itself as the ne-plus-iilti-a of school buildings. 
These 1852 rooms were about of the same pattern as those 
previously constructed, and were the last of this class of 
parallelogram buildings. 

In 1853 it was decided to try the experiment of the 
intermediate school — that is, a combination of the highest 
two grades of the district schools, taking them from four 
or more of these districts and combining them into 
one school, to be kno\vn as an "intermediate." In Decem- 
ber, 18^4, the new house on Baymiller Street having been 
completed, there were taken from the Eighth, Eleventh, 
and Twelfth Districts, 547 pupils, being from the upper 



Generai. Skktch ok vSvstkm. 



17 



^Tildes just referred to of these scliools, and the First 
Intermediate School was thus organized. The pupils 
were divided into twelve classes, and certain teachers 
were assigned to the diflFerent classes in departmental 
work — one teacher having charge of history, another of 
geography, and another of arithmetic, etc. Thus 
was the organization of the intermediate or grammar 
school system, which has continued with some slight 
changes until this day. 

Other interme- 
diate schools were 
subsequently or- 
ganized, one on 
Ellen Street, one 
on Elm, and one 
on Race. It was 
thought that by 
combining these 
grades from the 
different schools the 
instruction could be 
provided at less 
expense, and the 
pupils would con- 
tinue in the schools 
for longer periods ; 
and, besides that, 
their association 
with larger num- 
bers of their own 

grade and standing would stimulate them to better and 
more successful work. We now have four schools of 
purely intermediate character, with an enrollment of over 

r-^1 




Member Board of Education, 
April, 1900-02. 



i8 Schools ok Cincinnati. 

4,000 scholars, and 2^ district schools, containing about 
4,500 pupils in mixed grades. The propriety of 
continuing the purely intermediate schools is now receiv- 
ing some consideration. [In September, 1900, the Second 
Intermediate was closed as an intermediate and opened as 
a colony.] 

Annexation now engrossed the attention, and Mt. 
Auburn and Fulton were taken into the city, and tiie 
number of pupils was increased to 22,000, and teachers to 
341, with an annual expenditure, for all purposes, of 
$291,000. The Fulton territory was annexed in 18"^=;; 
Storrs Township in 187 1 ; Cumminsville and Woodburn 
in 1872 ; Avondale, AVestwood, Linwood, Riverside, and 
Clifton in 1895. The Mt. Auburn ward added the 
school property on Southern Avenue, and the Fulton ward 
brought in several small properties of inconsiderate value. 
The present Seventeenth District Building was soon 
erected, and since then the Mt. Auburn edifice and the 
half-dozen new and modern building's in the East End. 



CHAPTER II. 

GENERAL SKETCH OF SYSTEM. 

IT has always been the policy of the Board to employ 
male principals for special supervision — men who 
have been assisted bv one or more male assistants, and as 
many lady teachers as the number of pupils would permit, 
allowing an average of 45 or 50 pupils to the teacher. 
Previous to 1870 there were six grades in the district and 
intermediate schools, beginning with the D Grade, the 
lowest ; and in this D Grade were included the pupils of 



Gk.\ki{AL .Sketch of vSvsikm. 



19 



I lie Hrst three ve;irs of school life. The highest grade in 
the district schools was denominated the A Grade of the 
district department, and there were two, sometimes three, 
grades in the intermediate department, called A, B, and 
C Grades. At one time the different grades were 
numbered according to tlie digital numbers, beginning 
w ith one and going 
up to eight. 

The question of 
salaries has always 
received attention, 
and they have not 
often been dis- 
turbed. The pres- 
ent salary schedule 
was fixed in 18O5, 
after a voluntarv re- 
duction of salaries, 
suggested by the 
teachers themselves 
four years previous. 
At the outbreak of 
th« Civil War 
many of the voung- 
er men in the 
schools enlisted. 
Those who did not, 
forined a military 

company and maintained this organi/.ati<^n until the fall 
of 1863, when they were mustered into service as Com- 
pany E, 138th Regiment, O. V. I. 

The Board of Education had always acted with great 
conservatism in its management of the schools, and in 187"^ 
the full control of levvincj taxes and takintjf care of 




Joseph H. Toelke, 

Member Board of Education, 
April, 1900-02. 



Schools ok Cincinnati. 



the school funds were confided to it, with no supervision 
by any other city board. The amount of the levy has 
always been limited by State statute. There has been 
great injustice done to the city of Cincinnati for many 

years, by reason of 
the fact that the pro- 
portion paid by our 
city to the State fund 
was largely in excess 
of what was dis- 
tributed to it from 
this general State 
fund, amounting for 
a great many years 
to betw^een $60,000 
and $75,000. This 
surplus paid by the 
city of Cincinnati 
has gone to other 
parts of the State for 
the education of 
citizens of other 
counties than our 
own, and who are 
as well able to pay for the education of their children as 
the city of Cincinnati is to pay for hers. When this law 
was enacted some portions of our State were partially 
populated, and at that time there seemed to be justice in 
this general distribution of school funds ; but those con- 
ditions have passed, and there is no reason why the citi- 
zens of Cincinnati should pay for the education of the 
children in remote parts of the State. The law should be 
modified. [A part of Cincinnati school tax is still (1902) 
given to help the Cleveland schools. — Ed,] 




John A. Caldwell, 

Judge Court Common Pleas, 1902-07. 
An Ex-Teacher, 1876. 



Gknkkai. .Sketch of .Svstk.m. 21 

During the four ye;irs of the Civil War, there was 
very little of special interest outside of the ordinary 
course of educational events, but these are always of 
special interest, and we enter the fifth decade of the 
history of the schools wdth increased numbers, increased 
expenses, higher ambitions, greater scholastic demands, 
and with greater expectations. Among the members of 
the Board during this decade were Dr. William B. Davis, 
James F. Irwin, Henry L. \Vehmer, L. W. Goss, W. J. 
O'Neill, David William, and J. P. Epply. Mr. Rickoff 
was succeeded as superintendent by Issac J. Allen, then 
a member of the Board of Education from the old Eighth 
Ward. Mr. Rickoff had laid strong and broad the foun- 
dation of a permanent school system. Ilis devt^tion, 
determination, and desire were of the most intense nature, 
and his strength of character and pedagogical acumen 
were the forerunners of success unequaled in common 
school annals, and they constituted the most salient 
features of many of the school systems of our country, 
copied from those of schools he had superintended and 
directed. The idea of a normal school originated with 
him, and, although it was not for ten years later that the 
scheme was consummated, under the auspices of the 
Board of Education, through a committee consisting of 
Messrs. A. D. May, Francis Ferry, H. L. Wehmer, 
Abner L. Frazier, and J. B. Powell, yet the wonderful 
influence of sufch an organization may be traced back 
through the decade to Mr. RickoiT's efforts. Superin- 
tendent Allen ser\ed until 1S62, when he was appointed 
by President Lincoln as a national representative of this 
country to the Chinese Empire, at Hong Kong, and in 
this capacity he gave brilliant and useful service to the 
nation. Lyman Harding, then a member of the Board 
of Education from the Fourteenth Ward, was next 



22 vSciiooLs OF Cincinnati. 

chosen superintendent. He was re-elected annually until 
1868. The subject of reading was a favorite one with 
him, and the principals and teachers of that day now- 
living will recall the impetus given to this very important 
subject by his persevering efforts in its behalf. Superin- 
tendent Harding was succeeded in 1868 by John Hancock, 
principal of the First Intermediate, with a record of twenty 
years' service. This year (186S) the Normal vSchool was 
opened with an attendance of about thirty. Miss S. D. 
Dugan was placed in charge as principal, and Miss E. M. 
Marion as assistant. Miss Dugan's relations with the 
schools were brief, as at the end of the year she married. 
Miss D. A, Lathrop was secured to succeed Miss Dugan, 
and there was an enrollment of 35 pupils. The course 
of instruction at this time covered one year. In 1873 
the number of pupils had increased to 61, and, with an 
annual increase of more or less importance each year, the 
number at this time (1899) has nearly reached 200. In 
1890 the length of the course of instruction was increased 
from one year to a year and a half, and additional in- 
struction was provided for, together with the German 
department. The public schools of the city have until 
the last year offered positions as teachers to all the gradu- 
ates of this school, until now from 75 to 80 per cent, of 
the teaching force is made up of the graduates of the 
Normal School. The Board of Education encourages the 
Normal School students to hope for employment, by a 
rule that, other qualifications being equal, our own pre- 
pared pupils shall have preference in the selection of 
teachers. The school has proved to be a " governor" in 
the regulation of professional preparation, and its influ- 
ence upon education in our city is far beyond computation 
and has abundantly proven the wisdom and good judg- 
ment of its promoters. Prominent among the members 



(teneual Sketch of Svsthm, 



of the Board of Education at this time were Colonel J^. ,S. 
Fisher, A. T- Rickoft", Christ Von Seggern, and Timothy 
J. Davis. 

John Hancock continued in ofHce until June ^a. 1874, 
and his administration was of a solid and substantial type, 
much after the same type as that of .Superintendent 
Rickoft'. There was a healthy and pure moral tone in- 
fused into the corps of teachers, and Mr. Hancock's hio;h 
moral character and 
rich experience 

were found per- 
meating the whole. 

John B. Peaslee 
was chosen to suc- 
ceed him. Mr. 
Peaslee continued 
in oilice for twelve 
vears, the longest 
period on record, 
and during this 
time there w^ere 
manv features es- 
tablished in the 
schools ; among 

them were the svs- 
teniatic prepara- 
tion of slate work, 
the cultivation of 
author study and 
literary gems, the 

celebration of Arbor Day and forestry stuily. Some of 
the most interesting events were the celebration of the 
annuallv returning seasons bv visits to, and tree planting 
in, our parks. 




Joseph W. O'IIara, 

Member Board of Education, April, 
1890, September, 1899. 



24 Schools of Cincinnati. 

About the time of Mr. Hancock's entrance to office, 
the question of the " Bible in the schools " came up again 
for discussion, and after much earnest and vigorous 
agitation it was, in the spring of 1869, decided to 
exclude the reading of the " Scriptures of the Old and 
New Testament " from the public schools of Cincinnati. 
The subject was not a new one, for nearly twenty years 
occasional breaks had occurred, but they never until this 
time could secure an opposition majority. The matter 
was carried to the State Supreme Court, and there the 
action of the Board of Education was upheld. During 
this decade there seemed very little to agitate the school 
men, save an occasional change in text-books or courses of 
study, in which matters our authorities have been con- 
servative and careful. The McGuffey Readers were in 
use for nearly fifty years, and the Ray Arithmetics for 
nearly the same length of time. 

No course of study has been entered upon solely 
because it appeared hiror and ric/i, but there has ever 
been a determination to pursue a steady, solid, and practical 
plan. It may seem a little odd, but during the last fifty 
years there has not been any increase in the number of 
studies pursued in our schools. The curriculum of the 
forties was as extensixe as at the present day, but I think 
the exactness and thoroughness w^ere not what they are 
at the present time. 

The subject of evening schools has always received 
attention, but they have had seasons of depression, alter- 
nating with those of enthusiasm. This subject, being 
fully treated of in another part of this work, will receive 
no more attention here. 

The Board of Education at this time was placed 
imder the operations of a new law. The old law, which 
pn^vided for two members from each ward, \vas repealed. 



(jKNfEKAL SKPrrCir OK v^^STKM. 



;iiul a new one, in which proN i^ion was made tor one 
member from each ward and twelve members " at hirge,'" 
was enacted and went into et^'ect in the spring of 1880. 
The following named persons were the first ones chosen 
under this law: For three years, Sami\el Bailey, Jr., 
Dr. |. W. Vnderhill, \V. H. Morgan, E. Court Wil- 
liams; for two years, C Kieehler, M. Reynolds, Jr., 
John Straehley, Theo- 
dore llorstman; for 
one year, J. E. Cor- 
manv, Fred S. Spie- 
gel, Dr. W. \V. Daw- 
son, and Vincent Hess. 
The law continued in 
force until 1887, when 
it was declared uncon- 
stitutional, and was 
supplanted by a law 
which pro\'ided for 
one member from each 
ward, to be elected by 
the citizens of the vari - 
ous wards. In 1896 
the present law was 
enacted, going into 
force April, 1897. 

A school for inifor- 
tunate (deaf) chikl- 

dren (previously sent to Columbus) was organized and 
placed in charge of Robert McGregor, in 1875, at the 
Second Intermediate, Ninth vStreet, near Main, with an 
attendance of about 35. Teaching the sign methods w^as 
followed until the year 1886, when the school for oral 
teaching of deaf was organized umlcr private auspices. 




John Schwaab, 

Memljer Board of Education, 
April, 1894-1902. 



26 



Scii(K)Ls (IK Cincinnati. 



In 1888 this oral school was absorbed by the Board of 
Education, and a division of the pupils in both schools 
was made. Since then there have been two schools for 
the deaf, one teaching the sign method, and the other the 

oral. For the 
last ten years the 
Legislature has 
made annual ap- 
propriations of 
,$2,500 to $3,500 
for the support 
of these schools, 
and at its last 
session a law Avas 
passed appropri- 
ating $150 per 
annum for each 
deaf mute in the 
school district. 
This provision, 
so wisely and op- 
portunely made, 
puts the school 
beyond perad- 
\'enture and guarantees work upon a higher plane of 
usefulness. The school has attained a national reputation, 
and other cities of our State have followed our example 
in thus making provisions for the deaf. 

The Board of Education for many years held the 
weekly meetings on Monday afternoons ; the time of the 
day was once changed to evening, and later the law was 
amended to require bi-weekly sessions until 1884. These 
sessions were held in the old City Building, on Eighth 
and Plum vStreets (the site of the present City Hall). 




Guy W. Mallon, 
Woodward Medal Winner, i^ 



Gexkkai. Skkicii ok Svstkm. 1"i 

vSiibsecjuentlv, when the Hoard of Education was em- 
powered to levy its own taxes and appropriate its tinuls 
without reference to the City Council, it was that 
this latter body fixed an amount which the Board of Edu- 
cation was required to pay to the Coimcil for the use of 
their quarters at the City l^uilding. In the meantime 
the new Public Library Building on Vine Street became 
the property of the Board of Education, and a comfortable 
and convenient room was foimd here. This was appropri- 
ated to educational purposes. There had been many 
places of meeting for the Board : In College Hall, after- 
wards in one of the school-houses, then in the Mechanics' 
Institute, at one time in the old Central School Building, 
then in the Eighth .Street City Hall. For sixtv years the 
Board has organized in the spring of each year by electing 
a president, clerk, and delegates to the Union Board. 

In 1886 Dr. Peaslee \vas succeeded in the superin- 
tendency by Dr. E. E. White, who has been a prominent 
educator in Ohio and Indiana, and for many years a 
noted figure in national educational institutes and other 
such assemblies. He was also author of several text- 
books, among them a series of arithmetics, which have 
liad a great circulation. Dr. White remained in the 
superintendency for three years. Among the changes 
made during this time was the system of promotion on 
the recommendation of the teacher, leaving out of 
consideration any reference to examinations. Previous 
to this arrangement the pupils were divided into classes, 
and the half of the pupils in each room wdio had attained 
the highest standing during the year in their several 
studies were promoted as honor pupils ; the other half 
were expected to stand an examination to test their 
knowledge and ability. During Dr. White's adminis- 
tration there also came a change in the vState statute 



28 Schools of Cincinnati. 

toiicliing the management of the scliools. Before that 
time the teachers \vere appointed on the recommendation 
or nomination of the local trustees. By the conditions 
of the amended law all nominations of teachers are made 
by the superintendent, to be confirmed or rejected by the 
Board of Education. This law was again amended in 
1S95, by modification of what is called the "Pension Law." 
Dr. White's term continued until 1889, when he was 
succeeded by the writer. 

The latest and crowning provision relating to teach- 
ers, and thus indirectly to the pupils, is that referring to 
the perpetuity of the teachers' tenure of olfice and the 
financial arrangement touching those who have taught 
out the days of their usefulness and who, from approach- 
ing age or mental or bodily infirmities, are compelled to 
relinquish their places to those who, by reason of youth 
or greater mental or physical vigor, are better qualified 
for public service. These conditions justify our school 
authorities in making very exacting the preparation for 
the teacher's profession, and should insure the truest, most 
vigorous, and earnest workers in this field of municipal 
economy. There is also furnished a stimulus to make the 
best preparation for the teacher's work, encouraged by 
the hope of protection when the profession's " dead line " 
is crossed, and the period of unproductiveness is reached. 
Those who enter the work no\v are assured of their con- 
tinued employment, if success justifies it. [Superinten- 
dent Morgan was stricken with paralysis Monday evening. 
May 22, 1899, at exactly 9.10, while he was in the act of 
addressing the Board of Education. He was lead to his 
private office, and later removed to the City Hospital. 
At 3.15 Saturday afternoon, January 6, 1900, he died at 
his home on Price Hill. In August he resigned the 
suoerintendency, and Richard G. Boone was elected to 



Gexehai. .Skktcii ok System. 29 

succeed him on September 5th. Mr. Morgan was a 
strong man politically. He was a Republican, and his 
wife was a sister of Asa S. Bushnell, then Governor of 
Ohio. Dr. Boone's administration will be treated of 
later,] 



CHAPTER HI. 

BOARD OF EDUCATION. 
Jacoli E. Cormany. 

IN no department of public affairs is the progressive 
spirit of a people more conspicuously shown than 
in their public school system. 

When we look upon our fine school buildings, the 
best in this line that the architect and builder can furnish, 
and consider the splendid educational opportunities offered 
to even the poorest child, we feel a justifiable pride. 
Few, however, stop to think of the humble beginnings 
and the constant struggle against obstacles that the 
friends of education have been obliged to maintain in 
order that the schools might keep their place in the march 
of progress. 

The history of the school board is a record of these 
struggles and of the means by which the steady advance- 
ment of the cause of education has been insured ; for it 
is the school board that secures fimds, divides the city 
into districts, selects sites for school buildings, attends to 
the building and furnishing of the latter, appoints jani- 
tors, selects subjects and arranges courses of study, 
chooses text-books, elects the Board of Examiners, con- 
firins teachers, fixes salaries, and makes rules for the 



.Schools ok Cixcixnati. 



management of the schools. In fact, there is no detail of 
school building or of school administration that is not 
controlled by rules made by the Board of Education. 

The name " Board of Education " was given to the 
body in 1868. From the establishment of the schools in 
1829 until 1868, the directing body was known as " The 
Board of Trustees and Visitors." This Board consisted 
of one member from eacii ward, elected for one year. 
In 1845 the term of 
office was length- 
ened to two years. 
For twenty years 
after the establish- 
ment of the public 
schools, there was 
no superintendent, 
the Trustees taking 
upon themselves a 
large part of the 
work afterward as- 
sumed by the super- 
intendent. Thev 
visited and inspect- 
ed the schools per- 
sonally, giving gen- 
erously of their 
time to what they 
considered the du- 
ties of their office. 

In those early days the Trustees labored under many 
disheartening conditions. Although working zealously 
to enlarge the usefulness of the public schools, they wei^e 
handicapped by an insufficiencv of funds. A report of 
1831 tells us that " manv of the schools were poorly 




C. C. Long, 

Ex-Frincipal Eighth District, Author 
of " Language Lessons," Etc. 



iiOAKI) OK EdI'CAIIOX. 3I 

lighted and situated in imhealthful localities, and con- 
sequently were patronized by those only who iiad not tiie 
means to study elsewhere." 

It was the Board of Trustees and X'isitors that de- 
\ ised and carried out plans to arouse public interest in 
the cause of education, and thus to secure funds to carry 
out their project. One of the most noteworthy means of 
enlisting public attention was the annual examination ot 
pupils. The Trustees invited to these examinations public 
men, teachers from other States, members of the press, 
and relatives and friends of those to be examined. In 
1833 these exercises terminated in a street procession ot 
the girls and boys who had participated in the examina- 
tions. The greatest enthusiasm pre\'ailed throughout 
the city, and within the year a model school house was 
built, and within two years the remaining nine districts 
of the city boasted of like structures. 

The attendance rapidly increased, the schools be- 
came more popular, and the citizens more determined to 
make the public schools a feature of thecity. As a result 
the Board became a more important body, and the nimiber 
of members from each ward was increased to two. 

The schools, in 1840, gained a wider popularity by 
the establishment of a German Department in certain 
schools and bv the opening of night schools. In 1841 
the emplovment of special teachers of penmanship was 
authorized. 

The public examinations continued to be an attractive 
feature, as the following from the annual report of 1844 
will show : " The recent public examination of the 
schools was well attended, both bv the ofhcers of the 
respective boards and bv the citizens generally ; indeed, 
some of the rcH)ms were so crowded, especial Iv at the 



^2 Schools of Cixcixxati 

concluding exercises of each day, that persons desirous of 
being present were exchided for want of room." 

In 184c; the term of otEce of each member was 
lengthened to two years. The growth of the s^chools 




Samuel Weil, Jr., 

Member Board of Education, April, 1886, 
October 31, 1892. 

multiplying, the duties and responsibilities of the IJoard 
lead to the election, in 1850, of a Superintendent of 
Schools. 

The responsibilities of the Board were increased in 



Board of Education. 33 

i85i,when they were empowered to elect six of tlieir 
tiuniber to the Union Board of High Schools. 

[In 1853 the school hiw of Ohio was amended, making 
provision for school libraries at public cost. A tax of 
one-tenth of a mill on the dollar was levied for this 
purpose. On December 18, 1854, President Rufus King, 
of the Board of Education, had adopted a resolution that 
there should be but one school library in Cincinnati, and 
that it should be kept in the building in which the 
sessions of the School Board were held. In 1856 1,500 
volumes were purchased by Mr. King and Mr. II. H. 
Barney and placed in the third floor of the old Central 
High School Building on Longworth Street. The 
School Board had its sessions in a room upstairs in the 
same building. May 28, 1855, J. A. Caldwell was elected 
clerk of the School Board and public librarian. He is 
still living (1902). In 1867 the name of the library was 
changed to the Public Library of Cincinnati, and it was 
governed by a Board of Managers chosen mainly by the 
Board of Trustees and Visitors. — Ed.] 

In 1880 a law was passed making the Board to consist 
of one member from each ward, term of ofHce two years, 
and twelve members at large, elected four for one year, 
and four for two years, and four for three vears. This 
law continued in force until February, 1887, when it was 
repealed and a new law enacted, making the Board to 
consist of one member from each ward, term of office two 
years. In 1897 ^^^^ present law went into effect; this 
provides for the election of one member from each ward, 
terni of office three years. 

Considering the magnitude of the work accomplished 
by the Board that have had charge of the schools, it is not 
surprising to find on the list of members the names of 
some of the best citizens of Cincinnati. From the foun- 



34 



Schools of Cincinnati. 



dation of the schools in 1829, successful business men, 
doctors, lawyers, and politicians, prominent in city and 
State affairs, have been proud to be identified with the 
schools, and members of the Board have lent their best 
energies to promoting the cause of popular education. 
It is a noteworthy fact that these services have always 
been given without recompense ; that, while other muni- 
cipal boards receive salaries, members of the Board of 
Education take time from their regular occupations to 
serve the public without pay. 

April 24, 1894, the State 
passed a law giving women a 
voice in school affairs on equal 
terms with men. The first 
city election under this law 
was April, 1897, when 5,144 
women voted, and one ran for 
member of the Board of Edu- 
cation in the 14th Ward. This 
lady. Miss Anna Laws, was 
defeated by 92 votes, her op- 
ponent having a total of i ,018. 
Miss Laws was indorsed by 
the Democratic Party. Her 
opponent was a Republican. 
In 1900 two women were 
candidates. Dr. Sarah M. 
vSiewers in the 17th Ward, and LilLie Wuest in the 19th; 
both were defeated. A strange feature in Miss Wuest's 
case is that, while she received 636 votes, only 32 women 
turned out to vote. The failure of the women to make a 
showing has had a depressing effect upon those who favor 
women suffrage. It is held to be conclusive evidence 




Dr. L. J. FoGEL, 

Member Board of Educa- 
tion, April, 1893- 1900; 
Union Board, 1898- 1900. 



l^oAKD OF Education, 



35 



thitt women as a class do not care to exercise the rights 
of full citizenship. 

The following table shows the vote cast by w^omen 
for members of the Board of Education : 





i&,7. 


UK». 




i.S,,7. 


upo. 




April 5. 


April 2. 




April 5. 


April 2. 


1 


407 


^5 


n 


86 


193 


y 


-23 


447 


18 


42 





3 


7 


16 


19 


20 


3-' 


4 


575 


189 


20 


457 


85 


S 


16 


H 


2 1 


71 


316 


6 


151 


34 


22 


127 


^9 


7 


119 


1-3 


-3 


171 


41 


8 


96 


64 


-4 


136 


63 


9 


75 


18 


^^ 


396 


53 


lO 


104 


69 


26 


-'3^ 


95 


1 1 


69 


10 


-7 


136 


^5 


13 


63 


43 


28 


54 


43 


13 


82 


170 


29 


196 


lOI 


H 


174 


20 


30 


^55 


106 


IS 


^45 


509 


31 


84 


41 


16 


399 


126 









Total 



Loss. 



\ 1897. 
/ 1900. 



5^H4 
3^170 

1,974 



Again, in 1897 over 7,000 women registered to vote, 
but over 2,000 failed to come out on election day. 

Election officers say that many women refused to 
answer questions put to them respecting age, nativity, 
marriage, etc, and they predict that future elections will 
not see many women out. 



36 Schools ok Cincinnati. 

Dr. Sarah M. Siewers, in discussing the vote cast, 



says 



" The fact that so few women voted does not prove 
indifference. It simply shows that voting for one trustee 
every third year does not make it worth while. It is a 
noted fact that men took no interest in school elections 




Dr. Sarah M. Siewers, 

Independent Candidate for Board of Education, 
17th Ward, April 2, 1900. 

when these took place on a separate day. The time of 
voting had to be changed to secure a vote. If our trustees 
were elected at large, as they should be, instead of one 
from each ward, a capable woman could easily be elected, 



Bdaki) ok Education. 37 

and women would have more incentive to register and 
vote. In many wards there is no choice, perhaps a can- 
didate on only one ticket, or a choice between two inferior 
candidates, in which case women have refused to vote for 
either. What women want is the full ballot. They will 
be satisfied with nothing less. This is the only way to 
secure equal pay for equal work, as was demonstrated in 
Colorado. There the spectacle is not seen, of men 
principals drawing $1,900 a year, while women teachers 
receive $400 and .$500 for hard work. A city that pays 
its primarv teachers from .$400 to ifiyoo a year should not 
pay the principals more than $1,000 per annum. Many 
teachers and other working women fear to declare their 
wish for the ballot, lest they may be dismissed ; and their 
fears are not unfounded. Then, many women have hus- 
bands who object, and nothing less than full citizenship 
would protect these wives in the exercise of their rights. 
The women who registered and voted were of the best and 
niost intelligent in the city. When they are fully 
enfranchised, they will gradually draw the best men back 
into politics, instead of leaving the management of public 
affairs to the lowest strata of society." 

[For an account of the Union Board of High Schools 
and of the Colored Board of Education, see the respective 
chapters on those subjects. — Ed.] 



CHAPTER IV. 

BOARD OF KDUCATION MEMBERS. 

THE Board of Education records of early times are 
very meager. In fact, they are very hard to under- 
stand, owing to their brevity. The following is the only 



38 Schools of Cincinnati. 

statement of the first meeting, as recorded in the official 
minute book at the City Hall : 

MINUTES 

OF THE 

TRUSTEES AND VISITORS OF THE COMMON 
SCHOOLS OF CINCINNATI. 

A meeting of the Board of Trustees and Visitors was held 

at the house of N. Guilford on the day of July, 1829, when 

the Board proceeded to the appointment of a Board of Examiners 
and Inspectors of Common Schools, according to the provisions 
of the statute, when the Rev. Timothy Flint and Mr. Lewis Howell 
were appointed to serve for the term of three years, Henry Starr 
and Calvin Washburn were appointed to serve two years, Bellamy 
Storer and Enos Woodruff to serve one year. 

After which the Board adjourned. 

N. Guilford, Chairman. 

It will be noticed that Mr. Guilford neglected to date 
the meeting, but as the next meeting is dated July 'jth 
the first date is not hard to approximate. On July 14th 
Mr. (juilford, who was a lawyer, was made secretary of 
the Board, and O. M. Spencer chairman (president). 

1829. 

The Board members were : ist Ward, Oliver M. 
Spencer; 2d, Nathan Guilford; 3d, Moses Brooks; 4th, 
Calvin Fletcher; 5th, David Root. 

The second Board meeting was held in the office of 
Mr. Spencer, who seemed to have served as president up 
to April, 1832, when Nathan Guilford succeeded him. 
At the time the Board organized, the city had five wards. 
There seems (1830) to have been 16 different schools, 
with an enrollment of 2,103, '^"^ daily attendance of 
1,558. There were 22 teachers, with 70 pupils to each. 
Wood and coal were used for fuel. 

One of the first acts of the Board was to appoint a 
committee to draw up rules to regulate the schools, and 



Board of Education Members. 



39 



on February 8, 1830, Mr. Guilford reported tlie following 
code for adoption (the council chamber was now the 
meeting place) : 

HULKS TO HE OHSERVKD IN THE COMMON SCHOOL.S. 
I. The scholars must all keep their hands, faces, and clothes 
cleaned. 




Sixteenth District School House, 

Southern Avenue, Mt. Auburn; erected 1892; cost, $84,870; 24 

rooms, seats 1,350 pupils ; John C. Heywood, Principal; 

Charles Weidner, Jr., Trustee. 

2. They must not stop to play or loiter on the way going to 
or coming from school. 

3. While in school they must obey their teachers and the rules 
of the schools. 

4. They must make no unnecessary noise. 

5. Must attend closely to their studies. 

6. Must not study aloud. 



4© Schools of Cincinnati. 

7. Must not talk or whisper to each other. 

8. Must not leave their seats without permission. 

9. Must always speak the truth. 

10. Must not quarrel or injure each other. 

11. Must not use profane or indecent language. 

12. Must be polite and respectful in their conduct to every one. 

One hundred copies of the above were ordered printed 
and distributed in the schools. 

In pages to follow is a roster of Board of Trustees and 
Visitors. The lists were made up from the official 
records and are valuable, showing, as they do, .several 
things, viz. : Places of meetings, wards of the city, 
number of members, names of distinguished citizens, etc. 
In fact, it would be hard to find a more interesting list of 
names. Many illustrious families of to-day are represented, 
and some of their descendants are still in public life. 
Bellamy Storer, minister to Madrid, is a son of Bellamy 
Storer mentioned above ; Col. Jeptha Garrard is a son of 
Jeptha D. Garrard; Dr. Victor Ray is a grandson of Dr. 
Joseph Ray ; and so the list might be continued indefinitely. 

April, 1830. 
ist Ward, O. M. Spencer; 2d, Nathan Guilford; 
3d, Moses Brooks; 4th, Wm. Oliver; 5th, Jeptha D. 

Garrard. 

April, 1831. 

ist Ward, O. M. Spencer; 2d, Nathan Guilford; 
3d, Elisha Bingham, vice John F. Keys, resigned; 4th, 
Calvin Fletcher, vice Dr. Wm. S. Ridgeley, resigned ; 
5th, Jeptha D. Garrard. 

April, 1832. 

ist Ward, John Jones, vice Samuel Lewis, resigned ; 
2d, George Graham, Jr., vice Nathan Guilford, resigned ; 



Board of EnircATioN Memheks. 



3d, Ennion Singer; 4th, Dr. Win. Mulford ; 5th, Wm. 
R. Morris. 

Nathan Guilford resigned on July 9th. He had 
been president of the Board since April. Messrs. Guilford 
and Lewis, the fathers of the public school system, seemed 
to be in sympathy with each other in all things. Mr. 
Lewis resigned December loth. 

Apr 11., 1833. 

ist Ward, Henry 
B. Funk, vice Wm. 
Neff, resigned ; 3d, 
George Graham, 
Jr. ; 3d, Peyton iS. 
Symmes ; 4th, Dr. 
W. S. Ridgeley, 
vice Dr. Wm. Mul- 
ford, resigned ; 5th, 
James R. Bald- 
ridge, vice James 
Challen, resigned. 
(Peyton S. Symmes 
president). 

William Neff was 
the uncle of Peter 
Rudolph Neff and 
William Howard 
Neff, of the College 
of Music. 




William McCallister, 

Member Board of Education, April, 
1893, April, 1899. 



April, 1834. 

ist Ward, Henry B. Funk ; 2d, George Graham, Jr. ; 
3d, Peyton S. Symmes; 4th, Wm. S. Ridgeley ; 5th, 
James R. Baldridge. (P. S. Symmes, president.) 



42 Schools of Cincinnati, 

July i, 1835. 
(note the change in month of organization.) 

ist Ward, Elam P. Langdon ; 2d, Dr. Wm. Wood, 
vice Marcus Smith, resigned; 3d, Peyton S. Symmes ; 
4th, James R. Baldridge ; 5th, George Graham, Jr. (Mr. 
Symmes is still president.) 

July 5, 1836. 

ist Ward, Salmon P. Chase (who later became 
Chief Justice of the United States) ; 2d, Dr. Wm. Wood, 
vice Wm. Green, resigned; 3d, Peyton S. Symmes; 
4th, W. H. McCracken ; 5th, George Graham, Jr. (Mr. 
Symmes, president.) 

July 5, 1837. 

The law had been amended, giving two members 
froni each ward, as follows : 

ist Ward, Elam P. Langdon, Allison Owens ; 2d, 
Dr. Wm. Wood, Nathan Guilford ; 3d, Peyton S. Symmes, 
John Howard; 4th, Wm. H. McCracken, E. Singer; 
5th, Thomas 1. Matthews, vice George Graham, Jr., S. S. 
L'Hommedieu, vice Oliver Lowell, resigned. (P. S. 
Svmmes was president). 

July 5, 1838. 
(note that two more wards are added.) 

ist, 2d, and 3d Wards remain the same; 4th Ward, 
E. Singer, Mark P. Taylor; 5th, Thomas I. Matthews; 
6th, John P. Foote, R. De Charms; 7th, Nathaniel 
Holley, Wm. L. Hodgson. (Elam P. Langdon elected 
president.) 

July 3, 1839. 

ist Ward, Allison Owens, Elam P. Langdon; ;2d, 
Wm. Wood, Win. S. Ridgeley ; 3d, P. S. Symmes, Benj. 




John B. Peaslee, 

Elected Superintendent of Schools June 15, 1874. Served from 
July I, 1874, to August 15, 1886, longest term on record. u,v) 



44 ScHooi.s OF Cincinnati. 

F. Bedginer ; 4th, Daniel F, Meader, James H. Looker; 
5th, Thomas I. Matthews, George Graham ; 6th, Joseph 
Bonsall, John P. Foote ; 7th, Nathaniel Holley, Wm. L. 
Hodgson. (Mr. Langdon, president.) 

July 3, 1840. 

ist Ward, Elam P. Langdon, D. C. Cassat ; 2d, 
Ebenezer Hinman, Wm. E. White; ^^d, E. Singer, 
Stephen Wheeler; 4th, Daniel F. Meader, T. E. Mason ; 
5th, Albert Pickett, Thurston Crane; 6th, James H. 
Perkins, Joseph Bonsall; 7th, Nathaniel Holley, E. S. 
Williams. (Mr. Langdon, president.) 

July 6, 1841 . 

ist Ward, Elam P. Langdon, Gardner Lathrop ; 
id, Erastus Poor, Wm. E. White ; _:^d, Peyton S. Symmes, 
Edward D. Mansfield; 4th, Daniel F. Meader, Wm. 
Mulford ; 5th, D. K. Cady, Thurston Crane ; 6th, James 
H. Perkins, John C. Vaughn; 7th, E. S. Williams, E. 
C. Roll. (Mr. Langdon, president.) 

July 5, 1842. 

Minutes defective. Members apparently were : 
Samuel Morrison, Erastus Poor, P. S. Symmes, D. K. 
Cady, D. T. Snelbaker, James H. Perkins, Joseph Bonsall, 
E. S. Williams, and Messrs. Roll, Meader, White, Lathrop, 
Mansfield, Mulford — 14 in all, showing seven wards. 
(James H. Perkins, president.) 

July i, 1843. 
(now there are nine wards.) 

ist Ward, Samuel Morrison, Edward D. Mansfield; 
2d, Erastus Poor, W. E. White; 3d, P. S. Symmes. 
Daniel H. Morton ; 4th, John D. Thorpe, Dr. Wm. 
Mulford; 5th, Dr. Frederick Rolker, D. K. Cady ; 6th, 



Board of Education Members. 



45 



Wm. Goodman, Chas. Cist; 7th, Wm. Phillips, S. W. 
Smith; 8th, vS. B. Halley, I. Dillingham; 9th, Dr. 
Joseph Ray. (Joseph Ray, president.) 

July 2, 1844. 

ist Ward, E. D. Mansfield, vSamuel Morrison ; 2d, 
Erastus Poor, Wm. E. White; 3d, P. S. Symmes, S. 

Startsman ; 4th, Dr. 
Wm. Mulford, John 
D. Thorpe; 5th, 
David K. Cady, Dr. 
F. Rolker; 6th, Wm. 
(iaodman; 7th. Silas 
Smith, Wm. Rankin ; 
8th, Samuel B. Halley, 
Wm. B. Moores; 
9th, G. Lathrop, Dr. 
Joseph Ray. (Dr. 
Ray, president.) 

July 7, 1845. 
((^NE moke \\ akd, 

AND MEMBERS HERE- 
AFTER TO BE ELECTED 
FOR TWO YEARS.) 

I St Ward, Wm. 

Phillips, Jr., 2 yrs.. 

Dr. John A. Warder, i 

yr. ; 2d, Erastus Poor, 

P. S. Symmes, 2 yrs., 

. R. Baldridge, 2 yrs.. 




Louis Rothenberg, 

Principal Fifteenth District 
School, 1 886 1902. 



2 yrs., Wm. Hooper, i yr. ; 3d, 

Samuel Startsman, i yr. ; 4th, 

James Gilmore, i yr. ; 5th, David K. Cady, 2 yrs., Benj 

Dennis, i yr. ; 6th, Wm. Goodman, 2 yrs. , Chas. S. Bryant, 

1 yr, ; 7th, Wm. Rankin, 2 yrs. ; 8th, John M. Bradstreet, 

2 yrs., James Dunlap, i yr. ; 9th, Dr. Joseph Ray, 2 yrs.. 



46 Schools of Cincinnati. 

R. K. Cox, I yi'- ; loth, B. I. Irwin, z yi's., Stephen 
Molitor, I yr. (Dr. Ray, president.) 

July 7, 1846. 

ist Ward, John A. Warder, 2 yrs., Wm. Phillips, Jr., 

1 yr. ; 2d, Wm. Hooper, 2 yrs., Erastus Poor, i yr. ; 
3d, Thomas G. Schaeffer, 2 yrs., P. S. Symmes, i yr. ; 
4th, George A. Peters, 2 yrs., J. R. Baldridge, i yr. ; 5th, 
Bellamy Storer, 2 yrs., D. K. Cady, i yr. ; 6th, Chas. 
S. Bryant, 2 yrs., Wm. Goodman, i yr. ; 7th, Arthur 
Hill, 2 yrs., Wm. Rankin, i yr. ; 8th, A. L. Bushnell, 

2 yrs., John W. Bradstreet, i yr. ; 9th, Gardner Lathrop, 
2 yrs. (vice H. W. Borchalt, resigned) , Joseph Ray, i yr. ; 
loth, Lewis Weitzel, 2 yrs., B. I. Irwin, i yr. 

^r. Ray was elected president, August 31st, after 
a contest that started in July. October 20th he resigned 
from the Board on account of a proposed re-adoption of 
his books and a revision in the course of study. Wm. 
Hooper succeeded him as president. 

A complete list of the Trustees and Visitors would 
disclose some interesting facts. For example, Jeptha D. 
Garrard married a daughter of Israel Ludlow, while 
Salmon P. Chase, who entered the Board in 1836, married 
a grand-daughter of the same man. George Graham, Jr., 
bf the Board of 1832, and later dates, was a noted 
scientist. He early identified himself with students of 
natural history, and his picture can be seen to-day in the 
Society rooms, 312 Broadway. When La Fayette visited 
this city in 1825, the administering of the Masonic 
obligation devolved upon Mr. Graham. Peyton S. 
Symmes, who appears in 1833, was a brother of Captain 
John Cleves Symmes, of "Symmes Hole" fame, 
and son of Timothy Symmes. He was on the Board 
many years, and was president from 1833 to 1838. 



HoAHi) OF Ediication Membehs. 



47 



Symmes is said to have been a very critical man, and 
on one occasion was examining a portrait, as he 
supposed, for the benefit of the artist, when the figure 
sneezed. He is described as a curious old man, who 
walked about with his pockets full of leadpencils and 

papers that he was 
constantly consult- 



Elam P. Lang- 
don was a wealthy 
man, who lived at 
Sixth and Syca- 
more. He founded 
tlie Langdon fami- 
lies of this city. 
He was president of 
the Board 1838- 
1842. 

John P. Foote 
( 1838) wrote a his- 
tory, "■ vSchools of 
Cincinnati." Ed- 
ward D. Mansfield 
was an editor and 
lecturer. He wrote 
several books on 
Ohio history and 
was one of the 
learned men of the 
city. In 1843 Charles Cist, the local historian, became a 
member of the Board, and in 1843 Dr. Joseph Ray's name 
first appears. He was at once elected president, and his 
influence seems to have been very great. S. S. L'Hom- 
medieu (1837) was a noted man. 




Charles j. Hunt, 

Winner Woodward Mathematical 
(Ray) Medal, 1877. 



48 Schools of Cincinnati. 

Dr. John A. Warder ( 1845) was a physician and scien- 
tist. He loved forestry and botany, and had a national 
reputation. He ^finally moved to a farm at North Bend, 
O., w^here he spent his time in cultivating trees and his 
favorite plants. Reuben H. Warder, ex-superintendent 
of parks, is a son. In 1845 William Hooper, the capitalist, 
was a member. He was president in 1847. Judge 
Bellamy Storer came in as a member in 1846. 

It is said of O. M. Spencer that he was one of the best 
men ever on the Superior Court Bench. The Spencer 
house, Front and Broadway, was named after him. 

Following will be a partial list of prominent Board 
members, showing when they began to serve : 

July 6, 1848, Cyrus Davenport, John »S. Powers, 
.Stephen Molitor. Molitor was editor of the \^olks 
Blatt. (Molitor Street gets its name here.) Bellamy 
vStorer was first elected president this year. 

July 10, 1849, Robert W. Burnet, Jonathan Cilley. 
Mr. Storer again president. 

July 2, 1850 (eleven wards), B. vStorer, president ; 
John Schiff, Christian Ziegler. Mr. Ziegler is still 
living here (1903) and is the oldest survivor of the Board 
of Trustees and Visitors. 

He was born in Germany. At the age of 13 became 
to this country, and while on the way an incident 
occurred that is worthy of publication . The vessel became 
disabled in the English Channel and put in at Plymouth, 
England, for repairs. Various persons visited her on 
sightseeing excursions, and one day Mr. Ziegler said to 
his son : 

"My boy, do you see that little girl.?" pointing to 
a visitor who was accompanied by a gentleman. 
■ "Yes," came the reply. 



Board of Education Members. 



49 



"Well, take a good look at her. vShe may someday 
be queen of England." 

It was the youthful Victoria, and in later years Mr. 
Ziegler discovered that his birthday was the same as hers. 

July I, 1851, Bellamy vStorer, president (16 wards) ; 




Hiram Rulison, 

Member Board of Education, April, 
1883, to April, 1887. 

Rufus King, probably the most noted man ever on the 
Board (he was from the 3d Ward) ; Charles Anderson, 
who became governor of Ohio ; James Cooper, deputy 
sheriff, superintendent of water works, etc, (uncle of the 
compiler of this book) ; John Schiff, noted man. 

[4] 



50 vScHOOLs OF Cincinnati. 

July 6, 1853, Rufiis Kin<^, president; C. B. Aspin- 
wall ; Dr. David Judkins, father of the late Chas. P. 
Judkins and of Dr. William Judkins. 

July 5, 1853, Rufus King, president ; Joseph Herron, 
principal of Herron's Seminary, a very learned man, 
father of Dr. Thomas G. Herron; John Horton, Joseph 
Burgoyne, Dr. John Davis, Rev. W. P. Stratton. 

July 3, 1854, Rufus King, president; Thomas Mc- 
Lean, a noted squire ; John C. Wright, celebrated school 
man and educator ; Absolem Death ; Lyman Harding who 
had a private school, and who became superintendent of 
schools. 

July 3, 1855, Rufus King, president (17 wards, 34 
members) ; Dr. W. B. Davis, brother of Dr. John Davis 
and fathet of Dr. Clark W. Davis, health officer of city, 
1902; W. M. Hubbell; W. H. Harrison, wholesale 
druggist and brother of L. B. Harrison, president First 
National Bank; F. H. Rowekamp ; Dr. C. G. Comegys, 
the noted physician and father of Attorney Charles G. 
Comegys. 

July I, 1856, Rufus King, president; John W. 
Herron, the attorney; Judge Charles P. James; Charles 
G. Broadwell ; John W. Dale, still (1902) treasurer of 
The Robert Clark Company. August 11, 1856, the 
minutes state: "The Board met for the first time in 
their neat and commodious session room on the first floor 
of The Ohio Mechanics Institute." The room vacated 
was in the Central High School Building, 53 Center 
(Longworth) Street. 

July 7, 1857, Rufus King, president ; Isaac J. Allen, 
elected superintendent of schools August 23, 1858; H. 
Thane Miller, founder of a noted school for girls ; James 
F. Irwin. 



Board ok EniTCATiox Mp:mrkks. 



July 6, 1858, Rufus Kinj4-, presitlent ; tl. Lackinaii ; 
Christ. Von Seggern, still living (1902); James M. 
Doherty. 

July 5, 1859, Rufus King, president; the late Dr. C 
P. Brent; Lemuel H. Sargent; C. F. Wilstach (Wilstach 
Street). 

July 3, i860, 
Rufus King, presi- 
dent ; Max Lilien- 
thal, rabbi ; Dr. J. 
M. Scudder, founder 
Eclectic Medical In- 
stitute. 

July 2. 1 86 1, 
Rufus King, presi- 
dent ; Her m a n 
Eckel, an editor; 
John J. Hooker; 
Lyman Harding, a 
member of the 
Board, elected su- 
perintendent. 

July 1, 1 862, Ru- 
fus King, president. 

July 7, 1863, 
Rufus King, presi- 
dent ; Colonel S. S. 
Fisher. 

July 5, 1864, Rufus King, president; Andrew J. 
Rickot^'; Robert Allison; Thomas J. Melish ; Jabez M. 
Waters. 

July 4, 1865, Andrew J. Rickotl", president; Bishop 
y. M. Walden. Salary of Lyman Harding, as superin- 
tendent, raised from .$1,730 to $8 per day. 18 wards. 




Francis E. Wilsox, 

Principal Windsor School 1888-89. 
Founder" Public School Journal." 



53 vScHOOLS OF Cincinnati. 

July 3, 1866, S. S. Fisher, president; E. P. Brad- 
street. 

July 2, 1867, S. S. Fisher, president. Hot contest 
for superintendency. A. J. Rickoff elected, but on July 
23d he declined to serve. That evening the salary was 
raised to $3,500. Eight or ten meetings were held, and 
on September the 9th John Hancock was elected to the 
office. 

July 7, 1868, vS. S. Fisher, president. John Hancock 
re-elected superintendent by acclamation. Name " Board 
of Education" first used. 

July 6, 1869, H. L. Wehmer, president ; W. J. 
O'Neil, Joseph P. Carberry, S. A. Miller, the geologist 
(Mr. Miller is really the man who threw the Bible out of 
the schools) ; J. F. Wisnevvski, father of Edward Wis- 
newski, manager of the Cincinnati Enquirer ; Thomas 
Vickers, the librarian. (20 wards, making 40 members. ) 

July 5, 1870, Francis Ferry, president; S. S. Davis, 
later mayor of city ; D. J. MuUaney ; Howard Douglass ; 
Rev. A. D. Mayo; W. vS. .Scarborough. (24 wards, 48 
members.) 

July 4, 1871, J. M. Waters, president; Gustav 
Tafel, mayor, 1897-1900; Wm. Strunk ; L. W. Goss. 
Clerk W. F. Hulbert resigned, and B. O. M. DeBeck 
succeeded him. 

July 2, 1872, L. W. Goss, president; Chester W. 
Merrill, later elected librarian ; Moses F. Wilson ; Chas. 
H. Stephens. 

July I, 1873, L. W. Goss, president. (25 wards, 
50 members. ) 

April 20, 1874 (note change in time of organization) , 
L. W. Goss, president. June 15th John B. Peaslee was 
elected superintendent on the fourteenth ballot, after 
exciting contest. 



BoAKi) OK Education Memhkks. 



53 



April 19, 1875, W. j. O'Neil, president; Chas. W. 
Whiteley ; Drausin Wulsin ; Benj. H. Cox; John Frey, 
manager Dennison House. 

April 17, 1076, W. J. O'Neil, president; Dr. W. 
H. Mussey; Dr. J. W. Underhill ; W. H. Morgan, 
late superintendent ; Robert J. Morgan, of U. S. 
Playing Card Co. 

April 16, 1877, 
A. C. vSands, presi- 
dent. 

April 15, 1878, 
A. C. Sands presi- 
dent ; Samuel Bailey, 
Jr. ; Fred Raine, late 
county auditor ; Theo- 
dore liorstman (aged 
21), corporation 
counsel, head of Fu- 
sion movement, 1894, 
as candidate for may- 
or ; Gideon C. Wilson, 
county solicitor, 1902. 
• April 21, 1879, 
Dr. W. H. Mussey, 
president ; Charles A. 
Miller, late county 
treasurer; Thos. F. 

Shay; Dr. W. H. Falls ; J. H. Rendigs ; Major Jacob 
A. Remley, father of W. H. Remley, principal Twenty- 
eighth District School. 

April 19, 1880, Dr. J. W. Underhill, president. 
Board has 37 members, 12 elected at large, and i from 
each of the 25 wards. E. Cort Williams ; John Straehley ; 
Jacob E. Cormany ; Fred S. Spiegel, now a judge. 




Ernst Rehm, 

Member Board of Education, April, 
1889, December 10, 1894. 



54 l^oAKi) OK Education. 

April i8, 1881, J. W. Underbill, president; H. P. 
Boyden, city auditor, 1897-1900; B. F. Ehrman ; G. 
R. Wahle, postmaster ; George Eniig. 

April 17, 18S3, Howard Douglass, president; 
Thomas E. Matthews, brother of Alex Matthews, a 
member in 1902; H. J. Buntin ; Robert (t. Stevenson, 
clerk. 

April 16, 1883, Howard Douglass, president ; W. 
A. Hopkins, assistant public librarian (1902); J D. 
Wells. 

April 21, 1884, John F. McCarthy, president; H. 
H. Mithoefer; August Herrmann; August H. Bode; H. 
M. Rulison ; John P. Dehner ; George O. Deckebach. 

April 20, 1885, (jeorge Emig, president; L. M. 
Hadden ; .Samuel Weil, Jr. 

April 19, 1886, L. L. vSadler, president ; Lee R. 
Keck; ^Vm. Ruehrwein, superintendent Work House, 
1902; B. Bettman, collector U. vS. Internal Revenue, 
1902. Superintendents to be elected at first meeting 
in May, to take office second meeting in August. Dr. E. 
E. White elected May 24th; Wm. (xrautman, assistant 
clerk. 

April 18, 1887 (members at large abolished), L. L. 
.Sadler, president; Wm. Rendigs ; J. M. Robinson. 25 
members, (jeorge R. (yriffiths elected clerk. He died 
October i, 1900. 

April 16, 1888 (30 wards, 30 members), L. M. 
Hadden, president; Chas. Weidner, Jr., president, 1899- 
1903; F. W. Hartzell ; Herman Knost. W. C. Ziegler 
elected clerk to superintendent of schools December 3d. 

April 15, 1889, L. M. Hadden, president; Ernst 
Rehm; A. L. Herrlinger. May 6th W. H. Morgan 
elected superintendent; took office August 1st. 



Board ok Education Members. 



55 



April 7, 1890, Wm. Rendigs, president; Phillip 
Renner; Jos.O'Haru; Oscar Kuhn, president University 
Board (1902). 

April 20, 1891, Wm. Rendigs, president; Dr. H. W. 
Albers; J. C. Harper; Joseph Parker. 

April 18, 1892, 
A. L. Herrlinger, 
president; E. R. 
Monfort, postmas- 
ter (1902). 

April 17, 1893, 
A. L. Herrlinger, 
president; John 
Grimm, Jr. ; Wm. 
McCallister; Geo. 
Friedlein; Dr. L. 
J. Fogel. 

April 16, 1894, 
A. L. Herrlinger, 
president; Alex 
Matthews; John 
Schwaab ; J. O. 
Woodward. 

April 15, 1895, 
A. L. Herrlinger, 
president. 

April 20, 1896, 
E. R. Monfort, 
president; Dr. J. 
C. Culbertson. (31 wards.) 

April 19, 1897, E. R. Monfort, president ; Theo. A, 
Frey; L. E. Keller; Aug. Meltzer ; George Rethman : 
Thomas J. Whalen. 

April 18, 1898, Captain E. R. Monfort, president. 




John Marshall Smeades, 

Chairman Business Men's Club 
Committee on Education. 



56 Schools of Cincinnati. 

April 17, 1899, Charles Weidner, Jr., president; 
Dr. B, F. Lyle ; Dr. S. B. Marvin ; Nicholas Long- 
worth ; J. G. O'Connell. Superintendent W. H. Mor- 
gan resigned August 14th, to take effect September 
15th; retired September 5th, and R. G. Boone elected 
at once. 

April 16, 1900-2, Charles Weidner, Jr., president. 

ROLL OF MEMBERS. 

Election April 2, 1900, for three years (April 16, 1903). 
Ward. Member. 

I John G. O'Connell, attorney-at-law. 

3 Dr. Felix G. Cross, insurance agent. 

3 Jos. II. Toelke, saloonist. 

4 F. W. Hartzel, agent. 

5 S. B. Marvin, physician, druggist. 

6 Theo. A. Frey, superintendent, chemist. 

7 H. G. Hauck, attorney-at-law. 

8 J. I. Bonar, physician, vice P. D. Spaeth. 

9 H. W. Albers, physician. 

10 John Grimm, Jr., agent. 

11 George Friedlein, clerk to city auditor. 

12 Wm. Fahrenbruck, insurance. 

13 Chas. A. Stammel, physician, druggist. 

14 Wm. J. Klein, attorney-at-law. 

15 M. G. Heintz, attorney-at-law. 

16 J. M. Robinson, manufacturer. 

17 Jos. C. Marcus, physician. 

18 Dr. J. C. Culbertson, editor Lancet-Clinic. 

19 Joseph J. Parker, grocer and saloonist. 

20 Dr. C. W. Cullen, J. W. Moffatt, E. D. Bolger. 
2\ George Rethman, clerk. 

22 Alex Matthews, manufacturer. 

23 August Meltzer, collector. 

24 J. E. Cormany, deputy sheriff. 



Board of Education Mkmbers. 57 



Ward. Member. 



-:i 



Louis E. Keller, hardware dealer. 

26 John Schwaab, attorney-at-law. 

27 Chas, Weidner, Jr., clerk Court Common Fleas. 

28 Fred. H. Ballman, manufacturer. 

29 B, F. Lyle, physician. 

30 Geo. H. Morris, foundryman. 

31 Louis J. Dauner, vice C. L. Nippert, resigned. 

OFF"ICERS of the BOARD IN I903. 

Chas. Weidner, Jr., president; Jacob E. Cormany, 
vice-president; VVm. Grautman, clerk, third floor, City 
Hall; Fred AL }Iolder, assistant clerk, third floor, City 
Hall. 

Office of the Board, southeast rooms on third floor 
of City Hall, Eighth and Plum Streets ; telephone 263. 

OFFICERS OF THE SCHOOLS. 

R. G. Boone, superintendent of schools; F. B. Dyer, 
H. H. Fick, assistants, offices third floor. City Hall, 
extreme southeast rooms ; Henry Klein, superintendent 
of buildings, office 910 Main Street; Wm. C. Ziegler, 
clerk superintendent of schools, office third floor. City 
Hall ; A. B. Clement, truant officer, office third floor. 
City Hall. 

The following are the eighteen regular standing 
committees : 

Auditing, 3; boundaries, transfers, and hygiene, 3 ; 
buildings and repairs. 5 ; course of study, text-books, 
and apparatus, 5; deaf-mute school, 3; discipline and 
morals, 5 ; funds and claims, 5 ; furniture and supplies, 
5 ; german department, 5 ; heating, fixtures, and fuel, 5 ; 
law, 3 ; lots, 3 ; night schools, 5 ; normal school and 
Teachers' Institute, 3 ; printing, 3 ; rules and regulations, 
3; special teachers, 3; teachers and salaries, 5. 



58 



Schools of Cincinnati. 



The Board meets every two weeks, on Monday 
evenings at 8 o'clock. Committees usually meet in the 
afternoon at 4. Bill days occur once a month, and the 
Fridays following bill days are pay days for teachers, 
clerks, etc. The Board organizes on Monday afternoons 




Harry S. Johnson, 

Hughes Class, 1887; Superintendent 
Central Union Depot. 



at 3, previous to the regular meeting of that evening. 
Organization day is usually a gala affair. Board members 
receiving flowers and presents from friends and constit- 
uents. At the meeting of April 16, 1900, the session 



Board of Education Members. 59 

room, City Hall, was crowded to suffocation with admir- 
ing friends of the Board members, while the desks of the 
members were completely covered with great bouquets. 
The clerk administers the oath of office to the president, 
who in turn swears in the other officers. Formerly 
the mavor officiated at organizations. 

PRESIDENTS. 

)uly, 1829 (one meeting), X. Guilford (chairman.) 
April, 1829, April, 1832, Oliver M. Spencer. 
April, 1832, July 9th, Nathan Guilford. 
July 9, 1832, July 5, 1838, Peyton S. Symmes. 
|uly 5, 1838, Julv 6, 1842, Elam P. Langdon. 
July 6, 1842, July I, 1843, James H. Perkins. 
July I, 1843, October 20, 1846, Joseph Ray. 
October 20, 1846, July 6, 1848, William Hooper. 
July 6, 1848. July 6, 1852, Bellamy Storer. 
July 6, 1852, July 4, 1865, Rufus King. 
July 4, 1865, July 3, 1866, Andrew J. Rickoff. 
July 3, 1866, July 6, 1869, vS. vS. Fisher. 
July 6, 1869, July 5, 1870, H. L. Wehmer 
July 5, 1870, July 4, 1871, Francis Ferry. 
July 4, 187 1, July 2. 1872, J. M. Waters, 
July 2, 1872, April 19, 1875, Len W. Goss. 



Apr 
Apr 
Apr 
Apr 
Apr 
Apr 
Apr 
Apr 
Apr 
Apr 



19, 1875, April ]6, 1877, Wm. J. O'Neil. 

16, 1877, April 21, 1879, A. C. vSands. 

21, 1879, April 19, 1880, Dr. W. H. Mussey. 

19, 1880, April 17, 1882, Dr. J. W. Underbill. 

17, 1882, April 21, 1884, Howard Douglass. 
21, 1884, April 30, 1885, John F. McCarthy. 

20, 1885, April 19, 1886, George Emig. 
19, ]886, April 16, 1888, L. L. Sadler, 
16, 1888, April 7, 1890, L. M. Hadden. 

7, 1890, April 18, 1892, William Rendigs. 



6o Schools of Cincinnati. 

April i8, 1892, April 20, 1896, A. L, Herrlinger. 

April 20, 1896, April 17, 1899, E, R. Monfort. 

April 17, 1899, April, 1902, Chas. Weidner. 

(Note. — The date 1902 under pictures, and in the 
foregoing, means that the parties are still in office at 
-writing.) 



CHAPTER V. 

SUPERINTENDENTS. 

CINCINNATI has had ten superintendents of public 
schools, only one of whom came directly from the 
teachers' ranks. This one was John B. Peaslee. He was a 
principal when elected. The rest had taught school some, 
a few had taught in this city, and six of the ten had been 
members of the Board of Education. 

The act of March 23, 1850 (a special act) , authorized 
the election of a superintendent of public schools by 
popular vote, and Nathan Guilford was chosen the first 
Monday in April. He took hold the week of the 24th 
following, and served to June 30, 1852, when Dr. Joseph 
Merrill succeeded him. Dr. Merrill had been elected by 
the people at the polls. He is described as a "good 
fellow " who knew considerable about the schools. 

In President Storer's annual i-eport of June 30, 1850, 
is the following : 

"At the spring election Nathan Guilford, Esq., was 
chosen superintendent of the common schools. The law 
under which he was appointed was passed by the last 
legislature, and the Board was authorized to prescribe his 
duties and provide for his salary. His salary has been 



SUPKRINTENDENTS. 



6 1 



fixed at -$Soo per annum. Though Mr. Guilford has 
been but a short time in office, he has visited all the 
schools," etc. 

That Mr. Guilford had some contest with his Board 
is apparent, but what it was cannot be learned from the 
minutes, which are strangely silent, although they commend 

Mr. Guilford for his 
scholarship, success, 
etc. On July 5, 1H53, 
is recorded the follow- 
ing : " An applica- 
tion of Nathan Guil- 
ford, to be appointed 
s u ji e r i n t e n d e n t o t 
common schools, was 
read and filed." 

Mr. Guilford 
seems to have had 
modern ideas on edu- 
cation. In his annual 
report of June 30. 
1853, he says : 

"No one can 
visit a school in which 
the teacher has the 

art, tact, and force of character to govern without the rod, 
and witness the love and confidence existing between the 
teacher and pupils, and the beautiful order and progress 
in their studies, without being convinced of the infinite 
superiority of this kind of government. I am happy to 
say that we have many instructors of this kind in our 
schools. Such teachers should, if possible, be retained and 
well paid, and all such as find it necessary to have 
frequent recourse to the rod and, like so many petty 




GEuRtiK W. OVLER, 

Ex-Principal, after Whom the George 
W. Oyler School Was Named. 



62 Schools of Cincinnati. 

tyrants, can govern only by brute force, should be dis- 
missed as having wholly mistaken their profession." 

Mr. Guilford was born in Massachusetts, 1786. He 
graduated from Yale in 181 2, and began the practice of 
law in Cincinnati in 1816. He published a letter on free 
education, urging an ad valorem tax ( 1823) , which was 
published by the General Assembly in 1823-4. ^^ ^^^ 
elected to the State Senate for the express purpose of 
having enacted a law providing for means of education 
(1824). This law provided for half a mill on taxable 
property and was passed by the Senate January 26, 1825, 
by a vote of 28 to 8, and passed House February ist by 
vote of 48 to 24, 

April 20, 1852, Joseph Merrill notified the Board 
that he had been elected and qualified as superintendent 
of common schools and was ready to begin service. The 
matter was referred to a committee, wliich reported a week 
later as follows : 

" The law creating the office of superintendent has no 
provision fixing the time when his term of office shall 
commence. Your committee recommends that the official 
term of office shall commence annually on the first day of 
July, and terminate the end of one year thereafter." 
This was adopted. The schools were opened the first 
Monday in August. One year sufficed for Dr. Merrill, 
who seems to have received $600 for his services, or ^c,o 
less than principals. Mr. Merrill was born in Rocking- 
ham County, New Hampshire, the same county John 
B. Peaslee was born in. 

The legislature of 1853 gave the Trustees and V^isitors 
the power to appoint their superintendent, and on October 
nth following Henry A. Barnard, of Hartford, Ct., 
was elected ; but on December 37th of the same 
year he wrote a letter declining the position, owing 



Superintendents. 



probably to tlie smiill salary. vSalaries were not very hifrh 
at this time. VV. B. Wheeler was a principal at .$65 per 
month. John Hancock was an assistant at $35 per 
month. Women teachers received as low as $16 per 
month, and most (rot only $20 to $25. H. II. Harney, 
principal of Hughes, received .$125. 

For some months 
the siiperintendency 
was vacant. April 
II, 1853, Mr. Rickoff 
had resigned the 
principalship of the 
Sixth District School, 
to enter private busi- 
ness. (He was suc- 
ceeded by John Han- 
cock.) The Board 
tendered him the va- 
cancy, but he declined 
until the salary had 
been fixed at $1,200, 
when he accepted. 
This was March 6, 
1854. Mr. Guilford 
was a candidate that 
night, and was nomi- 
nated, receivinga few 

votes. In a few months Mr. Rickoff 's salary was raised 
to $1,500 per annum. He served to June 30, 1858, when 
he declined re-election. 

No election could be made at once, but on August 
23, 1858, Mr. Speer nominated for superintendent 
Lyman Harding and H. H. Barney; Mr. Milfer nomi- 
nated Isaac J. Allen ; Dr. W. B. Davis nominated Cyrus 




A. 13. Johnson, 

Principal Avondale Schools, 
1854 to 1902. 



64 



Schools of Cincinnati. 



Nason ; and Mr. Hopkins nominated John Hancock. On 
the second ballot Mr. Allen received 19 votes and was 
therefore elected. He asked for one week to consider, 
and this was granted. He was then vice-president of the 
Board. August 30th he accepted the situation and 
resigned as a member of the Board. The salary was 
raised that evening from .|i,5oo to $1,700. 




Windsor Public School, 

Windsor Street, Walnut Hills; erected 1886-92; 
cost, $60,004; 16 rooms, seats 840 pupils; 
James E. Sherwood, Principal; Dr. J. 
C. Culbertson, Trustee. 



Mr. Allen later became a national character. He 
was a friend of President Lincoln's and had a strong 
liking for politics. He declined to .serve after July 2, 
1861, and went to Columbus O., where he bought an 
interest in the OJiio State yoiirjial. Later he was 
appointed consul to Hong Kong. He is still living at 
Morristown, N. J. The picture shows him at the age of 86. 



^ ^ 









O I' 



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o .2 



I; « tn 

3 =« ^ 

^ ^ .S 

t« p r^ 

Si I' n 

o « 

5 i-' '5- 

O O 3 

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bjj "2 "=« 

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2 S <u 

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1^ .2 S 

o 2 " 

il i 

^ i ^ 



vSlil'EUIN'lKXDKN'IS, 6:; 

Mr. Allen was succeeded by another member of the 
Board, Lyman Harding, who conducted a girls' seminary 
on the south side of Fourth Street, between Race and 
Elm. Mr. Harding was elected July 2, 1861, and seems 
to have taken charge at once. He pushed reading and 
elocution and was, from all accounts, a courtly and accom- 
plished gentleman. He retired July 2, 1867, and for a 
year kept a seminary at Newberry, near Milford,( ). This 
failing, he gave up the profession to enter politics (he 
was a Republican, like his predecessor), and took a posi- 
tion in the Post Office Money Order Division, where he re- 
mained 23 years. He died July 31 , 1897. EdwardC. Hard- 
ing, the insurance man, is his son, as was Lyman Harding 
Jr., the late principal. Mrs. Edwin C. Peebles is a daugh- 
ter. Mr. Harding was born in New York State (i8is) 
and graduated from Miami University, Oxford, O., with 
Rev. Monfort, the venerable father of Postmaster Monfort. 
He was distinguished for his mathematics. For some 
years he taught in the Cincinnati College, when the 
Mc(juffeys were at the head of that famous school. As a 
young man, he taught countiy schools in Kentucky. 

The Board next elected Ex-Superintendent Rickotl", 
despite his protest, and raised the salary from if!8 per dav 
to !j;3,5oo per annum, thinking he would accept, but he 
still refused, and so officially notified the Board on [ulv 
2 2d. John Hancock was thereupon chosen September 
9, 1867, at a salary of ,$3,5ck:). He retained the position 
6 years, 9 months, and 21 da3's, retiring on June 30, 1874. 

John Hancock was born February 18, 182^, near 
Point Pleasant, O. He started to teach in Clermont 
County, and was appointed first assistant in the old Sixth 
District .School when Mr. Rickoff was principal. He 
was elected principal of this school April 11, 18:^3, when 
Mr. Rickoff resigned. Later he was j^'-^nointed principal 

[5] 




Lyman Haruini 



Superintendent from July !S, 1861, to July 2, 1S67 
lie Received !)!N per Day for His Services. 



vS U P K K I X r KM) K XTS . 67 

of the I'irst Intcnnediatc School, Court aiul I >a\iniller 
Streets. 

April JO. 1S61. the teachers of Cincinnati organized 
a military coinpan\ of home guards, and in 1863 the 
teachers of the public and private sciiools were organized 
into the " Teachers Rifle Company,"' which. May 2, 1864, 
became part of the 138th Regiment, (). \'. 1.. in camp 
under Col. ,S. S. P^isher, ex-president of the Board. 
Superintentlent John Hancock was a iiri\ate in this 
regiment. 

After the war. Air. Hancock resigned the principal- 
ship of the First Intermediate .School and became super- 
intendent of Nelson's Commercial College. In 1866 he 
was employed by Wilson, Hinkle & Co. (now iVmerican 
Book Company) to collect material for a new series of 
readers. He remained but one year, for in September he 
was elected superintendent, which office he filled with 
great success until Mr. Peaslee was elected. Mr. Hancock 
was at once elected superintendent of the Dayton, ()., 
schools, remaining until 1884 imder Republicati city rule, 
and he was retired by a strictly party vote when the 
Democratic Party came in power. In 1885 he was elected 
superintendent of schools at Chillicothe, O. He resigned 
in 1889 to take the office of State school commissioner, 
to which he was appointed by Governor Foraker, to fill 
the iniexpired term of Eli T. Tappan. November, 1889. 
he was elected commissioner. He died of apoplexy June 
I, 1891, while sitting at his desk in the State House at 
Columbus. One of Mr. Hancock's sons went recently 
(1901) to the Philippines where he is serving in the 
army. 



68 Schools ov Cincinnati. 



CHAPTER VI. 

SUPERINTENDENTS. 

JOHN B. PEASLEE, aged .:^_', was elected June 15, 
1874, but did not take charge until July ist, so as to 
allow Mr, Hancock to close the schools properly. 
Mr. Peaslee's salary was $3,500 through his entire term of 
12 years, i month, and 15 days. He enjoyed to a 
remarkable degree the love and respect of the teachers 
and pupils, and his term might well be called the golden 
age in Cincinnati school history. He was the only 
teacher in Cincinnati promoted directly to the superin- 
tendency, and his familiarity with details no doubt gave 
him that wonderful hold which he had upon his position. 
Mr. Peaslee was born at Plaistow, Rockingham County, 
New Hampshire, September 3, 1842, and he was, it is 
believed, the youngest man ever elected superintendent of 
so large a system of schools in this country. 

He was educated in the schools of his native village ; 
also at Haverhill, Mass., at Atkinson and Gilmanton 
Academies. He graduated at Dartmouth College in 
1863. Soon after he was elected principal of the North 
Grammar School, Columbus, O., reaching Ohio on his 
twenty-second birthday. October 3, 1864, he resigned 
and came to Cincinnati as first assistant of the Third 
District School. In 1867 he was elected principal of the 
Fifth District School ; in 1869, of the Second Intermedi- 
ate (grammar) School; in 1873 the Ninth District 
School was placed under his charge also. 

During the twelve years he was superintendent, Mr. 
Peaslee inaugurated a number of reforms and improve- 



70 v'^CHOOLS OK ClXCIXXATI. 

ments, one being a method of teachin*;- addition and 
subtraction in the primary grades, and called by him the 
" Tens Method," published by Dr. John Mickleborough, 
and called the '' Peaslee Method." Mr. Peaslee also 
started the system of ruling slates and paper, thus requir- 
ing the pupils to do neat work and inculcating habits of 
carefulness that did not formerly prevail in school work. 
He was a strong advocate of moral instruction, and his 
"Memory Gems" were extensively taught. Pupils 
committed to memory these quotations and short poems, 
and on stated occasions they were recited in class rooms 
and in public, In this connection Mr. Peaslee inaugu- 
rated the celebration of authors' birthdays and the cel- 
ebration of Arbor Day, bv planting and dedicating trees, 
by the pupils, in honor and memory of American authors. 

On October 18, 1889, the American Forestry Con- 
gress planted near Agricultural Hall, in Fairmount Park, 
Philadelphia, an oak tree, and dedicated it to Mr. Peaslee, 
" in recognition of his distinguished services in promoting 
the cause of popular forestry, and especially in introducing 
the celebration of Arbor Day by the public schools of 
Cincinnati, and thereafter of the country." (From the 
resolution passed by the congress.) The " Peaslee Oak " 
is one of five planted and dedicated at that meeting. 

Publications. — First. A book containing gems of 
literature for young and old, entitled " (traded Selections 
for Memorizing, Adapted for Use at Home and in School," 
published by the American Book Company. 

Second. A pamphlet of 64 pages, entitled " Trees 
and Tree-planting, w'ith Exercises and Directions for the 
Celebration of Arbor Day," published in 1883 bv the 
United States Government. 

Third: An address, ''.School Celebration of Arbor 
Day," delivered before the .Superintendents' Section of 




-r> 



^^. 



. \ / 







William Strunk, 

Attorney-at-law; former principal of 12th Dist. and 2d Int.; 
six years school examiner; two years Public Library trustee, 
one as president ; four years member Board of Education ; eight 
years director University of Cincinnati. Identified with Cin- 
cinnati schools as teacher 14 years, as official 20 years. 
(70A) 




George Bardes. 

Member Board of Education 1893 to 1900. Through Mr. 
Bardes' efforts the Webster School was erected, 1897-8 He also 
secured the Christian Moerlein Library for the same school. 

(70B) 



^ri'Kin \ IKXDKN I' 



the National l-'.ducal ioiial .V^sociat ion al \\'a>liinL;ii)n . 

D. C, in iS.S|, also jiublishecl 1)\- the ( Jo\ crniucnt . 

I'otMili. An aiUlress, " Moral and Litci-ary 'Prain- 

ins-- in I'uhlif Sthools.'" (lelivcrccl before t he- Nat iona 1 




WiaisrioR Sciio(jL, 

• Named after Noah Webster, located at Findlay and 
Bremen ;' erected 189S; cost, $63,260; 18 rooms, 
seats 1,000 pupils; George F. Braun, Princi- 
pal; Dr. Charles A. Stanimel, Trustee. 

Educational Association at its nieetino- in Atlanta, 
Ga., in 1881 . 

Fifth. ^\n address, "German Instruction in Puhlic 
Schools, and Its Helpful Intiuence on Pidjlic .School 
Education,'' delivered before the National German- 



7^ SCII<K~>LS OF ClXCIXXATl. 

American Teachers' Association at Chicai^H) in 1889, and 
published by that body. 

Sixth. " Thoughts and Experiences In and Out of 
Scho( 1" (1900), a book of 400 pages of great literary 
\ alue. 

Seventh. An address, " History of the Introduction 
of German Methods in the Public Schools of Ohio," 
delivered in the (jerman language before the Ohio Ger- 
man Teachers' Association at Sandusky, in 1895 ; and 
twelve annual reports of the Cincinnati Public vSchools. 

Eighth. A \olume, "■ Occasional Verses and 
Sacred Songs" (in press, 1902). Besides the above, he 
has written many articles for educational journals and 
the public press, and delivered numerous lectures on 
American authors and literature, and on forestry, etc. 

Mr. Peaslee is director of the Universitv of Cincin- 
nati, trustee of Woodward High vSchool h^nuls, and 
member of the Union Board of High Schools ; was for 
nine years trustee of Miami University, Oxford, O. ; for 
three years trustee of Wilberforce l-niversity, Wilber- 
force, O. ; for twenty years a director of the Ohio Humane 
Society ; is life member of the National Council of Edu- 
cation ; life member of the National Educational Asso- 
ciation, and ex-president of one of its departments ; an 
honorary life member of the National (jerman-Ameri- 
can Teachers' Association ; also honorary life member of 
the Ohio (ierman Teachers' Associatit)n ; is a member of 
the German Literary Club of Cincinnati ; treasurer of the 
Cincinnati Free German Kindergarten Association ; 
president of the Ohio State Forestry Bureau ; an 
ex-member cf the Cincinnati Chamber of Commerce, 
and in 1890 a delegate from the same to the National 
Board of Trade. 

Mr. Peaslee is a thirty-second degree Mason ; Past 




:i:-|iBTiaFTVi"-'-""' 
SAMPLE WORK IN ARITHMETIC 



Superintendent John B. Peaslee Inaus;urated This System 
of Slate Worlc Early in His Administration. 



«7S) 



74 SellOOI.S OK CiNCIX NA'I'I. 

Eniinciit Coniiii;imlci' of 1 laii^clinann Conuiiaiulcrv, Xo. 
i6, Kni<;lits Tenii)hir: Past Master of Lafayette Lod^-e, 
Xo. 8i, l'\ and A. M., the lodge of which General 
Lafayette was created an honorary member, and whose 
by-hi\\s he sio-neil in ]His()n, May 19, 182^; Past Xoble 
(jrand of Ma^'nolia Lod^^e, No. (S^, L (). (). F. ; charter 
member and Past C'nancelh)r Doiitrhiss Lodge, No. 16, 
Knights of Pythias; an associate meml)er of E. F. Xoyes 
and R. L. McCook Post, No. 30, (7. A. R. ; secretary of 
the New Enghmd vSociety of Cincinnati ; and a member 
and ex-presielent of Dartmoulii Alumni Association, also 
of the Zeta Psi Greek Fraternity. 

In 1888, and again in 1891, Mr. Peaslee was elected, 
for the term of three years eacli, clerk of the courts of 
Hamilton County, ()hi(). In 189:;, he was candidate for 
lieutenant-goyernor of ( )hio, on llie ticket with Ex- 
Go\ern()r )ames E. Campbell, and in 1900 he was the 
Demociatic canilidate for Congress, First District of Ohio. 

April J5, i8y8. he married Miss Lew A\'right, 
the daughter of the late Joseph F. Wright, and great- 
granddaughter, on her mother's side, of (leneral John vS. 
Gano, of tile War of 1812, one of the first thirtN-lhree 
settlers of Cincinnati. ()n the occasion of his marriage he 
was presented by his fraters of Ilanselmann Commanderv, 
Knights Templar — who attended in a body in full uniform, 
and formed an '•arch of steel," under which the bridal 
party marched from the carriages to the altar — with one 
of the most beautiful and elaborate jewels e\er manu- 
factured in America. 

Airs. Peaslee died July 18, 1894. She was a ciiarm- 
ing character, a lady of refinement and culture, one of the 
most p()|)ular women in Cincinnati. She was associate 
commissioner of the Centennial Exposition of Cincinnati 
in 1888. Mrs. Peaslee was one of the orijanizers and a 



>> r r K K I N I" K \ I ) K N IS . 



7i) 



dircclor for \cars ol' the l^nu-lisli l"^-ce K iiulcronrten 
Association ; ami while she was deeply interesteil in 
humane work, she was at the same time a pal ion of 
literature, art, ami music. 

Recoo-ui/.in^ the importance of ct)rrect pronunciation, 
^^r. Peaslee introduced, botii in the Cincinnati and in the 




TiiK Late II. II. Mithoefku, 

Member Hoard of Education, 1884 to 1897, 
also Member Public Library Board. 



State Boaril of Examiners for Teachers, orthocpv as a 
ilisfinct braiicli of study, upon which candidates for 
teachers' certificates are required to be examined. This 
important innovation has been largely followed by city 
and county boards of examiners, and, as a gratifying 



76 Schools ok Cixcixxati, 

result, there has been a vast improvement in the pronuncia- 
tion of both teachers and schohirs in the (Jhio schools. 
In this connection he advocated the introduction of the 
diacritical marks into our readers, which has been 
accomplished. 

Degrees. — In 1863 Dartmouth College conferred 
upon Mr. Peaslee the degree of Bachelor of Arts, and in 
1866 that of Master of Arts ; in 1866 Cincinnati College, 
at his graduation from the Law Department, the degree 
of Bachelor of Laws; in 1879 the Ohio State Lhiiversity, 
the degree of Doctorsof Philosophy ; and in 1869 the Uni- 
versity of Turin, Italy, sent Mr. Peaslee a diploma of life- 
membership of that renowned institution of learning, in 
recognition of tlie excellence of the Cincinnati school 
exhibit at the Paris Exposition of 1878. Mr. Peaslee's 
degrees are therefore : A. B., A. M., L. L. B., and Ph. D. 
At 45 Mr. Peaslee began the studv of German, and 
speaks the language with fluencv. 

In 1883 the educational commission appointed bv 
he French Government to examine the various questions 
•;)nnected with teaching in the United States, reported 
.0 the ^Minister of Public Instruction : 

" At Cincinnati, the children are intelligent, amiable, 
cheerful, natural, and properly disciplined. The methods 
and aims which regulate the teaching in the different 
branches give value, force, and very great attraction to 
the studies. It seem that here, more than anywhere else, 
i)istriictioii is considered a niecyus of which education is 
the end. Hence the teaching is so directed as to elevate 
the mind and produce a moral progress. 

" The time given to reading and literary exercises is 
very considerable. The pupils of all the schools take part 
in this kind of work, according to their capacity ; and in 
the upper classes they are sufficiently familiar with the 



C^M^^^f 6^M^(?y.'.. 






;-/^= 



^/^ 






z./- 







f J^' 



-<^/4^i^u!A'2Z^^.^2^Mi^>^(7t6'~..<i^c-in''!^,^c or-y2^<>oci.i^7trri^c/[ 



CjCit^tU^^-^^ i~i-z-CytA^ ~^ ■'^^ -^>ft<><T:i^:-t^^^^cey!t-c&-- 



yH^e-f^C^/.t^,-^i^~C^^^^U-^£^£££^^z^^^ ijz:^^^^^^^^'^^ . 



K'^ '^yf'T'C^""^^'^. 






r.cOciytotryiy 



A^-^^i.^^^^Z'Z^^c 









dy^AAx^a-^.'z^tu.^ 







A MODEL SPELLING EXERCISE 



Another Sample of Fine Slate Work Begun During 

Mr. Peaslee's Term of Office. (77) 



7^ Schools ok Cixcinxati. 

^reat writers to make ([notations from their ]:)rincipal 
works, and tliey are able to recite from memor\- many 
fine passages from the English and American poets. One 
may see on the blackboards entire pieces written by the 
scholars. They are ne\er unprepared. One may demand 
from them with confidence pieces from Longfellow, Bry- 
ant, or vShakespeare. The pupils take in these literary 
recreations a yery li\'ely interest, which e\erything else 
contributes to increase and deyelop. 

"The superintendent has recently introduced into the 
schools the celebration of the birthdays of the great men 
who haye made their country famous — useful citizens, 
poets, statesmen. These festi\als. which occur suffi- 
ciently often, are genuine tournaments, for ^vhich the 
pupils who are to figure in them prepare themsehes in 
adyance, and here they recite, with talent and almost 
\yithout pretension, choice pieces from the works of the 
person whose memory they that day honor. These 
reunions, which haye the character of family festiyals, are 
also, to the authorities who preside, the occasion for 
approying and encouraging words addressed to teachers 
and pupils, all of whom contribute by their zeal and 
deyotion to these happy results." 

As superintendent, Mr. Peaslee re^ olutionized the 
methods of teaching history, physics, and so called object 
lessons, by discarding the i)ic))writcr plan and the 
percentage system, etc. He also secured a shortening of 
the hours in the lower grades. 

On April Jj, i88j, imder the direction of the 
superintendent, and as a part of the general ciyic 
Memorial Day, the school children planted "Authors' 
Groye,'' a plat of groinid six acres in extent, in Eden 
Park. A yast number of beautiful trees, each dedicated 
to some distinguished writer, were planted ; and granite 



Sui'KKl \ IKN I)K\ 1 



79 



tablets, with llir names of the- -i-\eial authoi-s, were 
afterwards placed near the trees. I'lie \isiti)i- to lulen 
l*ark will now find "Authors" (jroxe" one oi" the most 
delii^'htful port ions ol" t he jdaee. ("he resolution lor a 
general Arbor I)a\- had l)een adopted 1)\- tlie ()hioleo"is- 




joHX C. IIkvwooi), 
l-'rincipal Sixteenth District School, 1888-1902. 

hiture on March iSth previous, anil (jo\ernor Foster had 
desig-nated the 27th as ■• Arbor Day." The Board of 
Edacati<m unanimously \-otetl to dismiss the schools for 
two thi\s. the jyth and .:Nth. The six acres were set 



8o SCHOOI.S OF C I NCI NX ATI. 

apart by the Board of Public Works, and Mr. Peaslee 
spent the greater part of two weeks in Eden Park 
preparing the grounds and phinting the trees previous to 
Arbor Day. 

That the part taken by the pupils in the actual 
planting may not be misunderstood, it should be stated here 
that the trees were set out by experienced .tree-planters 
previous to "Arbor Day," as before indicated, and that 
the pupils imitated the planting by filling around the trees 
soil left in heaps for this purpose. 

Battle Grove on this occasion was in charge of 
Colonel A. E. Jones. The west half of this grove consists 
of oaks, which the Colonel pre\iously brought from \"alley 
Forge and planted, and which he dedicated on " Arbor 
Day" to the heroes of the campaign of 1777. 

It it a remarkable coincidence that the great poet and 
philosopher, Ralph ^Valdo Emerson, died on April 27, 
1882, at the time the students of Hughes High School, 
under the direction of their principal, E. W . Coy, were 
planting a group of sugar maples and an elm tree in his 
honor. 

This fact is mentioned by Rev. Moncure D. Conwav 
in the preface to his life of Emerson. 

John D. Philbrick, superintendent of the public 
schools of Boston, Mass., in his semi-annual report to the 
board of education of that city, March, 1877, in speaking 
of the Cincinnati schools, says : " Every child, from first 
day of entering school, is taught to ride his slate with the 
utmost accuracy, and, for this purpose, is furnished with 
a thin, narrow rule. In all figuring, and in all written 
exercises, whether on slate or paper, the pupils are 
required to make their work as presentable as possible ; 
the utmost order and neatness of arrangement are 
constantlv aimed at." 



Si' \'K H I XTENDK NTS. 



8l 



So beautiful is the slate work of tlie Cincinnati 
schools that one writer says it looks like engraving on 
stone. Dr. Bicknell, after examining the work of the 
children in several of the district schools, said, referring 
to*^" the remarkable uniformitv in the beautv of the 
execution, that it showed the most astonishing results he 
had ever seen in school work. 




Thirtieth District School, 

Corner Warner and Guy Streets; erected 1890; 

cost $74,987; 18 rooms, seats 1,100 pupils; 

F. M. Youmans, Principal; William 

Fahrenbruck, Trustee. 



The editor of the Cow wo// School ami loxva yoiinial 
of Education, in an article on the educational exhibit at 
the Centennial Exposition at Philadelphia, in 1876, says : 
"We give our special attention to Cincinnati, feeling 
quite assured that its showing is the most perfect, all 
things considered, of any city represented. Commencing 
at the beginning, we find beautiful specimens of slate work , 

[6] 



82 .Schools of Cinxixxati. 

in writing, drawing, spelling, and arithmetic, tVom the 
lowest grades, and all arranged neatly and carefully in 
forms, which in themselves are good grounds for disci- 
pline in accurate habits of thought and work." 

Of the exhibit of the Cincinnati Public Schools at the 
Paris Exposition of 1878, Dr. Philbrick, who had been 
for twenty-five years superintendent of the Boston, 
(Mass.,) Public Schools, and was United States Commissi- 
oner of Education to the Vienna, our own Centennial, 
and the Paris Exposition, said: "No other exhibit of 
scholars' work equal to that of Cincinnati was ever made 
in the known world." 

In the "History of Cincinnati," Dr. W. H. ^"enable 
says : 

" Dr. Peaslee accomplished a distinguished and 
important service for the schools in the way of literary 
stimulation. He introduced books to children, and chil- 
dren to books. Authors and publishers owe him a debt 
of gratitude. 

" Mr. Peaslee's ideas of literature differed from the old 
school. He contended that the study of literature should 
not begin, as was the old custom, with Chaucer in the 
high schools, but with our American authors in the district 
schools ; that our children should be taught at an early age 
the love of reading good books ; that the only effectual 
way to keep the youth of our country from reading the 
pernicious dime novel is to interest them in good literature 
and its authors. It is gratifying to know that this great 
literary movement has revolutionized the public schools 
of our country in i-egard to literature, so that to-day the 
demand for books by the schools, apart from the regular 
text-books, is so great that a half dozen firms are publish- 
ing long lists of such works for school youth, and our 
great American authors find loving place in millions of 



vSll'KKI N IKNOKN 1- 



<^3 



voulhlul inimls ami hearts thaf \\()ulil otluTwisc- know 
little or iiothiuL!,' of them. 

" The beginning of this literary m()\ enient chile> from 
the introduction of ' Peaslee's (lems " as a part of the 
course of education. These gems are ciioice passages in 
prose and verse, to 
be learned by lieart 
and recited l)v the 
pupil as a basis of 
further literary 
study. It is claim- 
ed that Dr. Feaslee 
\yas the first in this 
c o u n t r V to intro- 
d u c e i n t o t h e 
schools a systematic 
and graded course 
of sucii selections 
from English lit- 
erature." 

Mr. Peaslee's 
farewell to the 
schools, taken from 
his last annual 
report (1886-87) :, 

" In concluding 
this, my t^yelfth 




JOSEPH B. FORAKER, 



A Board Member at " Sharpsburg:," 
now Norwood, in the Seventies, 
and last annual 

report of the conditit)n and progress of the Cincinnati 
Public .Schools, I wish to express to all past and present 
members of the Board of Education, who have upheld and 
sustained me in my work, to principals and teachers, 
who have so fully and effectively co-operated with me in 
my earnest endeavors to improve the school system of this 



84 Schools ok Cinciwati. 

city and to keep it in the forefront of American system?., 
my heartfelt gratitude, for, without such support and co- 
operation, little could have been accomplished. But now, 
in reviewing my twelve years' superintendency of the 
Cincinnati Public Schools, I take pride in the fact that 
it has been characterized by shortened hours of tuition ; 
bv lengthened certificates for teachers ; by the impulse 
given to beautifying school-rooms with the portraits of the 
great and good in history and literature, and with other 
pictures ; by the greatly-lessened pressure of the percent- 
age system ; by the development of the ' Cincinnati 
Method ' of teaching primary arithmetic, now pursued 
in many schools of the country ; by the introduction of a 
systematic course of moral, himiane, and literary training, 
through ' Memorv Gems,' including in its scope the in- 
auguration of authorial celebrations and the celebration 
of 'Arbor Day,' or memorial ti-ee-planting ; and by the 
remarkable neatness and beautv of execution of pupils' 
work on slate and paper, accomplished largely through 
the introduction of the systematic and attractive forms 
daily ruled by the scholars with pen and pencil. 

" It has been my earnest endeavor to make character- 
building, in its best sense, the great object of my adminis- 
tration, and hence the question, what would make our 
pupils nobler and more useful men and women, and not 
%vhat would produce the highest per cents, has been the 
test of all measures and changes advocated or adopted 
by me. 

"I now take leave of trustees, principals, teachers, 
and pupils, in the sincere desire that the Public Schools 
of Cincinnati, under the guidance of my distinguished 
successor, will be brought to a still higher state of excel- 
lence and of usefulness. 

"Respectfully submitted. 

John B. Peasi.ek, 

Siif>ri-i i/fci/dei/t of Sc//oo/s.'^ 



S I' 1' K K 1 \ IK N n K N IS . 85 

CI 1 API' F.R VII. 

sri'KKI NTKN DENTS. 

IvSAAC jACKSOX ALLEX. MipLTintciulcnt of 
scliools from August V). 183S. to July _'. i8Cu, is the 
oldest living superintendent, having on January Jist ot 
this vear (1902) passed the eighty-eightli mile stone in the 
journey of life. Mr. Allen was horn at Morristown, 
X. j.. January Ji. 1814. and emigrated to Ohio wlien 
an infant of three months, and for this long period 
has been identified with the history of this State. He is 
the great-grandson of job Allen I, who lived and died 
in New jersev, a subjeet of Great Britain before the War 
of the Revolution, and a grandson of Job Allen II, an 
officer in the Xew Jersey line in the Revolutionary War, 
and a son of ]ob Allen III, who emigrated to the then 
wilderness of Ohio, leaving New Jersey in 1814. 

Mr. Allen graduated from Kenyon College. Gambler, 
().. under the presidency of Bishop Mcllvain. He then 
took up the >tud\- of meilicine, in which he graduated ; 
but finding the practice of medicine distasteful, he took 
up the ^tudv of \a\\ in the office of Mr. Henry B. Curtis, 
a distinguished lawyer in Mount \'ernon, O. After two 
years' studv he was admitteil to the bar of the State Courts, 
and soon afterward to the bar of the I'nited States Courts, 
the oath of office being administered by Judge John Mc- 
Lean, of the Inited States Supreme Court. On Mr. 
Allen's admission to the l)ar, his preceptor, Mr. H. B. 
Curtis, proposed a partnership in law practice, Mr. Allen 
to take charge of a liranch otfice in the adjoining county 
at MansHeld. Richland County. O. And here he began 
his career as a law ver. 




Isaac J Allex, 

Superintendent from x\ugust 30, 1858, to July 2, 1861. Still living 
at Morristown, N. j. Picture Taken at Age of Eighty-seven. 



SUPEKIXTKYDKN'TS. 87 

He was married on August ii, 1841, to Susan, 
daughter of Judge Peter B. Brown, of Newfoundland, 
N. J. Of this union there were three children, Theodore, 
Arthur, and Caradora. 

In politics, Mr. Allen was a Whig, and he took an 
active part in the political campaigns of those days. He 
was elected mayor of Mansfield, serving one term, and 
declined a re-election. He was frequently nominated for 
office by the Whig Party, once for states attorney and twice 
for senator. He always ran ahead of the Whig ticket, but 
could not overcome the standing majority of the Demo- 
cratic Party, which in those days had a strong hold in the 
State of Ohio. By selection of the bar and appointment 
he served one term as Judge of the Court of Common 
Pleas of Richland Countv. 

In 1853 Nelson Barrere, a pro-slavery Whig, was 
nominated for governor of the State of Ohio, and Mr. 
Allen, an anti-slavery Whig, was nominated for lieutenant 
governor. At the election that year Mr, Barrere, the 
head of the ticket, was beaten by a majority of more than 
thirty thousand votes, while Mr. Allen was defeated by 
the narrow margin of twenty-seven hundred votes. 

Shortly after this campaign Mr. Allen accepted the 
presidency of Farmers' College, near Cincinnati, and 
joined the college faculty in 1854, where he remained 
four years. The catalogue of the year preceding his first 
term showed an enrollment of less than one hundred, 
while the catalogue of the last year of his administration 
showed an enrollment of more than four hundred students. 

Mr. Allen was then offered the professorship of law 
and English literature in Kenyon College, his Alma Mater, 
but this he declined, to enter upon the practice of law in 
Cincinnati. Soon after taking up his residence in this 
citv he was elected a member of the vSchool Board. Mr. 



88 



Schools ok Cixcixxati. 



Rufus King, one of ]\[r. Allen's college mates, was presi- 
dent of the Board, and Mr. Allen was elected vice-presi- 
dent. At the close of his term Mr. Allen was elected 
superintendent of the schools, but declined to accept. At 
the next meeting he was persuaded to reconsider his 
declination ; and, accepting tlie position, he served for 
three years. 

Meanwhile the Civil 
War had broken out, and in 
1 86 1 M-r. Allen purchased 
an interest in the Ohio State 
yonriial, the leading Repub- 
lican newspaper, published 
at the capital of the State, 
and became editor-in-chief of 
this stalwart Republican 
journal, occupying the edi- 
torial chair during the four 
stormv vears of tlie great 
w a r. D u ring t h e s e four 
vears of turmoil and strife, 
President Lincoln ofl'ered 
Mr. Allen several positions 
of honor, but all were de- 
clined, as the editorial control of a great newspaper was 
considered more desirable. But, as the end of the war 
came into view. President Lincoln offered Mr. Allen the 
appointment of United States consul at the great British 
port of Hong Kong, in Southern China, and this appoint- 
ment was accepted, the commission being one of the last 
signed by Mr. Lincoln. 

Mr. Allen spent several years as consul at Hong 
Kong. AVhile there he traveled much in China, and after 
several vears' absence returned home by way of Japan. 




Robert Alt.isox, 

Member Board of P^diication 
in 1864. 



>"> r 1' K in \ !■ K \ I ) K N IS. S<) 

Ik' had i^^ono to Cliiiia 1)\ ^ailiuii; \essel and returned l)v 
steam, and it nia\ lieie be recorded tliat on tlie tirst ilay 
of fanuarv, 1869. Mr. Allen, in his ofHciai capacity, had 
the honor of recei\in<4- the first \essel that e\er crossed 
the Pacific Ocean \)\ steam, this heino-the I'acific Mail 
Liner "Colorado,"" thirty days from San I'^-ancisco, and 
she bore the I'nited .States fla^. 

in iSydMr. Allen retui-ned to Cincinnati, making- 
his home in A\()ndale until iSSd, when he remo\ed to 
New [ersey, his home now beinjr at Morristown, this 
being" the scene of his birth, and to which place he has 
returned after an absence of eighty-eight \ears. Though 
haying liyed far beyond the l)iblical allotment of three 
score years and ten, Mr. .Mien remains in excellent liealth, 
both physical antl mental, and by no mean> li\es in the 
past, but marches in the front rank in all the eyent> 
of to-da\-. 



CHAPTER Vlll. 

Sl'l'HIUXTKXDKXrS. 

I^MERSON ELHRIDGE WHITE. A. M.. L L. D.. 
^yas born in Mantua, Portage County. ()hio. and 
spent his boyhood on tiie farm. His father. Jonas White, 
was a descendant of Capt. Thomas ^^hite, who settled in 
Weymouth, Mass.. as early as 16:^2, and wliose father 
was a member of the Long Parliament, England. 

He recei\ed his early education in country scliools, 
but at sixteen entered the Twinsburg Academy, where he 
prepared for college, teaching in the academy and t\yo 
winter district schools to pay his expenses. He also took 




1)K. E. K White, 

Superintendent of Schools, Elected May 24, 1886, Assumed Office 
August 15, 1886, Retired August 11, 1889. 
(go) 



vS U PE 1{ T X r K X D K XTS . 9 1 

charge of the acaileiny at Mt. I'liion. ().. now Mt. I'nion 
College, one year. 

He entered the Cle\eland University and took extra 
work as instriietor in mathematics. Early in his senior 
year he was induced to take charge of a Clevehmd gram- 
mar school for two months, in place of the principal, who 
was ill. .Suspending his studies for the time, lie under- 
took the double work of teaching a larg«e city school, and 
also two university classes in mathematics out of school 
hours. At the close of this service he was appointed 
principal of a new grammar school to be opened in 
February. He had planned to l)egin the study of law 
on graduating from the I'niversity. l)ut. needing money, 
he accepted the position. At the close of the third year 
he resigned, but was at once appointed principal of the 
Central High School at an increased salary. He gave up 
the study of law and continued school work. It was in 
the Cleveland schools that Mr. White won his spurs as a 
superior teacher. 

In 18=^6 he resigned his position in the Cleveland 
High School to accept the superintendency of the Public 
Schools of Portsmouth, ().. a position which he filled with 
eminent ability and success. He introduced reforms in 
teaching years in advance of prevailing methods. 

In 1861 he removed to Columbus to take charge of 
the Ohio Educational Mo)itJiI\\ which he purchased. 
He conducted this journal for fifteen years, making it the 
leading educational journal in the country. In 1870 he 
published a national edition of the .^foiithly. with the title 
of the \atioiial Teaclicr. 

In 1863 Mr. White was honored by an appointment 
as State Commissioner of Common Schools of Ohio, and 
in that position he was instrumental in securing import- 
ant legislation for the improvement of the schools, the 



9^ 



Schools ok Cincinnati. 



more notable measures being the law which created tlie 
existing institute system of Ohio, the law creating the 
State Board of Examiners, and the provision requiring all 
teachers to possess an ade(juate knowledge of the theory 
and practice of teaching. In 1865 he prepared a codified 
edition ot the school law, with opinions, directions, etc., 

the whole constituting 
a valuable manual for 
school officers. His 
last service was the 
submission to t he 
Genei'al Assembly of 
a special report (au- 
thorized by the previ- 
ous A s s e m b I y by a 
joint resolution), rec- 
ommending a plan of 
organizing needed 
no r m a 1 training for 
the teachers of the 
.State. Possibly with 
one exception he was 
the youngest man who 
has been called to this 
i m porta n t position. 
He retired from the 
office in 1866, and 
the succeeding ten years he spent in con.ducting his two 
educational journals. 

In 1876 Dr. White was called to the presidency of 
Purdue University, Lafayette, Ind., bringing to the 
position unusual qualifications and resources. He laid 
the foundations of the young institution on an original 
plan, and so wisely that no essential change has since 
been made. The institution has grown like a tree, putting 




Fred W. Dkarness, 

Principal Twelfth J)i,strict School 
since September, 1901. 



Sin'KUIXTKXDKN'IS. 93 

out new brandies. He continued in this position for over 
seven years, during which the number of students increased 
()\er sevenfold. 

He resigned in 1883 and removed to Cincinnati, to 
engage in literarv work, and he was thus employed when 
elected in 1886 superintendent of the Cincinnati schools. 
Dr. White introduced reforms in instruction and manage- 
ment of the most beneficial character (changes that 
attracted the attention of the country). At the close of 
his first term of service he was unanimously re-elected, 
and his salaiy raised from $3,500 to $4,500 a year. He 
retired from the position in 1889, and has since been 
engaged in literary work. 

Dr. White has been the instructor and lecturer on 
psychology and pedagogy in several of the leading summer 
schools in the country, has been called to instruct teachers 
in scores of cities, and is increasingly in demand as an 
instructor in teachers' institutes and other associations. 
No educator in the country has a higher reputation as a 
lecturer on education, and he has few superiors as a plat- 
form orator, being often compared with Wendell Phillips. 

Dr. White has been prominent for many years in 
State and National educational associations. He was 
president of the Ohio Teachers' Association in 1863; of 
the National Superintendents' Association in 1868; of 
the National Educational Association in 1873 ; and of the 
National Council of Education in 18S4 and 1885. He has 
taken high rank as a writer on education, his papers and 
addresses before associations and conventions are noted 
for their great excellence. 

Dr. White was early an author, his " Class Book of 
Geography" (now out of print) was published in 1853, 
the " Brvant and Straton Business Arithmetic," which 
he largelv prepared in 1858, and his series of arithmetics 



94 



.Schools ok Cixcixxati. 



in i8yo. He is now the author of a series of mathematics, 
his arithmetics havin^^^ a wide and increasing use ; a system 
of pedagogy, including the "Elements of Pedagogy,'" 
" School Management," and " The Art of Teaching," and 
other books. All of his books are regarded as standards. 

His arithmetics are 
now in use in this 
citv. 

In 1866 Dr. 
White read a paper 
before the National 
vS u p e r n i t e ndents' 
Association at 
Washington, advo- 
cating the establish- 
ment of a national 
bureau o f ed uca- 
tion. The paper 
was adopted by the 
A s s o c i a t i o n , an d 
Dr. White was 
made chairman 
of a committee 
appointed to memo- 
rialize Congress on 
the subject, lie 
pre pa red an able 
m emor ia 1, and at 
the r e cj u e s t of 
General Garfield framed the bill for the creation of the 
new department. Both the memorial and the bill were 
introduced into Congress by General Garfield, and the bill 
became the law under which the bureau has been 
administered. 




August Herrmann, 

Member Board of Education from 
1884 to 18S7. 



S U V K H I \ r K \ I) K N TS . 93 

Dr. White rccci\c'd the cleyTce of A. M. from the 
Western Reserve Lniversitv, and in 1876 the honorary 
degree of L. L. D. was conferred by the Indiana State 
University, anil also bv Marietta College, Ohio. He was 
married in 18^,^ to Mary Ann vSabin, of Hudson, O., by 
whom he had tive children. He now resides in Colum- 
bus, ()., still in the prime of his powers. His life has 
been a succession of high achievements and honors. 

The late Superintendent W. H. Morgan, author of 
the " General Sketch of the School System," forming the 
first chapter of this work, was born in New York State 
in April, 1837. His [)arents were William G. and Eliza 
Garrard Morgan. Thev were poor people, and their 
children did not have the best of etlucational advantages. 
But William, the son, was studious and ambitious, and he 
managed to overcome all obstacles. The Morgans came 
West in 1840, when William was but three years of age. 
They settled near Marietta at first, but later came down 
the river to Cincinnati. 

Here Mr. Alorgan was raised. He was one of the 
first pupils of the Woodward High School, and was 
graduated from that school in 1856. He had learned the 
trude of nail-making, and followed that for a short while 
after leaving school. But during the first year following 
his graduation he was appointed a teacher. He taught 
until the breaking out of the war, when he resigned and 
enlisted in the service of the Union Anny as a member of 
Graham Rifies. He saw much active service during the 
war, and was a corporal in Company E, One Hundred 
and Thirty-eighth Ohio Volunteer Infantry, when mus- 
tered out in 1864. He soon resumed teaching, but quit in 
1866 to take a position as local agent for an insurance 
company. He followed this calling for eighteen years, 
serving; in the Board of Education as a member duriner a 



96 



Schools oh CixcrxxATi. 



part of that time. lie was first elected in iSj(), and later 
was elected a member at laroje. He was elected superin- 
tendent of schools May 6, 1S89, to succeed E. E. White, 
and took the position August i 2th of that year. He held 
it through successive changes in the personnel of the 
Board until September 5. 1899. He was stricken with 

paralysis at a Board 
meeting May 22, 
1899. 

AJr. Morgan was 
married in 18^8 to 
Miss Eliza Bushnell, 
a sister of (Tovernor 
Asa Bushnell. He 
died J a n u a r v 6, 
I9(X), aged 6:^. 

T he Bo a r d o f 
1*^ d uca t ion met in 
special session and 
took cognizance of 
the death. Honor- 
a r }• pall bearers 
were appointed, and 
the schools were 
closed on the day of 
the finieral at eleven 
o'clock. Flags on the buildings were a half mast for 
thirty days. The Board attended the funeral in a body, 
and interment was at Spring Grove. Mr. Morgan left a 
widow, one daughter, and two sons. Owing to in- 
terruption, all pupils were promoted without written 
examination, on the recommendation of the teachers. 




Fred M. Youmans, 

Principal Thirtieth District School, 
1 890- 1 902. 



vS I : PK K I \ T K \ n K \ IS. C)^ 

I*revit)iis to this, written excUnin;ition liad prevailed for 
fifty per cent, of the pupils, the rest beinir known as 
" honor pupils."' 

Mr. Morgan was a great believer in written work, 
antl he was constantly having displays of " illustrated 
compositions" that caused considerable rivalrv in his 
work. He was ably assisted by his heads of departments 
and especially by Miss Christine Sullivan, superintendent 
of drawing. Miss Sullivan was an untiring worker, 
and much of Mr. Morgan's success can be rightfully 
credited to her. Mr. Morgan, as will be seen on exam- 
ination of the table on superintendents, held otiice over 
ten years, he being exceeded onlv b_y Mr. Peaslee in 
length of term. At the time of his misfortune the 
superintendent had only been re-elected two weeks for a 
term of two vears. 



CHAPTER IX. 

SUPEHINTEXDKNTS. 

THE present superintendent, Richard (lause Boone, 
was born September 9, 1849, at Spiceland, Ind. 
He is of Qiiaker descent and received his early schooling 
at the academy in his nati\e village. Later, after several 
years of experience in teaching, he pursued special studies 
in psychology and educational science in the Johns 
Hopkins University. He received the degree of A. M. 
from DePauw University, and that of Ph. D. from Ohio 
iMiiversity. Having begun teaching at the early age of 
seventeen. Dr. Boone, in the course of twenty-H^'e years 

[7] 



98 



Schools ok Cixcixxati. 



has held positions in schools of every grade, from the 
country district through village and city graded high 
schools, normal school, and the university, an experi- 
ence of inestimable value to a man who has been at tlie 
head of institutions for many years. 

In 1886, while 
holding the posi- 
tion as superintend- 
ent of city schools 
in Frankfort, Ind., 
Dr. Boone received 
the appointment as 
professor of peda- 
gogics in the Indi- 
ana vState Univer- 
sity at Blooming- 
ton. This Univer- 
s i t v has been 
known throughout 
the country for the 
strength of its 
courses, the thor- 
oughness of its 
scholarship, and 
the care exercised 
in the selection of 
its teaching force. 
Nearly all of its 
chairs were filled by specialists of reputation in their 
respective lines — the president of Leland Stanford Jr. 
Universitv, professors in Harvard and other leading 
imiversities have been chosen from among its faculty — 
at the lime when he was called to the University. 




W. J. O'Neil, 

President Board of Education 
from 1875 ^^ 1877- 



SlTHKIlINTKNDENTS. 



99 



Dr. Boone had made an enviable reputation amon^ 
leading educators (-f the country — a reputation extending 
far beyond the limits of his native State. He is well 
known by his contributions to educational journals and 
by his courses of professional lectures in Indiana, Ohio, 
Michigan, Illinois, Pennsylvania, New York, West 
Virginia, Arkansas, Kentucky, and Texas. 

Dr. Boone was called to Michigan as president of 
the State Normal College in 1893. He remained there 
for six years, bringing the institution up to a higher 
standard of excellence than it had ever before attained. 
His influence was felt throughout the State in a very 
forceful way. While thus doing great service to the 
cause of education as a practical worker, and displaying 
great interest and activity in the spreading of sound 
pedagogical ideas throughout the country. Dr. Boone 
was too much of a student and scholar to lose sight of the 
importance of thorough professional learning as the only 
true basis of successful practice of the profession. 

Besides steadily pursuing those psychological studies 
so indispensable to the educator, he felt early drawn 
toward the historical side of educational knowledge, 
feeling, like every true scholar, the want of an acquaintance 
with the work of others, in the past and present, in his 
own chosen field, for it has been truly said by a world- 
famous educator : " The science of pedagogy without the 
history of pedagogy is like a house without a foundation." 
The history itself is the greatest science. Confining 
himself in his historical studies at first to the comparatively 
narrow field of the educational development of a single 
State, he soon after commenced the preparatory studies 
for an undertaking of wider scope and greater scientific 
importance, an account of the original development and 
actual status of educatioii in this country. From a vast 

L.orc. 




Richard G. Boone, 

Elected Superintendent of Schools 
ooi September 5, 1899 



.Sri'Ki; I \iK\i)K\i s. loi 

amount of material lar<i,vlv in a chaotic state, to be found 
only in public documents and dusty files of many libraries, 
the author of " Education in the United States" has 
succeeded in composing a \olume which in a very short 
time has won the highest praise of the profession and the 
press — the first noteworthy attempt at a general history 
of education in the United States, an honor to American 
learning, a work involving much patience and trying 
hibor, and evincing strong powers of judgment and 
reasoning. The results of his earlier studies (" Education 
in Indiana ") were published at a later date. Dr. Boone 
was appointed superintendent of the Cincinnati schools 
vSeptember 3, 1899, where he is at the present time, 
earnestlv laboring for the good of the educational cause. 
.Since coming to Cincinnati he has been chosen editor of 
Ediicatio)i , published in Boston, one of the oldest and 
best-known magazines in the United States, and no doubt 
from time to time his educational doctrines will be 
declared from its pages. 

Dr. Boone is a man in whom is exemplified in a rare 
degree tlie ancient saving, " Mens saiia in corpore sano.'' 
He is a man in whom love of study goes hand in hand 
with love of educational work, a combination not very 
frequent with scholars. 

CHAPTER X. 

HOARD OK KXAMIXEKS. 

Otlii I . KeiiiiLT. 

THE Cincinnati Board of Teachers' Examiners at the 
present time is R. G. Boone, D. F. Cash, Henry 
Danziger, O. J- Renner, Dr. R. H. Whallon, and F. H. 
Williams ; Dr. Boone, president, and (). J. Renner, clerk. 



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Board ok Examinkks. 



years, but 
riirlit to 



the Board of Ediica- 
revoke any appoint- 



All nu'inbers are appointed by the l^oard of luhication, 
and at least two must have had two years' practical 
experience in teachino;, and all shall be competent 
for the position and residents of the city. The term 
of office is three 
tion has also the 
m e n t u p o n s a t i s- 
factory proof that 
the appointee is 
inefficient, negli- 
gent, or guilty of 
immoral conduct. 

It is the duty 
of the Board of Ex- 
a miners to d e- 
termine the stand- 
ard of qualification 
for the teachers and 
* it may examine any 
school in the city 
when such examin- 
a tion is deemed 
necessary to de- 
termine the teach- 
ers' qualifications. 
In order to se- 
cure a thorough ex- 
amination of appli- 
cant s in difficult 
branches or special 




Otto j. Rennek, 

Member Cincinnati Board uf Teachers' 
Examiners Since 1892. 



studies, the Board is authorized to securt^ the assistance, 
temporarily, of persons of sufficient knowledge of such 
studies to perform the duty of examiner. Under the law 
the Board is required to hold not less than two meetings 



I04 J~<CFr(>oLs (IF Cincinnati. 

each year, and the examination of each applicant shall be 
in the presence of at least two members of the Board. 

Each person who applies pays a fee of fifty cents, 
which (^oes to support the Teachers' Institute. The Board 
may ^rant certificates for one, two, and three years, wiiich 
shall be siu;ned by the president, and attested by the clerk, 
and shall be valid in the city. The examiners may (^-rant 
certificates for five years to such applicants as, in addition 
to tiie necessary qualifications, have been for tin-ee years 
next preceding their application engaged in teaching, 
eighteen months of which experience shall have been in 
one place, and such certificate for five years shall be 
renewable upon the same conditions, but without examin- 
ation, at tlie discretion of the Board. 

L-ntil recently the teacliers' term of office depended 
entirely upon the superintendent, who had the power to 
appoint all of the teachers ; and when, for any reason, the 
superintendent did not see fit to reappoint a teacher, the 
teacher was without remedy, and thereafter without a 
position. To overcome this condition of affairs the legis- 
lature recently passed a law to the eft'ect that, where a 
teacher has taught a certain number of years, the teacher 
cannot be removed except upon written charges filed and 
a hearing had, and with the approval of a majority of the 
members of the Board of Education. This law made the 
position of the teacher a permanent one, except that it 
still left in the Board of Examiners tiie power to decline 
to renew the certificate, and this still left the position of 
the teacher uncertain. To overcome this, the legislature 
of 1900 passed a law authorizing the examiners to grant 
permanent certificates, xalid for life within the city, 
conditioned upon the applicant therefor having had fifty 
months' successful experience in teaching, at least thirty 
of which shall have been in Cinciiniati ; and in addition 



BoAKl) OK I'^XAM I N KUS. IO5 

to the regular subjects, the applicant shall ^y'we evidence 
of ^satisfactory knowledge of the history of education, 
science of education, and psychology. In accoi-dance 
with this law. life certificates are being issued. 




E. R. MONFORT, 

Member Board of Education, April, 1892, to April, 1899; 
President, 1896 to 1S99. 



Tlie Board holds fi\e meetings, the first beginning 
on the third Thursday in .September, the second on the 
secontl Tluu-sdav in November, the third on the second 
Thiu'sdav in )anuarv, the foin'th on the second Thursdav 



io6 Schools of Cincinnati. 

in jSJarch, and the fifth on the second Thursday in May, 
and the applicants are examined in the session room of 
the Board of Education, City Hall. The sessions begin 
at 8 :30 A. M. and at i :30 p. m. Schedules showing dates 
of examination in each subject can be obtained from the 
clerk of the superintendent of schools. 

Applicants for principals' certificates are examined 
in the following branches : 

I-. Theory and Practice. iJ. Orthoepy. 

2. Orthography. 13. Vocal Music. 

3. Reading. 14. Drawing. 

4. Writing. 13. General History. 

5. Arithmetic. M. and W. 16. English Literature. 

6. Geography. 17. Physics. 

7. English Grammar. 18. Chemistry. 

8. English Composition. 19. Algebra. 

9. U. S. History, Ciyil Goy. 20. Geometry. 

10. Physiology and Hygiene. 21. Astronomy. 

11. Narcotics. 22. U. S. Constitution. 

Applicants for assistants' certificates are examined in 
the first seyenteen of the aboye branches. 

Applicants for high school certificates are examined 
in all of the aboye, and upon special request, in addition 
thereto, in Latin. Greek, German, or any other branch of 
study taught in the high schools. 

Applicants for special certificates for French, music, 
drawing, penmanship, etc., are examined in the branch 
or branches which they expect to teach, and also in the 
first ele\en branches named aboye. 

The Board grants four grades of certificates in each 
class, the same being respectiyely yalid for two years, 
three years, fiye years, and for life. The proficiency of 
the applicant, as determined by the examination, is esti- 



Bdakd ok Exa.minehs. T()7 

mated on a scale of one to ten, ten beintjj the maximum ; 
and as a condition of receiving a certificate, an average 
standard of eight or more as tluis determined will be 
required, and any applicant receiving less than eight in 
anv one of the first eleven branches will be denied a cer- 
tificate. Teachers in the high schools will be recjuired to 
have a standing of nine or more in the branch or branches 
which they are teaching, or Avhich they expect to teach. 
All applicants for examination, re-examination, or renewal 
of certificates must pay, at the time of making the appli- 
cation to the clerk of the Board, the fee of fiftv cents' as 
required by law. Applications must be made at least thirty 
days prior to the first day of examination. For their 
services, the examiners get a salary of .$200; that is, .$40 
for each examination. 



CHAPTER XL 

WALNUT HILLS HIGH SCHOOL. 
W. H. Venable. 

THE two excellent high schools which for nearlv half 
a century supplied means of advanced secondary 
education to the ambitious youth of our citv, becoming 
overcrowded and altogether inadequate to the cultural 
demands of greater Cincinnati, had to be supplemented 
by another institution of their class. The urgent necessity 
for establishing another high school was felt most press- 
ingly by citizens of that part of the city spreading north- 
ward to the hill-tops in the townships of Columbia and 
Mill Ci'eek, and taking in the urban localities of Walnut 
Hills. Mount Auburn. A\()ndale, ami Clifton. 



i()8 



.Schools of Cincixxati. 



As early as the year 1890, members of the Board of 
Education and of the I'nion Board of High Schools were 
practically considering proposals which led to the erection 
of a commodious and really magnificent new high school 
building, on a lot two hundred feet square, located on the 
corner of Burdett and Ashland A\'enues, in the midst of 
a population desirous of the best educational advantages. 

The school edifice, 
one of the finest pub- 
lic buildings in the 
city, admirably de- 
signed for the accom- 
modation of a large 
school, was completed 
in the autumn of 1895, 
at a cost of $120,503, 
the lot costing an ad- 
ditional $24,000. The 
house contains sixteen 
light, airy recitation 
rooms, a specious as- 
sembly hall, a fine 
gymnasium, and a 
good chemical and 
physical laboratory, 
besides a general of- 
fice, a small library 
room, and \arious laboratories. The school was opened 
in September, 1895, with a corps of twenty teachers and 
an attendance of 684 pupils. The average annual enroll- 
ment of pupils for the succeeding four years has been 881 . 
(The school has always been overcrowded.) 

The building was formally dedicated on Friday, 
October 11, 1895, on which occasion the rooms were 




J. Remsen Bishop, 

Principal Walnut Hills Hisjh 
School, 1895 to 1902. 











fll 



' ' ^' 'i)):(l"ii] 



il it 'iii ^ - '-'-' f J ii/^IIsi iij - 



rr#' 







Walnut Hills High School, 

Corner Burdett and xAshland Avenues, W.H.; Erected 1895; Cost +'i:!o, 503 ; 
]fi Rooms, Seats 765 Pupils; j. Remsen Bishop, Principal. 

(lO!)) 



no Schools of Cincinnati. 

decorated with lla^s and bunting-, and adornetl with 
flowering phinti^ and palms. A Citizens' Committee, 
comprisinjy Messrs. William Rendigs, F. W, Coppock. 
Robt. J. Morgan, E. O. McCormick, Emil Pollock, 
Alfred Mack, and Louis Krohn, acting in co-operation 
with the local committee of the Union Board and the 
Building Committee, and all in harmony with suggestions 
of W. H. Morgan, superintendent of schools, managed 
the program of the day. Music was furnished by the 
Music Teachers' Orchestra, G. F. Junkermann, superin- 
tendent of music, conducting. Rev. Simon S. McChesney 
invoked the divine blessing. A short opening address 
was made by Mr. Mithoefer, chairman of the local com- 
mittee. The keys were then delivered by J. E. Cormanv, 
chairman of the Building Committee, to A. L. Herr- 
linger, president of the Board of Education, and by him 
passed on to Drausin Wulsin, of the local committee, with 
appropriate speeches by each of these three gentlemen. 
An address was then delivered by Superintendent Morgan 
of the public schools. His address was followed by the 
reading of a dedicatory poem, prepared for the occasion by 
W. H. Venable, teacher of English literature in the 
school. Next came the elaborate oration of the day, by 
Hon. John A. Caldwell, mayor of Cincinnati. The last 
exercise of the afternoon was a brief speech by J. R. 
Bishop, principal of the school, in response to a speech of 
Wm. Rendigs, presenting a flag to the cadets. It is worth 
while to mention, in this connection, that on no school 
day since the opening morning in September, 189:;, have 
the cadets failed to raise the starry emblem on the tall staff 
in the front of the building, or else above the lofty roof. 
The superintendent and the several school officers 
upon whom devolved the function of overseeing the affairs 
of the great school their energy had created, were equal 



Walntt JliLi.s Hu;ii Sciiooi. 



I I I 



to the responsibilit V. The or^Miiizat ion and e(|uipinent 
of the school were completed with more rapiditv than was 
expected, so that within a very lew weeks from the start 
(altliough on the openino- dav the desks were not ready 
for use) evervthinof was in runnint^- order, and a zealous 
esprit dit corps al- 



ready manifested 
itself amouii^ the 
oupils. 

The principal, 
Mr. John Remsen 
Bishop, a Harvard 
g r a d u a t e — who i n 
1882-3 was teacher 
of Greek in St. 
Paul's School, Con- 
co r d, N. H. ; i n 
1884-7, principal of 
Princeton, Pre- 
p a r a t o r y School ; 
and from 1888 to 
1895, instructor in 
Greek and Latin 
in Hughes High 
School — has stren- 
uously labored to 
carry into success- 
ful operation, in 
the new field to 

which his enei-gies were assigned, the pedagogical theory 
and practice suggested by the following words from his 
own pen : "Who is it that said: 'Remember that your 
discipline must result in a self-governing being?" 




Denis F. Cash, 

Member Cincinnati Board of Teachers' 
Examiners bince 1892. 



112 Schools ok Cincinnati. 

In conclusion, a liricf account of the material ecjuip- 
nient of the Wahiut Hills Ilitijh .School. Though a fine 
building does not make an excellent school, it goes far to 
facilitate the work of the educator. The light, airy, 
cheerful recitation rooms of this school, most of which are 
decorated with artistic and appropriate pictures, are 
themselves silent teachers. The gymnasium is one of 
the most complete in the West. The laboratory, for 
practical work in chemistry and physics, is fitted up in 
accordance with modern recjuirements. The library, 
though not yet large, is growing steadily, and it contains 
a yery choice collection of standard books in history, 
elementary science, literature, and especially in the Greek 
and Roman classics. There is also, on its shelves, a 
valuable series of works in German and in French. Add- 
to all these a carefully suited assortment of cyclopedias, 
dictionaries, and other necessary reference books. 

The school is supplied with a complete set of the 
best-made maps. A good lantern, with numerous 
stereopticon slides illustrating vari(.us branches of study, 
has been made useful by some of the teachers. 

The school paper, a monthly called 77/c (ilca/i/, has 
been published since the beginning of the year 1896, 

There has been an organized body of cadets main- 
tained by the boys ever since the school was founded. 
The Athletic Committee, the " Gym Team," two associ- 
ations to further the practice of football and other sports, 
have taken a sufficiently prominent part in competitive 
affairs to give the school a high reputation for systematic 
bodily training. 

The Debating Society is of vast benefit to its members 
and is a credit to the school. This association was the 
first in Cincinnati to challenge and encounter in pul)lic 
discussion a riv;d body of its kind from another city. 




Nicholas Longworth, 

Elected Member of Congress, Tuesday, No- 
vember 4, 1902. Member of the Board 
of Education from April 24, 1899, 
to January 15, 1900. At Pres- 
ent a State Senator. [ii2a] 




Wade H. Ellis, 

Hughes High School and Chickering Institute. 
Assistant Corporation Counsel. Author 
" Ellis' Annotated Ohio Muni- 
(II2B cipal Code" (1902) 



Si(;n .School kok run Dhak. 



CHAPTER Xll. 



sKJN school koh the dkak. 



THE Sign School for the Deaf was organized hy tlie 
Board of Education in 1^75, in the Second Inter- 
mediate building, with Robert P. McGregor as principal. 
It continued under his supervision till 1881, when Mr. 
McGregor resigned to accept a similar position in Colo- 
rado Springs. Alfred F. Wood then became principal, and 
Miss Carrie Fesenbeck assistant. In 1890 Mr. Wood 
was succeeded by his assistant, who is still in charge. 
At present there are ten pupils, varying in age from six 
*to seventeen years. These are divided into different 
grades, and large classes can not be handled successfidly. 
The school is known as the Sign School, but the 
methods emplo^-ed are the manual, sign, and writing. 

The manual is employed more freely than the sign, 
as it assists the children in language, which is always a 
very ditficult subject for the deaf. 

The school was supported by the Board of Education 
till 1880, when the legislature appropriated fourteen 
hundred dollars a year towards its support for some years. 
Now it is supported entirely by the State, the legislature 
appropriating one hundred and fifty dollars for each child 
attending. It is, however, under the direct supervision 
of the superintendent of public schools and Board of 
Education. J. W. Jones, superintendent of the School 
for the Deaf at Cf^lumbus, has been appointetl inspector 



114 



ScildOLS OK CiNCIWATI. 



of all dav schools for the deaf in Ohio, and reports to the 
State Scliool Cominissioner. 

One hundred and twenty-seven pupils liave attended 
since orj4anization. ()ne young man, who entered the 
C'ollege for Deaf Mutes at Washington, D. C, is teaching 
in a State school for the deaf. Another, after graduating 

at Washington, is 
studying for the minis- 
try at Philadelphia. 
Many, after attending 
the school at Colum- 
bus, are self-support- 
ing, working at dif- 
ferent trades : print- 
ing, painting, shoe- 
making, dressmaking, 
general housework, 
etc. 

1 think it yery 
adyantageous for the 
older pupils to attend 
the school at Colum- 
bus, where the higher 
branches are taught. 
There they also haye 
better facilities for 
learning trades and 
getting accjuainted with deaf mutes. There are about 
four hundred and eighty-three pupils at Columbus. No 
matter how the deaf are educated, they always seek the 
society of those similarly attiicted. 

^Ve always occupied one room in some public school 
building until 1899, when the Goodhue residence on 
West Sixth Street, near Cutter, was secured. The Sign 




W. S. Flixn, 

Principal W. H. Morgan School 
from 18SS to 1902. 



Sign Schooi. kok tiik Deaf. ii:^ 

School has one room, while the rest of the buildint^ is 
occupied by the Oral School. 

Several lines of street cars pass the door both ways, 
which is very important, as the legislature provides car 
fare for those children who live at a distance and who are 
unable to pay their wa}^ to and from school. 

A number of young men organized a club about 
twenty years ago and named it " x^nderson Club," in 
honor of a gentleman who contributed a sum of money to 
it. This club is still in existence, and the young men 
meet every evening for mutual improvement and reading. 



CHAPTER XIII. 

ORAL SCHOOL FOR THE DEAF. 

Viri^inia A. Osborn. 

ALTHOUGH the deaf had been successfully educated 
by the oral method for many years in Germany, 
and for twenty years in our New England States, it w^as 
not until the fall of iS86 that this method was introduced 
into our Queen City. 

Dr. Robert Sattler, the aurist and oculist, having 
seen much of the work abroad, was interested in seeing 
it established here. L. S. Fechheimer, whose son was at 
that time attending the school for the deaf at North- 
ampton, Mass., was anxious that the deaf children of this 
city be given a similar opportunitv of acquiring speech. 
These two interested other citizens in the cause, among 
whome were Dr. C. R. Holmes and John O'Brien, and 
with them constituted guarantors for the Oral School of 



ii6 



Schools of Cincinnati. 



this city, or, as it was then called. School for the Improved 
Instruction of Deaf Mutes. 

Virginia A. Osborn, who i)ad come from Philadelphia 
at that time to establish a private oral class, and Candae 
A. Yendes, of Rochester, were engaged to take charge 
of the school. 

A room was secured in the Children's Home on W. 




Oral School of Cincinnati. 

Residence at Sixth and Cutter, Occupied 
Since September, 1899. 



Ninth Street, and the school opened September, 1886, 
with four pupils, which number soon increased to ten. 

Both the Board of Directors and the teachers were 
firm from the beginning that the children who entered 
should be taught exclusively by speech and reading. 
Details of the work are given in another paragraph. 



OUAI. ^>CHf)OI, FOR THE DkAK. II7 

Bv the opening of the second year, two rooms were 
necessary, therefore the second floor of the building at 
the X. \V. corner Seventh and Race Streets, known then 
as Stewart's Hall, was rented and remodeled for this 
purpose. During the year the number of pupils increased 
to seventeen. The school continued to grow until thirty 
were enrolled, that being nearly the limit of deaf 
children of school age in the city. The attendance for 
the past three years has been about the same. Eighty 
have been enrolled since organization. 

Educators and prominent citizens, as well as the 
parents, visited the school frecjuently and pronounced the 
work a success. Dr. E. E. White, then superintendent, 
felt convinced that the school should be supported by the 
commonwealth, and through his influence it was incorpor- 
ated in the public school system in June. 1888. and the 
following year a State appropriation was obtained. 

Accordingly, in the following September, the school 
moved into a room in the Sixth District Iniilding. which 
was pai-titioned bv screens into two small rooms, which 
satisfied the needs of the small classes. There the school 
remained one year, when it moved to the house on Ninth 
Street, where it remained three years, until June, 1S95. 
Then the Board of Education rented a small house in W. 
Ninth Street, east of John. but. as that was thought too 
expensive, it was given up at the close of the year and 
some vacant rooms were found in the public school build- 
ing on Court Street, west of John. The school remained 
there undisturbed for three years, when that house was 
wanted for one of the larger schools, and it was again 
obliged to find another resting place. The frequent 
changes (five in eleven years) were found to be detrimental 
to the interests of the school, and after careful consideration 
the Board of Education decided to lease or buv a perma- 



ii8 



Schools of Cincinnati. 



nent home for it, and accordingly rented the house now 

occupied. 

In June, 1897, Miss Louise Karger resigned as 

teacher, and Ida Schwegler took the phice. Instructing 

the deaf is difficult. 

The work with beginners requires the most skillful. 

tactful teachers, as the children usually enter silent and 

unawakened. Their 
minds seem blank, 
and the anxious 
mothers eagerly ask : 
" Do you think my 
child can learn to 
talk?" And when in 
a few days that child 
goes home saying, 
"ma m a , " "papa," 
"home," they are 
highly gratified. 

September, 1898, 
a kindergarten for 
young children, three 
to six years of age, 
was opened, ^v i t h 
Bessie Aylmer Tucker 
in charge. She had 
taken a course in 

kindergarten work for hearing children in this cit}^ and 

afterwards entered the training class for teachers at the 

McCowen Oral .School , Chicago. 

vSlo^^d and sewing were introduced, September, 1895, 

with special teachers in each department, whose salaries 

were paid by patrons and friends of the school. This 

work prospered and proved a great help, both directly and 




J. C. Harper, 

Member Board of Education 
from 1891 to 1897. 



Okai, Sc'iiooi, K()1{ tiik Dhaf. 119 

indirectly to the pupils; l)ut, when the chief Mi|)p()rter of 
it died, tliere were no funds to carry it on, and. as the 
Board of Education was unwilling to use any of the State 
appropriation for that purpose, the classes hatl to he 
dropped. It is hoped that at an early date the Board will 
reconsider and provide for liberal manual training. 

The Parents' Association in Oliio, seeing the special 
needs of deaf children and the advantage in keeping them 
at home during their early school life, succeeded in having 
passed, April, 1898, a State law which provides for the 
establishment of a day school for the deaf in any county 
or district where there are rtve or more deaf children of 
school age — the State appropriating one hundred and fifty 
dollars per pupil yearly for the maintenance of such 
schools. 

The Cincinnati Parents' Association to Promote the 
Education of the Deaf has been a great help to the school. 
This association was organized by Dr. Alexander Graham 
Bell in February, 1896. The object, as set forth in the 
constitution, is : "To promote the education and welfare 
of deaf children physically, mentally, and morally. To 
this end the association shall consult and co-operate with 
the Board of Education and the teachers of the school for 
the' deaf in this city." Through the interest shown by 
the Parents' Association, the school is indebted for many 
advantages which it would not otherwise enjoy. The 
lecture hour, which follows the conference and business 
session of the association, has proved most beneficial. 
The lecturers have been noted educators, physicians, or 
philanthropists, who spoke on subjects relating to the 
education of the deaf. 

The eyes, ears, and vocal organs of each pupil, upon 
entering the school, are examined by Dr. Robt. Sattler or 
Dr. C. R. Holmes. The school is greatly intlebted to 



I20 SciIOOr.S OF ClXCIXNTATI. 

these specialists for their long-continued and efficient 
service. The health of the children has been exceptionally 
good, but one pupil having died during the fourteen years. 
The present teachers are : Virginia A. Osborn, prin- 
cipal ; Emma Bork, Ida vSchwegler, Mabel Maris v^wope. 




L. L. Sadler, 
President Board of Education from i8S6 to 1888. 

liessie Aylmer Tucker; sign class, Carrie Fesenbeck. 
The school numbers twenty-eight pupils, fourteen 
boys l^and fourteen girls, with ages ranging from six to 
eighteen years. The following is an outline of the clas- 
sification of the pupils and the course of studv : Kinder- 



()i!AL School i<'oi! 'iiie I)kai<-. 121 

garten, children three to six years of ;iu;e (tliree years). 
First, second, third, fourtii, Fifth year, primary. First, 
second, and tiiirtl year, intermediate. 

In tlie Hrst year of the child's school life, he leanis 
from t\yo to three iiundred \yords. which he reads from 
the lips of others and uses for himself. lie forms short 
sentences and asks all such simple cjuestions as, "" May 1 
go home.?" "May 1 haye a drink of water?" '^Please 
giye me some bread." etc. By the time he has completed 
the kindergarten course, he has a yocabulary of from six 
to seyen hundred words, and can express most of his 
thoughts and wants by speaking. Xo writing is now 
used until the child enters the Primary Department, 
though the former method was to teach speech and 
writing simultaneously. 

Plan of work pursued in kindergarten : Circle 
actiyities and the presentation of the thought for the day. 
In the deyelopment of the thought, the actual doing of 
things, excursions, or anything w'hich brings the thought 
before the child's mind is employed. In the expression 
of the thought, two forms of representation are used, the 
solid and the surface representations. For the first, any 
material is used from which the object can be made. For 
example, if the house that we liye in is the thought, the 
children build a little house with wood and nails. For 
the second form of representation, drawing on the board 
and paper with charcoal, pencil, or crayon, cutting, 
paper-folding, etc., are used. 

The plan work embracing nature studies and occu- 
pations is carried on through the first, second, third, 
fourth, and fifth primary classes. This work corresponds 
to the course of study pursued in the public schools, with 
simpler language. It is ditficult for deaf children to 
reason : they are less imaginati\e than hearing children. 



122 Schools ok Cixcixnati. 

but excel in observation and meniorv. The intermediate 
classes pursue the same studies as the hearing children of 
those grades. 

Special attention isori\en tiiroughout the eleven years 
to auricular and voice training. If the child possesses a 
particle of hearing, that is utilized and developed as 
much as possible bv the use of the opera horn, auricles, 
speaking tube, or anv instrument that will aid iiearing. 



CHAPTER XIV. 

IIUGIIHS lIKJIt SCHOOL. 

THOMAS HUGHES, the founder of Hughes High 
School, was a man of no exalted position in life. 
Reputed of Welsh descent, he was born in Northern 
England ; wlien he came to this country, or who came 
with him, is not known. A shoemaker by trade, he had 
a farm near that of his friend, William Woodward. 
Tliere, in an humble cottage, he lived alone, save for his 
sorrel dog and sorrel pony and some select chickens, for 
the very finest of which he iiad naines. The simple home 
of one of Cincinnati's benefactors was on the north side 
of Liberty, between jMain and Sycamore, outside the city. 
On December 26, 1824, Mr. Hughes died at the home 
of James and John Melindy, who took care of him in his 
last illness. The jSIelindys lived on the west side of 
Main, just south of Liberty. He was interred in the 
Twelfth Street Grave-yard, and when this was taken for 
Washington Park the body w'as removed to .Spring 
Grove Cemetery, where a very handsome monument was 
erected in 1871 by the Hughes Alumni. His will, dated 




H. H. Barney. 

As Principal of Central School, He Organized the 
High School System of This City. He was the 

First Princifial of Hughes. (123) 



124 Schools ok Cixcixnatt. 

December 4, 1824, gave considerable property " for the 
education of the poor, destitute children whose parents or 
guardians are unable to pay for their schooling." 

While Hughes' name isgixen to the school, and while 
he is honored as the father of the institution, his betpiest, 
so far as the money value is concerned, was small. '' It 
was only twenty-seven acres of hillside land, worth then 
only, say, i\\e or six hundred dollars, and it has never 
produced more than about $2,000 annual income," said 
Hon. Thornton M. llinkle, in his address on Flounders' 
Day. 

There has always been an air of mystery surrt)imding 
the memory of Thomas Hughes. When he deeded his land, 
no wife signed wnth him, hence many concluded that he 
was unmarried. There is, liowever, considerable reason 
for beliex'ing tliat he had been unhappily married, and 
had had no heirs. This gift to the "poor, destitute chil- 
dren whose parents or guardians are unable to pay for 
their schooling" is reported to have been for the purpose 
of keeping his wife from having any share in the estate. 
However, if a wife existed, she was never heard from. 
Hughes' will covered four pages foolscap, and, as will be 
noted, was made 22 days before he died. Hughes never 
contemplated a high school, and the land he gave cost 
him originally les> than .fv"'- jolm Melindy was 
executor. 

April 20. 1827, the land left by Mr. Hughes was laid 
out into lots by the trustees. This tract, covering about 
ten squares, extends from Schiller Street up to Mt. 
Auburn, and is between Main and Sycamore Streets. 
Tliere are also two lots below vSchillei-, and between the 
same streets as the other. At first the hmd was \aluable 
only for pasture and for stone quarries. 




E. W. Coy, 
Principal of Hughes High School from December i6, 1873, to 1902. 



<12S) 



126 vSciIOOLS OK CiN'CIN'NA ri. 

In tlie year 183:^ the executor died, and between the 
years 1836 and 18^0 this property was given on perpetual 
lease (pay quarterly), with no revaluation. On March 3. 
1845, a lot on Ninth Street, between Race and Vine — 
about where the Baptist Church is — was purchased for a 
high school at a cost of 19,000. In ISFay, 18:^1, this was 
sold for $15,700, and a lot was bought for $18,000 in 
Park's Subdivision, on Fifth Street, opposite ^Nlound. 

The Hughes Fund was in the meantime being used 
for the education of those who could not pav for " higher 
learning." As early as 1836 several boys were educated 
at Woodward College by the Hughes Fund. 

In 1847, in answer to a demand for secondary educa- 
tion, the present system of high schools was established, 
and on November 8th of that vear the Central 
vSchool was opened in the only available place — the base- 
ment of the Lutheran Church on Walnut street, below 
Ninth. H. H. Barney was the principal. February 28, 
1848, the school was removed to a building purchased by 
the Board, on Center Street, now Longworth, between 
Elm and Race, .where the Murdock Building is to-day. 

For some time there was a feeling that the funds of 
the Hughes and Woodward trusts ought to be united, 
and then incorporated with the funds of the city. On 
the afternoon of July 22, 1851, the Union Board of High 
Schools was organized, and two days later the contract 
between the Board of Trustees and A'isitors of common 
schools, the Board of Trustees of Woodward Fund, and 
Board of Trustees of Hughes Fund was made, and in 
September following the high schools opened under the 
Union Board. Thus was consummated a plan that had 
been contemplated for years, and which was authorized 
by an act passed February 11, 1845. 



1^8 Schools ok Cincinnati. 

The proposal to create a new high school in Cincin- 
nati was formulated by Peyton vS. .Symmes, who, October 
31, 1845, offered in the School Board a motion " ' to con- 
sider and report on the expediency and practicability of 
further promoting the efficiency and best economy of the 
common school system of Cincinnati, by the permanent 
or experimental organization of a Central Common vSchool 
for one or both sexes in the said city, for the admission 
and instruction of such portion of the more advancetl 
pupils of the public schools as, either from the small- 
ness of the local classes, or the want of appropriate rooms, 
maps, globes, and other apparatus, can not profitably 
nor without serious disadvantage (often operating to the 
exclusion of junior applicants) be continued and instructed 
in their several districts.' 

'' Acting on this prolix resolution, the Board made an 
unsuccessful application for rooms in the Cincinnati 
College in which to start," etc. ("Memoir of Hiram 
Howard Barney," by W. H. Venable.) On December 
26, 1901, the semi-centennial of the founding of the high 
schools was celebrated by Hughes and Woodward at 
Music Hall. The date is the seventy-seventh anniversary 
of the death of Mr. Hughes, and it is cpiite a coincidence 
that it happened to be selected. 

At the opening of the High Schools, in the fall of 
185 1, it was decided that all children east of Race Street 
were to go to the Woodward College Building, and those 
west of Race were to remain at Central till new 
Hughes was built. Thus the children east of Race 
made up the Woodward High School, and those west 
made up the Hughes. ,So the two sister High Schools 
began their existence on the same day, September 16, 18:^1. 

The old Woodward Building was used for the Wood- 
ward High School until the completion of the present 



IIir(;iiEs IIi<;ii Sciiooi.. 



129 



l)uildin<r in 1855. The Trustees of the Ilu<rhes Fund 
were retjuired to sell the Ninth vStreet lot ; and upon 
the newly purchased one on west Fifth Street, opposite 
Mound. tJiey erected a handsome ten-roomed building of 
Tudor architecture. Its beauty was marred bv the plain 
front constructed in 1889. 

An interest! no- 
feature of the old 
Hughes building, 
part of which still 
remains, is that 
its towers, used as 
cloak-rooms bv the 
boys and girls, were 
fashioned after the 
towers of Fotherin- 
gay Castle, wherein 
^ M a r y Q^u e e n of 
vScots spent the last 
years of life. In 
1 888 it was decided 
to remodel the build- 
ing, and this was 
done despite the 
protest of the gradu- 
ates, who did not 
want the historic .front destroyed. The new building, 
while grand and imposing, has lost a great deal of its 
picturescjueness. 

The new Hughes structure was begun March, 1852, 
and completed January, 1853. Immediately the Hughes 
School moved from the Central building. It should be 
noted that the name " Hughes High School" was applied 

[9] 




M. W. Smith, 

Late Teacher of English Literature 
at Hughes High School. 



I ^o Schools of Cixcin.xati. 

to the Central School from the organization of the Union 
Board, or, more properly speaking, from September i6, 
1851, thus Hughes and Woodward High Schools are of 
the same age. 

When the Central vSchool was started, Mr. Barney 
had but one assistant, John M. Edwards, who had been 
a teacher in the common schools, and who was present on 
opening day, Monday, November 3, 1847. Central 
School soon had more teachers, Cyrus Knowlton and a 
lady being employed as pupils increased. Mr. Barney 
had been elected principal of Central on September 14th, 
but he could not close his academy at East Aurora, N. Y., 
in time to reach Cincinnati until November. The 
Central building was the one occupied by Dr. Charles 
Colton's Classical School, one of the fashionable private 
high schools common in those days, but which are being 
pushed out of business by the competition of the free 
public high schools of to-day. The first class to graduate 
from Hughes (at Central building, 1852) was composed 
of four girls. In 1853 there were no graduates. 

The first class was graduated from new Hughes 
Friday, January 37, 1854, the exercises beginning at one 
o'clock. There were ten, four boys and six girls. R. D. 
Barney, son of the principal, and to-day a trustee of the 
Hughes Fund and president of The Robert Clarke 
Company, was one of the boys. In June of this year a 
second class was graduated. 

In Principal Barney's report of June 38, 1848 (his 
first), he states that the Central School opened with 39 
boys and 58 girls, of whom 14 boys and 8 girls withdrew 
during the year, leaving 75 pupils. 

''At first the high schools encountered great oppo- 
sition on the part of many prominent citizens, who con- 
sidered the movement altogether too aristocratic in 



Hughes High .Schooi.. 



131 



tendency. I know that father wrote a great deal in those 
times in defense of the system of hij^h schools," writes 
R. D. Barney, son of the first principal. 

In October, 1853, Mr. Barney was elected vState 
school commissioner, the first in Ohio to have this title. 

He therefor e 
resigned t r o m 
Hughes in Febru- 
ary, 1854, going to 
Columbus at once. 

Hiram Howard 
Barney was born at 
Ley den, Vt., Oc- 
tober 7, 1804, and 
graduated at Uni- 
on College, Sche- 
nectady, N. Y., in 
1830. Later he was 
admitted to the bar 
and practiced the 
profession for a 
time. Next he en- 
gaged in teaching 
at East Aurora, 
N. Y., where he 
remained for u 
years as principal 
of the All r o r a 
Academy. In 1847 

became to Cincinnati, by special invitation, to take charge 
of Central School. Thus he can rightfully be credited 
with founding the high school system of this city, if not 
of the State of Ohio. As noted, he resigned from Hughes 
to become State school commissioner of Ohio. This ofiice 




Francis B. James, 

Member Union Board of High Schools. 
He Introduced the Gymnasiums. 



133 .ScHOOi.s OF Cincinnati. 

had existed since March, 1837, first as superintendent 
of common schools for Ohio, and hiter (from March 23, 
1840) as a department under the Secretary of State. 
Samuel Lewis of this city held the position from its 
creation until its merger into the secretaryship. In 1853 
the separate office was again created, with the title of 
State school commissioner, which is the name to-day. 
Mr. Barney was thus Ohio's first commissioner, although 
not the first nian to exercise the duties of the office. He 
remained as commissioner until 1857, when he returned 
to this city. In .September, 1862, he became superintend- 
ent of the schools of Circleville, O., where he remained 
imtil 1869. He was one of the editors of the Ohio 
Journal of Education . Superintendent Rickoff next 
appointed him professor of didactics, and he was thus the 
first to organize regular normal school classes in Cincin- 
nati. July 28, 1879, he died at Wyoming, O., at the 
residence of his son, R. D. Barney. Howard Barney, 
also of The Robert Clarke Conipany, is his other son. 
Mrs. H. H. Barney was a Miss Mary Ann Eliot, of the 
New England Eliots, descended from the "Apostle of 
the Indians." 

Cyrus Knowlton succeeded Mr. Barney, and at the 
death of Mr. Knowlton, in i860, Joseph L. Thornton was 
appointed as head of the school. Mr. Thornton is still 
living at Middletown, O. (1902). On December 16, 
1873, E. W. Coy became principal. In the assembly 
room at Hughes can be seen pictures c-f the principals. 
Mr. Barney's is over the north door, Mr. Knowlton 's is 
to his left, and Dr. Thornton's to his right. 

E. W. Coy was born at Thorndyke, Me., graduated 
at Brown University, Providence, R. I., in i8c^8. Going 
to Peoria, 111., he became principal of the high school, 
and was afterward elected superintendent of public 



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134 .Schools of Cincinnati. 

schools. He also edited the educational magazine, 
Illinois Teacher, published at Peoria. He practiced law 
for three years. In 1870 he took charge of the high school 
department of the Illinois State Normal University. On 
December 16, 1873, he came to Cincinnati as principal of 
Hughes, which position he has since retained. He has 
been president of the National Council of Education. 
He received the degree of Ph. D. from Princeton Uni- 
versity in 1886. Mr. Coy is the author of " Coy's Latin 
Lessons," a book for beginners, used (1903) in the schools 
of this city and cjuite generally throughout the United 
States. 

There are two mural tablets in the lower hall of the 
building. The one to the south gives the purpose of the 
erection of the school, the other reads as follows : 



HUGHES HIGH SCHOOL. 

Erected 

Under the Direction 

OF THE Union Board of High Schools. 

Samuel Lewis, Pres. Nelson A. Britt. 

Elam P. Langdon. George Crawford. 

Oliver Lowell. Robert Boal. 

D. Van Matre. Charles Anderson. 

W. Y. Gholson. Cyrus Davenport. 

Trusteesof the Woodward Fund. Delegates of Common School Board. 

William Green. William Hooper. 

Trustees of the Hughes Fund. 

Building commenced in March, 1852. 

Completed January, 1853. 

John B, Earnshaw, Architect. 

Daniel Lowery, Builder. 



IIiKJiiHS IIiCH School. 1:^5 

llui^lies, as will be seen, was for two years sheltered 
at the Central buildin<^. The first class enrollment for 
the school was 87 boys and 112 girls. 

The Hughes semi-centennial class graduated 8ti, of 
whom 36 were boys and 44 were girls. Hughes has 
enrolled since its opening about 12,000 pupils, and of this 
number 2,21^0 have graduated. At Woodward about 
i_3,c;(X) have been enrolled, :ind 2.433 gratluated. 



CHAPTER XV. 

WOODWAHO HIGH SCHOOL. 

WILLIAM WOODWARD, born in Plainf^eld, Conn., 
March 8, 1^70, was the fifth of a sturdy family of ^7 
twelve children. His father \vas a soldier of the patriot 
army of the Revolution, and his mother was the aunt of 
Lorenzo Dow. Thus Cincinnati's benefactor came from 
a notable family, cjuite the reverse of Thomas Hughes. 
W^oodwiird came to this city by flat-boat in 1791. 

" Having received a course of instruction in surveying 
in his native town, he followed his profession for a time 
in the new settlement. He soon after settled down to the 
life of a farmer, purchasing of his brother Levi, for the 
sum of $400, a farm that was the basis of his fortune. 
This land was originally bought of John Cleves Symmes 
for $1 1 by Levi Woodward. This estate was increased 
by property accjuired through marriage to Abigail Cutter. 
So that Mrs. W^oodward should share in the praises 
showered upon her husband, she joining in the deed that 
gave the land to Cincinnati. 



136 Schools ok Cincinnati. 

^V()OD\VARD FrKK GrAjNIMAR ScIIOOL. 

(NEVER ESTAHLJ.SllED.) 

For years Mr. Woodward had clierished liis desire to 
establish an institution of learning of a iiii^her o-rade than 
tlie private .schools, and from 18 19 to 182:^ his views 
gradually matured and finally crystalized to a definite 
plan. On November 24, 1826, a trust deed was made 
over to wSamuel Lewis and Osmond Cogswell, conveying 
seven acres of land on Sycamore Street, north of Hunt 
Street. This land was to establish a grammar school, 
which was \V('odward's idea of what was needed. The 
school was incorporated January 24, 1827, by special act 
of the legislature, but ^vas never opened. 

The aged couple whose generosity made old Wood- 
ward possible had no children. .Several were born, but 
all died young, hence the good of the city's youth came 
first in their thoughts. The consideration in the deed 
was " the better educating of the poor children of Cincin- 
nati and one dollar (.$1)." The school was to be known 
as the Woodward Free Grammar School. 

AVooDWAi{D Hiciii School of Cincinnati. 

However, the growth of the public school system 
established about this time (in 1829) was soon seen to be 
furnishing what Woodward intended, a grammar school 
or intermediate education, so on May 25, 1830, Woodward 
reconveyed the same land, with an additional tract, for a 
building site for a high school, to be known as the 
"Woodward High School of Cincinnati." 

This high school was incorporated January 15, 1831, 
and was successfully established and opened October 31 , 
1831, in a two-story brick building erected in the north- 
east corner of the present lot on Franklin Street. Joseph 
Ray was a teacher, and Thomas J. Matthews was made 




Woodward Hich School, 

Franklin and Abigail Streets, Between Sycamore and Broadway; 
Erected 1854-5-67-80; Cost $73,037 ; 14 Rooms, Seats 582 

Pupils; A. M. \'an Dyke, Principal. I137) 



138 ScHooi.s OK Cincinnati. 

principal, or president, as the head of the school was 
then often called. Mr. Matthews served three years 
(1832-1835) and was noted for his ability as a mathema- 
tician, and for his proficiency in English literature. 
He was the father of Stanley Matthews, judge of the 
U. S. Supreme Court. (Two grandsons, Mortimer 
Matthews, the attorney, and Rev. Paul Matthews, of vSt. 
Luke's Episcopal Church, are living here to-day.) 

.The Woodward College of Cincinnati. 

(a detartment only.) 

Mr. Matthews was succeeded April, 1835, bv Dr. B. 
P. Aydelott, rector of Christ Church, this city. Dr. 
Aydelott was born in Philadelphia, Pa., 1795, educated 
as physician and surgeon, and later as Episcopal clergy- 
man. He served ten years. Meanwhile Woodward had 
died, and conditions were changing. Januaiy 7, 1836, a 
college department w^as authorized under the name of 
"The Woodward College of Cincinnati," which name 
supplanted that of the high school, though it should not 
have done so. It was used till June, 1851, so that the 
popular term "Old Woodward" refers to all of that 
period prior to this date, June, 1851. 

Woodward College and High School. 
AVoodward's College Department was opened January 
25, 1836, in the same building with the high school, which 
now became the preparatory department under the princi- 
palship of John W. Hopkins, who served until December, 
1839, when he was succeeded by Lewis P. Harvey, who 
served two years. 

In 1841, the two-story brick being too small, a third 
story was added, and preparations were begun for the 
building now standing, which was opened in September, 

1855- 




A. M. Van Dyke, 

Principal of Woodward High School Since June, 1900. fnp) 



i^O vSciIOOLS OF ClXCINNATI. 

In 1843 Dr. Thomas J. Bi^^gs succeeded to the presi- 
dency of the college, and remained until the reorganization 
ot the present system in June, 1851. He was born in 1787 
in Philadelphia, and, like Dr. Aydelott, was educated 
for the ministry. He came to Cincinnati in 1832 to 
accept a professorship in Lane Seminary. 

Among others who taught at Old Woodward were : 
Henry Snow, a graduate of Miami University, who came 
to Woodward in 1838. 

Charles E. Matthews, son of the first president, a 
pupil at the same time his father entered upon the presi- 
dency, graduated in 1842. In 1847 he was selected to 
assist in the department of mathematics. After the death 
of Dr. Ray lie edited several editions of the Ray text- 
books. 

William Holmes McGuft'ey, a man of connnanding 
genius as a teacher and scholar, served two vears (1843 to 
1845) as a teacher of languages. 

The College disbanded June 27. 183 1. 

July 21, 1847, Central .School was provided for, and 
it soon made its influence felt. H. H. Barney, the princi- 
pal, agreed that Woodward High vSchool should cease, 
and so, after a series of dinners and diplomatic tilts, this 
was resolved upon, as the following ([notation from the 
minutes shows : 

^VooDWAUD Hitiii vSciiooi. Discontinued (1830). 
"March 17, 1850, the high school was discontinued by 
the unanimous resolution of the Board, because the 
common schools were then furnishing substantially the 
same educational advantages, so that there no longer 
existed any necessity for such a school separate from the 
common schools ; and by discontinuing it, the college 
department would have the benefit of the money so saved." 



WooDWAHi) High vSchooi- 



141 



WooDWAKi) Coi.i.KCE Suspended (1851). 

So Woodward Pligh School disappeared, but only 
for H brief period. The college struggled on, and in the 
minutes is found this statement : 

" Marcli 20, 1851, in consequence of lack of funds 
to properly maintain it, the Board resolved to suspend 
the college after 
next commence- 
ment day until the 
funds could ac- 
cumulate sufficient- 
ly to warrant a re- 
opening." ' 

However, the 
college never re- 
opened. The fol- 
lowing minutes tell 
the story of what 
followed : 

" The lack of 
funds continuing to 
to embarrass the 
B o a r d , i t w a s 
thou gilt best by 
many of the mem- 
bers, and finally 
determined by the 
Board, to attach the 
school to the school 
system of Cincinnati 
Avas changed from 




AXDREW UlCKENLOOPER, 

A Student at Woodward College, 1848-y. 



etc. This was done, and the name 
The Woodward High School of 
Cincinnati" to the "Cincinnati Woodward High 
School," the name to-day. The legislative act under 
which this was done had been passed February 11, 1845. 



1^2 Schools of Cincinnati. 

The first meeting of the Union Board was Tuly --, 
1851, when the contract was approved. Speaking of the 
struggle of Woodward High School and the Woodward 
College to maintain tlieir separate and distinct existence, 
apart from the city, a friend of Woodward remarks 
that, when Woodward left his fortune, he thought it ample 
to niaintain a school. He never dreamed that the city 
would attain its present size and importance. The revenue 
derived to-day is ahout $13,000 per annum. Woodward's 
grant pi'ovides for a revaluation of the property every 
15 years, so the school gets the benefit from increased 
values. In the case of Hughes, this is different, as the 
Hughes lease is perpetual, with no revaluation. 

Oi.D Woodward Club. 

September 27, 1855, the graduates of Old Woodward 
eft'ected a permanent organization. The first board of 
officers consisted of: President, George H. Pendelton ; 
Vice-President, R. B. Pullan ; Corresponding Secretary, 
E. A. Ferguson ; Recording Secretarv, Daniel G. Ray ; 
Treasurer, Horatio N. Hatch. 

At the reunion held October 24, 1898, the officers 
were : President, James Powell ; Vice-President, R. W. 
Richey ; Corresponding Secretary, Henry L. Kemper; 
Recording vSecretary, C^ol. Joseph M. Locke; Treasurer, 
James M. Glenn. 

Woodward of To-day (1902). 
The Woodward High School building, as known to- 
day, was erected in 1854-5, being completed and first 
occupied in September, 1855. It was added to in 1867 and 
again in 1880. The high school was begun .September, 
1 85 1, in the old building, which did not interfere with the 
building of the new. Dr. Joseph Ray was the first 
principal, but he died in April, 1855, and so did not get 



^Vc)on\\AKD High Scitool. 



143 



into the new buiUlino-. As a young- num of 24, Dr. Ray 
began teaching in the original Woodward High School 
(November, iS^i). He taught continuously and wrote 
text-books on mathematics. In 1843 he was elected a 
member of the Board of Trustees and Visitors (Board of 
Education), and the night he took his seat was made 
president (July i, 
1843). He seryed 
as president until 
he resigned (Octo- 
ber 20, 1S46), 
owing to a readop- 
tion of his text- 
books coming up. 
He did not want to 
vote on the readop- 
tion. 

Dr. Ray was 
born Nov^ember 2:;, 
1807, in Washing- 
ton County, Pa., 
now Ohio County, 
W. Va. As a child 
lie had an unusually 
active mind. He 
began to teach at 
16. He entered 
Ohio University at 
Athens, but, not 

haying the means to prosecute a college course, began the 
study of medicine and graduated at the Ohio Medical 
College, this city, in 1829. He located in Cincinnati and 
built up a remunerative practice, but yielded to his incli- 
nation for mathematical studies and accepted the position 




John L. Shuff, 
Chairman of the Floral Parades, 1900-1. 



144 .Schools ok Cincinnati. 

at Woodward. From the first he made Inmself felt. He 
was a member of the Christian Church, During his college 
life he supported himself by teaching. He passed some 
months at Washington College, Pennsylvania, but never 
took a degree. He died April i6, 1855. Dr. Ray always 
identified himself with the leading teachers, and was 
prominent in their gatherings. In 1853 he was president 
of the Ohio State Teachers' Association. The high esti- 
mation in which his arithmetics and algebra were held 
gave him a commanding position among the teachers in 
the Western States. He left one son, Hon. Daniel Gano 
Ray, who was the father of the late Mrs. (Maud) Dr. 
Sattler. The grandchildren of the celebrated teacher are : 
Dr. Victor Ray, the specialist, of this city ; John Stites 
Gano Best Ray, mining engineer, of Colorado Springs, 
Col. ; and Sergeant Joseph Ray, who died of fever at 
Santiago during the late (1898) Spanish War. 

Dr. Ray was succeeded by Daniel Shepardson, who 
was filling the pulpit of the First Baptist Church on 
Wesley Avenue when elected. He served until June, 
1863, when he resigned to take charge of a girls' high 
school at Dennison University, Granville, O. This 
school is now known as Shepardson's College, and is still 
a part of Dennison University. 

Moses Woolson, who succeeded to the principalship 
in 1862, was at the head of a girls' high school at Portland, 
Me., when elected. On retiring in 1865 he went to 
Boston, where it is reported (1902) he is teaching Latin in 
a high school. 

George W. Harper, principal from 1865 to 1900, 
graduated from Woodward High School in 1833 
(was valedictorian) and began teaching there that fall. 
He taught at Woodward continuously for the next 47 
years. He was born August 3i, 1832, at Franklin, 




GEOKlii: \V. II \UPER, 

Principal of Woodward High School, 1865 to 1900; a Teacher 



there, 1853-65; Total, 47 years. 

[10] 



(14s) 



146 Schools of Cincinnati. 

Warren County, O.. of Qiiaker stock. Educated in 
country schools, also at Central School. Started to read 
law, but was advised to teach by Dr. Joseph Ray, his 
instructor in mathematics. Traveled in Europe on leave 
(>f absence. In 1873 Mr. Harper organized the University 
(see chapter on University), which was conducted at 
Woodward for a time, until permanent organization was 
effected. Mr. Harper is best known by reason of his work 
and publications on geology. He has made eight expedi- 
tions in the South, studying and exploring. One expedi- 
tion he made as far west as Utah and the Yellowstone. 
The results of these researches have been published in 
pamphlet form. His catalogue of the silurian fossils 
(700 specimens) is accepted by the scientific world as the 
best out. There are three catalogues of local and fresh 
water shells, gathered within a radius of 50 miles of Cin- 
cinnati. A second edition, with descriptions, has been 
published. Another catalogue is that of all bivalve shells 
of the Mississippi drainage. For twenty-five years Mr. 
Harper was assistant editor of the Natural History 
Heviexv. He has since 1855 been making, under the 
Smithsonian Institute guidance, a series of meteoro- 
logical observations for this region. Since 1869 he has 
been president of the Cincinnati College of Medicine and 
Surgery, In 1861 Dennison University conferred on him 
the degree of M. A. Mr. Harper is an active school man, 
and stands high in the community. His scholarship is 
varied and his accomplishments many, but he is, strictly 
speaking, a scientist. 

In June, 1900, Prof. A. M. Van Dyke succeeded Mr. 
Harper. For years Mr. Van Dyke was teacher of English 
literature at Woodward. Born at Mt. Healthy, O., 1838. 
Graduated from Hughes, class 1857. Taught in the in- 
termediate school one year, then moved to Indiana, where 



Woodward High School. 



147 



he graduated and practiced law. The war breaking out, 
he enlisted as apri\'ate in 1861, with 14th Ind. V. I., 
and served through the war, having seen four and a half 
years' service and having participated in over fifty battles. 
For six years Prof. Van Dyke was superintendent of the 
public schools of Ironton, O., but for the past twenty-five 




James Powell, 
A Student at " Old Woodward " in 1846-7-8. 

years he has been at Woodward. His published works 
are: "Annotated Editions of Pope's Essay on Man," 
" Selected Poems of Gray and Chaucer's Prologues and 
Knight's Tale." These editions were used in the high 
schools of the city. 



148 Schools of Cincinnati. 

His military training led Prof. Van Dyke to organize 
(1S93) at Woodward the Woodward Cadets. These 
cadets are uniformed and drilled and provided with guns. 
They are very popular and respond to calls made by 
organizations, and they always appear in public parades, 
such as Decoration Day and other military or political 
demonstrations. Hughes and Walnut Hills High Schools 
followed Woodward, and organized their cadets. 

Woodward — Farmer, Tannkr, Trader. 

Mr. Woodward lived in the house (erected 1816, 
most of which is still standing) at the northeast corner 
of Main and Webster Streets. The old cellar is intact, as 
is the rear portion of the house, just as it was when Mr. 
Woodward lived there. It was into this cellar that Mr. 
Woodward stepped one day, falling clear to the bottom, 
breaking his leg, and bringing about the complications 
that caused his death, January 34, 1833. 

When Mr. Woodward abandoned the flat-boat that 
brought him down the Ohio, he dismantled it and used 
the lumber to build his modest home. One of the wooden 
pins that came from the boat went into the house, and 
when that was torn down the pin, or nail, became the 
property of George W. Harper, principal of Woodward, 
who still (1902) retains it. Mr. Harper has also two 
wooden chairs that belonged to Mr. Woodward, one a 
parlor chair, and the other a dining-room chair. Both 
were made from timber, hickory and ash, cut from the 
forests that then filled what is now Third Street. Mr. 
Harper secured the chairs from Mr. Kessler Smith, son of 
Ex-mayor Amor Smith. When the famous flat-boat was 
abandoned the owner gathered from the bottom some 
apple seeds. These were planted that year at Main and 
Webster, and later became an orchard about Mr. Wood- 



Woodward High School. 



149 



ward's residence. Orchard Street received its name 
from its cutting through this orchard. 

Woodward was a Presbyterian. It is related of him 
that he often scolded the schoolboys for jumping over the 
fence into his wheat field, by remarking : " Boys, didn't 
I give you enough play ground without you spoiling my 
wheat?" At one cominencement (1831) Woodward was 
present, and was 
moved to tears by 
compliments of a boy 
orator. It is related 
of Mrs. Woodward 
(the second) that she 
was cross-eyed as the 
result of a whipping 
she got at school 
when a young girl. 

The Woodward 
property was ap- 
praised July, 1833, 
as follows: Real 
estate, $179,675; 
personal, $28,088. 
Mr. Woodward in 
addition to his other 
business had a tan- 
nery on the south 
side of Liberty, east 

of Sycamore, and the stone upon which he curried 
leather is now in Woodward High School. 

Grave and Monument of William Woodward. 
January 3, 1859, the Woodward Trustees received a 
petition from students of Old Woodward, and this is what 
the minutes record : 




Theodore B. Pflueger, 

Principal Twentieth District School 
from 1896 to 1902. 



150 Schools of Cincinnati. 

"■Resolved — That the request of the students of Old 
Woodward, etc., asking 'the use of a ten foot circle of 
ground opposite the central entrance to the building now 
situated on the Woodward College lot, at equal distances 
between the line of the street and the steps in front of the 
building, for the deposit of the remains and the erection of 
a monument to William Woodward," be granted, subject 
to the approval of the Union Board." 

The approval was secured. 

The Couple had been Interred in the Twelfth 
Street Burying Grounds (now Washington Park). 
August 3, i860, their remains were removed to a 
stone vault in the school lot. On September 24, 1878, 
the corner-stone of the monument was laid, and on 
October 24th following the monument, completed and 
erected by the Old Woodward Club and the Woodward 
Alumnal Association, was unveiled and transferred to the 
care of the Board of Trustees of Woodward. [Abigail 
Street, which Woodward faces on the south, was named 
after Mrs. Woodward (Woodward's second wife). 
Cutter Street was named after Mrs. Woodward's father, 
Joseph Cutter, who was killed by Indians while he was 
at work near what is now Twelfth and Elm. For years 
a monument marked his grave, and in it was a glass 
receptacle containing a lock of the unfortunate man's hair. 
The monument read that Cutter was ' ' killed on this spot. ' ' 
One day the hair was missing, some vandal having broken 
the glass and stolen the contents.] 

Woodward Monument Fund. 

June 25, 1881, the Old Woodward Club and the 
Woodward Alumnal Association offered to give, each, 
a $100 U. S. four per cent, bond to keep the statue in 
good order and repair. The two bonds were turned over 
and form a permanent fund. 



Woodward High School. 



151 



Portrait of Mr. Woodward. 
March 5, 1845, the Woodward Trustees received a 
present of a life-size portrait of Wm. Woodward, which 
was phiced in the school hall. No one knows who gave 
the portrait. 




Henry B. McClure, 

Graduate Miami University, Oxford, O., 1871. 
Principal Glendale Schools, 1875-80. 

The David Gallup Fund. 
In 1883 David Gallup, of Plainsfield, Conn., a 
nephew, by marriage, of Woodward, gave the school one- 
fifth of his estate, to be used the same as the Wood- 



152 Schools of Cincinnati. 

ward estate. The total from this source was about 
.$10,000. 

Presidents of Woodward College. 
Thomas J. Matthews, A. M. ; Benj. P. Aydelott, 
M. D., D.D. ; Thos. J. Biggs, D. D. 

Principals of Preparatory (High School) Dept. 
John L. Talbott, Timothy S. Pinneo, Roswell 
Howard, Fred W. Prescott, Lewis P. Harvey, John W. 
Hopkins, Elias Yulee. 

Principals Wooward High School. 
Joseph Ray, Daniel Shepardson, Moses Woolson, 
George W. Harper, A. M. Van Dyke. 

[Note. — It must be borne in mind that the present 
Woodward building was erected by the city Board, and 
not by the Woodward College Trustees, as is popularly 
supposed. As to which man influenced the other in 
making the gifts, that is, Thomas Hughes or William 
Woodward, it is generally -accepted that Woodward, 
being the brighter man, gave Mr. Hughes the idea of 
founding a school. This is born out by the fact that Mr. 
Woodward was one of the first Hughes Trustees.] 

Wm. Woodward's Birthday. 

Mr. Woodward was born March 8, 1770, and his birth- 
day is celebrated annually by what is called "Founders' 
Day." On this occasion the oldest graduate present rings 
the old school bell. 

For a more extended account of Old Woodward the 
reader is referred to the 0/d Woodward Memorial^ 
published in 1884 by the graduates of the school, edited by 
John W. Dale, Benj. St. James Fry, Daniel Gano Ray, 
Peter Rudolph Neff, and Staats G. Burnet, from which 
much of the above sketch was secured. 



Domestic Sciknce. 153 



CHAPTER XVI. 



DOMESTIC SCIENCE. 



Carrie C. Hull. 



DOMESTIC SCIENCE has been taught in the Wood- 
ward and Hughes High Schools for about 11 years, 
(since September, 1893). All the girls who desire to 
study are in the classes, which are arranged for every day 
in the week. The lessons are free to the pupils, though 
they pay ten cents each lesson for the food used. This is 
prepared and cooked, and then served as lunch. The 
classes are composed of the brightest girls in the schools, 
the brightest girls and the most womanly realizing 
that their education is incomplete without understanding 
something of housekeeping. 

We often hear people say : " Cooking in the public 
schools I Why can't their mothers teach them cooking?" 

You might as well ask : " Why can they not teach 
them mathematics, German, or music, etc. ?" They might 
be able to. They may have a good knowledge of all the 
subjects their children are taught, but yet not be able to 
impart it as well as teachers who carefully prepare each 
lesson, and who. have made a special study of the subject. 
Teachers make a study of chemistry, physiology, psychol- 
ogy, and hygiene, and devote time and thought to the 
cooking in order to make it a science. 

The lessons begin with the preparing of stale bread 
into dried crumbs, to be used later for croquettes and 
cutlets, the poaching of eggs, the toasting of bread, and 
the baking of potatoes. During the year each class has 



1 54 



Schools of- Cincinnati, 



thirty-five lessons, one each full study week. In these, 
thirty-five lessons they learn how to cook and prepare 
everything that naturally comes on a well-appointed 
table : All breads, breakfast foods, vegetables, baked 
and broiled meats, omelets, light puddings, cakes, and 
ice creams. They are taught the principles of cooking, 

so that they may be 
able to prepare dishes 
which they have not 
had. Each lesson is 
opened with a talk 
on the composition of 
some food that is to 
be used, how it affects 
the body, etc. Little 
talks and hints are 
given on hygiene. 
The recipes are then 
discussed, and each 
girl is given her task 
to perform, or the 
teacher prepares the 
lesson as a demonstra- 
tion. Three dishes 
are given at each les- 
son, and when the 
lunch is cooked the 
pupils are seated and immediately proceed to test it. 
There is rarely anything that the girls refuse to eat in 
the cooking school. Foods that they have always re- 
fused to eat at home are eaten with relish in the class, 
and almost every week is heard the remark : 

" Well, I've never eaten that before, but I like it now." 
A great many girls learn to like housework and cook- 




Gkorgk F. Braun, 

Principal Webster School, 
1892- 1902. 



Domp:stic Scienck. 155 

injif who never cared for it before, as association with 
chissmates and success in the work encoura<^es them. If 
pupils find they can go home and bake a good loaf of 
bread or cook a veal cutlet to a turn, make a fine soup or 
a dainty pudding, and the family approve, they are de- 
lighted and try again. The recipes given are plain 
and have been tried so often that pupils are almost sure 
to succeed. 

Of all the lessons in the schools, none are more im- 
portant, nor more useful, than domestic science, and all 
girls should take at least a one-year's course. The study 
would reach a class that really need it more, if it were 
put in the last year of the intermediate schools. Many 
girls leave school after the intermediate, and many of 
these could be very helpful in the home, or perhaps made 
self-sustaining by learning the science thoroughly. If 
girls would ennoble the profession of cooks and house- 
maids, by being capable and energetic, and by showing 
a thorough knowledge of their subject in all its details, 
they would be respected ; they could command higher 
wages, and more would be offered more comfortable 
homes, and soon all would win the esteem of employers. 

After the girls in the classes have disposed of the 
menu, three or more wash the dishes, scrub the tables, 
and rinse the towels. It never takes more than thirty 
minutes for this cleaning up, and often it is finished in 
twenty. This watchfulness teaches them not to despise 
the more homely tasks of housekeeping. At the end of 
the year we have contests in bread and cake baking, I 
am sure the girls enjoy it all, and that in years to come 
they will be thankful for the training they have had, 
when, perhaps, the declensions in Latin are a dream, 
and botany and zoology " are as if they were not." We 
have had two interesting classes of boys at Hughes, 




Julius Fleischmann, 

President College of Music; Director (ex-officio) University 
(156) of Cincinnati; Elected Major, April, 1900. 



Domestic Science. 157 

bright, good, helpful boys — "mothers' boys" — and I am 
sure their lessons have done them no harm, but much good, 
and that they will not be the less men because they can 
broil a steak or make coflfee and light biscuit, and know 
the best way to cook all foods. Owing to lack of room, 
no classes have ever been started at the Walnut Hills High 
School. 



CHAPTER XVII. 

WOODWARD IN THE CIVIL WAR. 

George W. Harper. 

THE military spirit has always been a prominent 
feature in the history of Woodward, even in the 
old college days, and many of the boys from the old 
school, who afterwards took a prominent part in our 
country's struggle, received their first lesson in the mili- 
tary art on the Woodward play-grounds. 

About ten years before the Civil War the military 
fever went through the school like an epidemic. The 
school building seemed converted into a barracks, the 
play-grounds into a camp. At recess and at noon time 
all games were neglected, and the entire grounds were 
covered with squads of incipient soldiers, marching and 
counter marching, filing right and filing left, the scene a 
complete counterpart of what was witnessed upon a larger 
scale among our soldier boys at the breaking out of the war. 

The boys soon mastered the squad drill and formed a 
full company, electing Fred C. Jones their captain. 
Other companies were afterwards formed, and finally a 
battalion consisting of four companies was organized, and 
Fred C. Jones was made commander. With the occasional 



158 



vScHOOLS OF Cincinnati. 



association of Col. Guthrie, who resided in the neighbor- 
hood, and who gave tlie boys instruction in the more com- 
plicated movements, they soon preformed like veterans. 
Hardly a decade of years passed when the play-ground 
was changed for the battle ground, and these incipient 




City Hall. 
Board of Education Headquarters Since March 20, 1893. 

soldiers became the heroes of Shiloh, of Stone River, and 
of Chickamauga. 

Of the number who formed Col. Jones' battalion, we 
can call to mind one general, three colonels, eight captains, 
and twelve lieutenants who took part in the Civil War. 



Woodward in the Civil War. 159 

The boyhood militaty career of Col. Jones seemed pro- 
phetic. He was first commissioned a captain in liis 
country's service, and after the battle of Shiloh received 
a telegram from Gov. Tod, promoting him to the position 
of colonel, for gallantry on the field of battle. 

Of those in the school during the period from 1853 
to 1861 who responded to their country's call in her hour 
of peril, I can only recall the following names : Richard 
Ayers, Harry Browne, Theodore F. Allen, Lewis G. 
Brown, Henry V. N. Boynton, J. Milton Blair, Milton 
B. Chamberlain, Geo. G. Cox, Jesse De Beck, Adolphus 
Frey, Milton Graff, Wm. A. Gibson, James C. Horton, 
Alexander Humphreys, Edward Heaton, Rezen Hall, 

D. J. Ireland, Fred C. Jones, Edward Kirman, Wilson 
A. Kendall, William H, Morgan, Henry Meader, Peter 
S. Michie, Jas. G. Morgan, Wm. E. Orr, Edward H. 
Prichard, Gifford Parker, Edwin H. Rowe, Isaac Simon, 
George W. Smith, William Strunk, John B. Scheide- 
mantle, Robert S. Schultz, Wm. S. Trevor, Abner Thorp, 
Wm. C. Urner, Andrew Van Bibber, Chas. F. Wehmer, 

E. Cort Williams. 

The following names are copied from the OUi Wood- 
ward Afe??i07-ial : 

Lansing V. Applegate, Capt. Co. H., O. V. I. 
Andrew Avery, Drum Maj. i3th and 6ist O. V. I. 
John M. Baldwin, on staff Gen. Pemberton, C. S. A. 
David M. Barr, Quartermaster Sergeant 5th O. V. C. 
Leslie Bassett, ist Lieut. 13th Iowa Infantry. 
John R. Baylor, Brigadier Gen., C. S. A. 
C. Beecher, Brevet Brig. Gen., U. S. A. 
John C. Bickham, private in 79th O. V. I. 
Henry W. Biggs, Chaplain in Union Army. 
Thomas Brainerd Bodley, Major Artillery, C. S. A. 



i6o 



Schools of Cincinnati. 



Frederick Brasher, ist Lieut. 59th 111, V. I. 

Dr. Columbus P. Brent, Surgeon 54th O. V. I. 

Benjamin L. Brisbane, ist Lieut., Adjutant, and 
Chaplain U. S. A. 

Wm. H. Brisbane, ist Lieut. 2d Reg. Wis. Cavalry. 

Jacob Broadwell, Captain 29th O. V. I. 

Hunter Brooke, 
Aid and Judge Adv. 
staff Gen. McCook, 

Henry Van Ness 
Boynton, Maj. and 
Lieut. Co. 35th O. V. 
I., and Brig. Gen. 

A. J. M. Brown, 
Maj. 2d Infantry Ky. 
Vols. 

John L. Burtt, 
Surgeon U. S. N. 

David C. Challen, 
Surgeon 2d Ky. Inf. 

James R. Challen, 
Lieut. Colonel 69th 
O. V. I. 

Geo. F. Chester, 
Col. in U. S. A. 

Alex C. Christo- 
pher, Lieut. Col. 6th O. 




Isaac H. Turrell, 

Principal Fourth District School, 
1879 to 1901. 

V. I. 



Chas. H. Cristopher, Eng. Miss. Squadron, M. S. A. 
John W. Cunningham, Capt. 42d N. Y. I. 
Wm. B. Davis, Surgeon 137th O. V. I. 
Erasmus B. Dennison, Major O. V. Cavalry. 
Wm. G. Dewire, Second Lieut, ist O. V. I. 
Augustus Eberle, Surgeon 30th Missouri Vols. 



\\'()()I)\\A1U) IN llIK Cl\il. W'ai;. i6i 

Eilimind Eberlc. Private stli (). \'. Ca\alrv. 
Curtis O. Edwards, on staff Gen. (iran\ ilk- Moodv. 
^Vm. H. Fagley, Capt. 5th (). V. Cavalry. 
Win. E. Fay, Gen. in Union Army. 
Geo. L. Febiger, Otiicer in U. .S. A. 
George M. Finch, Lieut. Col. O. V. I. 
Henry E. Foote, Surj^^eon 22d (). \'. I. 
Chas. Freeman, killed in battle of Winchester. 
Henry C. Freeman, Chief Eno-. 13th Armv Corps. 
Benjamin St. James Fry, Chaplain 63d (). \'. 1. 
Chas. L. Gano, Lieut. Col. 69th (). V. L 
Daniel Gano, Capt. C. S. A. 

\\ m. H. Gano, Qiiartermaster of Army of Tenn. 
Chas. Gilpin, Maj. 8tli (). V. I. 

Chas. Goodman, Capt. and Qj,iartermaster in U. A. 
Alban O. Goshorn, Capt. 8th O. V. L 
Alfred T. Goshorn, Maj. 137th (). \\ L 
Caleb T. Goshorn, Capt. 37th O. V. L 
Robt. M. Graham, Lieut, on staff Gen. L I. .Stevens. 
vSolomon L. Green. Maj. 7th O. \^. L 
Francis H. Gregory, Capt. 91st Penn. ^^)ls. 
Justus A. Gregory, Capt. 91st Penn. Vols. 
.Wm. S. Grimes, Surgeon 29th Iowa Vols. 
John B. Groesbeck, Col. 39th (). \'. L 
Joseph C. Harding, Major in I'nion Army. 
Joseph G. Haven. Sergeant 3th Rhode Island X'ols. 
Edwin W. Hedges, Capt. 39th New Jersey VoU. 
Archibald E. Heighway, Surgeon in U. S. A. 
A. Hickenlooper, Lieut. Col. and Judge Advocate 
on Gen. McPherson's staff. 

Andrew C. Kemper, Captain and Asst. Adi Gen 
U. S. A. 

Benjamin E. Hopkins, Lieut. i,:57th (3. \\ L 
[II] 



l62 



Schools ok Cincixxati, 



Benjamin J. Ilorton, ist Lieut. J4th (). \'. I. 

vSilas II. Ilubbell, Adjutant 107th III. Vols. 

Chas. J. James, 2d Lieut. 41st O. V. I. 

David Judkins, Surgeon West End Military Hospital, 

Henry (j. Kennett, Col. 79th O. Y. I., Brevet l^rig. 
General. 

Chas. C. Kil- 
burn, First Master 
in Miss. Squadron 
under Admiral 
Davis. 

Joseph K i r- 
ku]i. Captain in 
L'nion x^rmy. 

(jeo. W. Lan- 
drum, 1st Lieut. 2d 
(). \'. I. 

E. B. La no- 
don, Col. ist O. 
V. L. Brevet Brig. 
General. 

Chas. II. Lar- 
rabee, Colonel 24th 
Wisconsin Vols. 

J. B. Leake, 
Lieut. Col. 20th 
Iowa W)ls., Brevet 
Brig. Gen. 

George ^^ . 
Leonard, Capt. 4th 
O. V. Cavalry. 

Wm. G. W. Lewis, Chaplain 24th O. V. I. 

Francis Link, Major 9th O. \". 1. 

Jonathan F. Linton, Qjiartermaster 39th 111 




James B. Kemper, 

P'irst Lieutenant 6th Infantry U. 
Woodward, 1895. 



S. A. 



Vols. 



Woodward i\ tiik Civil W'ak. 16:^ 

Xathan Linton, (Quartermaster 57tl-i HI. \ Ols. 
John Locke, ]r., vSurgeon U. S. A. 
John M. Locke, Lieut. CoL in Reg. Army U. wS. A. 
Chas. L'H. Long, Lieut. CoL 5th O. V. L 
Cyreneus Longley, ist Lieut, iith (). V. L 
Tillinghast L'Hommedieu, ist Lieut. LI. S. CaVah-y. 
John (). Marsh, Surgeon 153d O. V. L 
Stanley Matthews, CoL 51st O. V. L 
Robt. J. McGrew, Capt. of Artillery. 
Francis F. Merrilees, Qiiartermaster LT. S. A. 
John IL Malonev, Ensign in U. S. N. 
Christopher H. Morgan, Col. U. S. A. Ca\-alrv and 
Inspector-General on Gen. Pope's staff. 

Edward H. Morgan, Lieut, in Union Armv. 

Geo. W. Neff, Col. 88th O. V. I. 

Henry Nold, Capt. of Cavalry C. S. A. 

^Vm. Owens, Capt. ^oth Vol. Caw 

Legh R. Page, Vol. C. S. A. 

John J. Palmer, Major V . vS. A. 

Addison LL Sanders, Col. i6th Iowa Inf. 

D. W. C. Sawyer, Col. in Union Army. 

Wm. A. Seiter, Chief Sig. Officer 14th Army Corps. 

Clarence A. Seward, Col. in Lhiion Army, 

Edward W. vShands, Col. in C. S. A. 

Edward McC. Shoemaker, Qiiartermaster 6th O. V. I. 

Samuel Silsbee, Surgeon L^. S. A. 

Thos. K. Smith; Brevet Major Gen. O. W I. 

David W. Snyder, ist Lieut. O. V. I. 

Warner Spencer, Lieut. Col. LI. S. A. 

Chas. Stevens, Adjutant U. S. A. 

Geo. L. vS. Stuff, Chaplain ^zd 111. Inf. 

Gustavus A. Sturm, Midshipman LI. S. Navy. 

Chas, W, Sullivan, Corp. iith Iowa Vols. 

Thos. S. Tappan, ist Lieut. U. S. Navy. 



164 



vScHOOLS OF Cincinnati. 



Joseph H. Taylor, Capt. in U. S. A. 

Mathew P. Taylor, Brig. Gen. C. S. A. 

Wesley C. Thorpe, Inspector-Gen. U. S. A. 

Wm. Threlkeld, Lieut. Col. U. S. A. 

Jas. S. Thropp, Capt. U. S. A. 

David W. Telford, Chaplain iith Iowa Vols. 

Wm. I. Torrence, 
Capt 138th O. V. 1. 

Wm. S. Trevor, 
Capt. Merrill's Horse 
Comp. U. S. A. 

Thos. C. Tullis, 
Capt. 4th Iowa Vols. 

Philip P. Turpin, 
Brig. Gen. O. V. I. 

Daniel H. Valen- 
tine, Capt. 6th Minn. 
Vols. 

Augustus C. Van 
Dyke, Capt. U. S. A. 

Lawrence Waldo, 
Capt. 88th O. V. I. 

Jas. M. Walker, 
Master Mate U. S. N. 

Moses B.Walker, 
Brevet Brig. General 
U. S A. 

J. W. Wartmann, Capt. U. S. A. 

Wm. B. Williams, .Surgeon U. S. A. 

Wm. C. Williams, Sergeant Cavalry U. S. A. 

Henry Wilson, Capt. 2d Mo. Cav. U. S. A. 

Lewis Wilson, Capt. 19th Inf. U. S. A. 

John F. Wiltsee, Col. 2d O. V. I. 

\Vm. P. Wiltsee, Col. O. V. I. 

Samuel M. Woodruff, Lieut. U. S. A. 




Alan Sanders, 

Teacher of Mathematics at Hughes, 
1881-1902. 



W'oODW A KI) IN THE ClV'lL WaK. 165 

I'^rom these records it appears that Woodward con- 
tributed to tiie war one major general, fifteen brigadier 
generals, twenty colonels, nine lieutenant colonels, three 
adjutants, eleven majors, thirty-five captains, twenty-one 
lieutenants, seven corporals, three sergeants, seven quarter- 
masters, three judge advocates, five chaplains, twelve 
surgeons, and to the navy eight officers. Many of these 
officers enlisted as privates, but won promotion by their 
brave deeds and honorable service in the army. Besides 
these were a large number of the rank and file, whose 
names can not now be recalled, and many of them left no 
other record than an honored grave in one of our national 
cemeteries. 

Woodward Guards. 

In 1861 a company styled the Woodward Guards 
was formed, composed largely of students of the school. 
Before their departure for the war they assembled in the 
hall of Woodward and received a handsome silk banner 
made by the young ladies of the school. Four years later 
a remnant of this noble band returned with the banner 
intrusted to their keeping. Though tattered and torn 
with shot and shell, it now hangs in the halls of W^ood- 
ward, carefully protected under glass, to be kept forever 
as' a memorial of the gallant boys who so bravely fought 
under its folds to preserve our country from dissolution. 
Before the company's organization was completed, Ohio's 
quota of troops was filled, so the boys applied and were 
received into the 2d Reg. Ky. Inf. This regiment was 
soon after sent to West Virginia, and their first battle 
was at Barbourville, which place they took, and the 
Woodward boys hung out their fiag from the cupola of 
the court house to signal their first victory. After 
driving the rebels out of the Kanaxvha Valley, the army 
of West Virginia was divided, and a part, including the 



i66 Schools of Cincinnati. 

Woodward Guards, was sent to Louisville, and thence 
they marched across Kentucky and joined Gen. Nelson's 
division in Tennessee, and soon after they reached 
Shiloh's dreadful battlefield. After the battle of Corinth 
they moved on to luka, Miss., and later to Athens, Ala. 
Their faces were then turned north again. Returning to 
Nashville, they were ordered to Murfreesborough and 
again back to Nashville, where they joined Buell's army. 
This, I believe, completes the itinerary of the Woodward 
Guards. 



CHAPTER XVIII. 

MUSIC IX THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS. 
(t. F. Iiiiikerniiinii. 

THE teaching c.f vocal music was introduced into the 
public schools more than half a century ago ( 1844). 
The system used was the movable do, the same that is 
used now. Charles Aiken, Wm. F. Colburn, Elisha 
Locke, Luther Whiting Mason, and Joseph P. Powell 
were among the first music teachers employed. 

Concerning the movable do system, still used in spite 
of the many attempts to supplant it, I take the liberty to 
state that there has never been anything better offered to 
to take its place. I believe in the use of the tonic solfa 
system for beginners, because it is the movable do facili- 
tated, using no staff notation. No matter, however, what 
system is used, there is the fact, not to be denied, that 
our pupils can sing, and that they learned the art of 
singing in the public schools. 

Again and again attempts have been made to do 
away with music, the claim being made that it did not 



Music IN IIIK Pl'lU.IC v^CllOOLS. 1 67 

aiiKiunt to anvthin<j^ in the end, and tliat its abolition 
would sa\e a great deal of money, ami that those who 
wanted to become singers should pay for the >ame by 
engaging the ser\ ices of special teachers. Music being 
an art and a science both, its rudiments cannot be com- 
menced at too early an age, and one reason why people 




G. F. JUNKERMANN, 

Superintendent of Music from 1879 to 1900. 

do not accomplish much in the art of it is because thev do 
not commence at the time when the mind and body are 
in their flexible state, or do not practice it in the most 
approved way, as, for instance, was done in our schools, 
when the course of study in music compelled the teachers 
to use nothing but the kev of C major t"or the first^five 



i68 Schools of Cincinnati. 

years after entering the first grade. This mistake is well 
expressed by the old German saving (vSprichwort) : 
' ' M^as HaoiscJicii uicJit Icr/if , Icriit I fans iiiiiiiiicr. ' ' The 
sooner the different keys are practised in the lower grades, 
or even in the lowest grade, the better the result, for it 
has been proven by tests and experiments that, when 
pupils practise one key only for a number of weeks or 
years, their minds become incapacitated from chang- 
ing to the different key notes. This accounts for the 
unwillingness of teachers who have taught the key of C 
major exclusively for five years to adopt the change of 
key note in accordance with newer text-books. 

Music requiring the cultivation of the ear, our pupils 
are taught simple songs ji.nd the scales before any notes 
are presented to their eyes. When they can sing the in- 
tervals of the scale, ascending and descending, they are 
shown the notes, as being the pictures of the tones they 
are familiar with. There is nothing that can take the 
place of music as a cultivator of the heart. As a mind 
study it is on a par with other subjects, if not superior to 
many, because three functions of the mind are occupied 
in the proper accomplishment of the reading at sight of 
a musical composition, viz. : the meter, the naming of 
the notes by SNdlable or word, and the pitching or striking 
of the intervals. 

On the old and true principle that the teacher makes 
the school, depends the success of any subject that forms 
the curriculum of any educational institution. Music 
certainly is not an exception to this rule. Should not 
then the greatest care be taken in the selection of the 
music teacher.? Should not the music teacher know 
something else than to play a few pieces on an instrument 
or to sing his part in a choir or a chorus.? Since he is 
ex]:)ected to handle the pupils of the lowest grade as well 




JAMES Cooper, 
Member Board of Education in iS^i. ^^'^'^') 



i7*^> Schools ok Cincinnati. 

:i8 those of the upper, he should be a gentleman or lady 
of culture and refinement to the highest degree. 

On the other hand, can the local teacher replace the 
specialist? I am aware that a great many of the new 
text-books encourage the local teacher to instruct in music 
as best they can, and many claim that this can be done by 
them. This may all be true in a few cases, but, as a rule, 
music can only be taught l)y those who are especially 
trained teachers. 

In June, 1900, A\'alter H. Aiken became superin- 
tendent of music. He is a son of the second superintend- 
ent of the department, Mr. Charles Aiken. Mr. Aiken, 
Sr., graduated in 1838 from Dartmouth. He graduated 
also for the ministry, but devoted his life to music. He 
retired from active service in 1879, and died October 
4, 1882. 

The first music teacher was Wm. F. Colburn, who 
was also superintendent for three years previous to 1848 
(when Mr. Aiken took charge). A bust of Mr. Aiken 
occupies the niche south of the Springer monument in 
Music Hall vestibule. The teachers contributed about 
two-thirds of the cost of this memorial. Preston Powers, 
of Florence, Italv, was the sculptor. 

vSlTPERINTENDENTS. 

William F. Colburn. 1845-184S; Charles Aiken, 
1848-1879; (7. F. Junkermann, 1 879-1 900 ; Walter H. 
Aiken, 1900- 1902. 

[Note. — On Mr. ]imkermann's retirement, he was 
given a testimonial at Music Hall, and upon the proceeds 
he and Mrs. Junkermann were sent on a visit to Germany.] 



I'HNMAXSIlll'. 171 



CHAin'ER XIX. 



I'HNMA XSIlll" 



llcwuril elutiiii.lin. 



'"T'^HE Hrsl special teucher of penmanship in the puhlic 
I schools was James Bowers, employed 1841. At 
that time there Avere no copybooks containing engraved 
copies in use in any of the grades, and the writing was 
done in blank books, consisting of ruled paper. Qjiiill 
pens were still in use in many of the schools. To.be able 
to mend them was one of the necessary qualifications of 
the writing master, and also to make them from the 
goose quills brought to school by the pupils. The copies 
were all Avritten by hand, both upon the blackboard and 
at the heads of the pages in the blank books. 

In the yearly report, printed June 30, 1842, appears 
the following : " James W. Bowers is engaged as teacher 
of penmanship at forty-five ($45) dollars per month, 
giving lessons of one and one-half hour each, at least 
twice a week, to select classes in all the districts (visiting 
four hours each day), and aiding the principals and in- 
structors, as far as practicable, in the superintendency of 
all the writers under their immediate charge." 

By reference to these yearly reports, it appears that 
the penmanship department had the distinction of being 
the first special department organized. 

In 1847 Root's penmanship, or copybooks, came into 
use, but in 1850 the department was abolished, the pen- 
manship having attained such a degree of excellence that 
the Board of Education thought that. \\'\{h the help of 



73 



vScllOOLS OF CiN'CINXATT. 



Root's copybooks, the regular teachers could maintain it 
without any special assistance. A marked decline in the 
writing of the pupils set in at once, and continued until 
it became evident that something must be done. 

In 1854 Miss Lucina S. Barrett was engaged as 
superintendent. Miss Barrett had no special help until 




James M. Gi.knn, 
A Student at Old Woodward. 

1857, when one regidar teacher in each building was 
assigned to teach penmanship at an additional salary of 
five dollars per month. These special assistants were 
required to attend a vSaturdav morning class for self- 
impr()\'ement. Miss Barrett filletl the position very ac- 



Pkx.maxsiiim. 173 

ceptal)lv until her marriage to (jen. R. 1). Mussey, in 
i860, when tlie siiperintendency \vas again abolished. 

With tiie resignation of Miss Barrett, the idea of 
marking copybooks and counting penmanship as a 
regular subject began, and the practice has continuetl 
until the present. \i\ reference to the yearly report of 
1861, it appears that a rule was adopted by the Board of 
Education specifying the points to be considered in 
marking the penmanship. This rule was as follows : 

''They shall take into consideration the general 
correctness as to the use of capital letters, cleanliness of 
books, proper division of words, punctuation, and general 
correctness of appearance." 

For several years penmanship w-as allowed to deterio- 
rate, and it became quite a lost art, until the appointment 
of E. A. Burnett as superintendent in 1870. At that 
time the »Scribner system of copybooks was in use. In 
1872 the penmanship attracted much favorable attention 
at the Vienna Exposition. At the Centennial Exposition 
at Philadelphia, Pa., in 1876, there were ninety volumes 
alone of English and German penmanship. One of 
these volumes was composed entirely of specimens of 
penmanship from the special and regular teachers. In 
1874 Charles W. Bell (colored) was appointed for the 
colored schools, which were then separate from the ^^•hite 
schools. This arrangement \vas changed as soon as 
colored pupils were admitted to all schools, and Mr. Bell 
took charge of penmanship in an entire section of the city. 

In 1887 the superintendencv was abolished for the 
third time. In 1892, however, it was revived, and 
Howard Champlin was made head of the department. 

In his report of 1895-6, Superintendent Morgan says : 

"The department of penmanship never was so 
carefullv cop.ducted, nor has there been at anv time more 



174 Schools ok Cincixxati. 

siitistactoi'v work. The 'arm ino\ement,' insisted upon 
by the superintendent, is creating a better, more independ- 
ent class of writers, and is overcoming that old but serious 
oi:)jection, tlie 'cramped hand' style, about which our 
business men have so justlv and persistently complained." 

In 1S99 the vertical system was adopted, and A. 11. 
Steadman was elected to take charge of its introduction. 
Mr. Steadman is still superintendent. 

In 1901 the vertical system was displaced by the 
" natural slant.'' Business men objected to vertical 
writing, which, it was claimed, killed individuality, and 
wiiich in time would make forgery almost impossible of 
detection. 



CHAPTER XX. 

DRAWING DEPAKTMEXT. 

Christine G. Sulliviin. 

INTERNATIONAL expositions of Europe had demon- 
strated to the world the fact that those nations ex- 
celling in manufactures were those that had furnished 
their artisans with the opportunity of learning the ele- 
ments of industrial art. 

i\.t these expositions tlie Ignited vStates stood lowest 
in respect to artistic excellence of manufactures. The 
experience of European nations suggested the remedy, 
and a movement to make drawing a part of public school 
courses became general throughout the United States. 

As early as 1862 members of the Board of Education 
urged the introduction of drawing into the public school 
curriculum. In this year an outlined course was in- 



Dka w I xc; Dki'A i; im k\ r. 



tr(»iluc'cd, tlu' i"t'(4"iilar teachers iiist ruet iny;. The resuhs 
secured were very encouragiii(i". ami this arranyenient was 
continued until 1864. In this \ear Superintendent 
Hardino; makes, in his report, this mention of the work 
done in chawing: ".Specimens of ch-awings are now in 
mv office, which the members of the Hoard would do well 
to examine, showing- nnich skill in the teachers and decided 
talent in the chil- 
dren. If so much 
has l)een done b\- 
the limited facili- 
t i e > possessed 
bv our teachers, 
what might we not 
expect if profes- 
sional teachers of 
drawing should be 
employeil, as pro- 
posed by your com- 
m i 1 1 e e on draw- 
ing.?" 

The Board of 
Education, acting 
iipon the advice of 
the superintendent, 
this year provided 
two special teachers 
of drawing, one for 

the eastern half, and one for the western lialf of the city. 
These two teachers gave two lessons weekly to all their 
classes. The second year, perspective was introduced. 

In 1S67 Bartholomew's drawing books took the 
place of the drawing course pre\iously followed. The 
work was from the flat exclusivelv. 




W. H. VOGEL, 

Superintendent of Drawing since 
September, 1899. 



76 



vScHOOLS OF CliXCIXNATI. 



In i86S Arthur Forbrij^er was appointed superin- 
tendent, and the Demcker system of drawing was intro- 
duced into the A, B, and C grades, the special teachers 
instructing. The lower grades were taught by the 
regular teachers, who received instruction'" from the 
superintendent once a month. 

In 1 8 7 () t h e 
H (J a r d appointed 
three additional 
teachers, one of 
whom was H. H. 
Fick. In June of 
1 87 1 there was in 
(yreenwood HalTan 
exhibition of pu- 
pils' work, sliow- 
ing the plan of the 
Demcker system. 
The following Sep- 
tember the Barthol- 
omew Revised 
System of Dra\v- 
ing was introduced, 
a n d one more 
teacher was added. 
In 1872 a draw- 
ing exhibit was sent 
to the Vienna Exposition. The report of the Commission- 
er of Education showed that Cincinnati had gained an 
enviable reputation in this branch. 

In 1873 model drawing was introduced into the 
Normal and recommended for the high schools. Previous 
to this time drawing in the high schools (which comprised 
drawing from the flat and mechanical drawing) was 
taught by the regular teachers. 




Richard C, Yowell, 

Principal Lincohi School and President 
Teachers' Club (1902). 



Drawing Departmknt. 1^7 

In 1874 Miss Cliristine G. Sullivan joined the de- 
partment. 

In 1875 Forbriger's Tablet took the place of the 
Bartholomew System. 

In 1876 an elaborate exhibit was sent to the Centen- 
nial Exposition at Philadelphia. The progressive char- 
acter of the Forbriger Drawing Tablet was shown in 
mounted specimens, representing every school in the city. 
The work elicited the highest encomiums, and Cincinnati 
was recognized as among the foremost cities in America 
in respect to industrial art education. 

Upon the death of Superintendent Forbriger, No- 
vember, 1878, Mr. Fick succeeded to the superintendency. 

It will be noted that from the date of the introduction 
of drawing, there has been a steady advancement in regard 
to both the scope of the work and the character of the 
pupils" execution. Under Dr. Fick this advancement 
continued. Exhibits of drawing were frequent at insti- 
tutes and at meetings of the National Educational Asso- 
ciation, and Cincinnati continued to hold her reputation 
as a leader in this branch of education. The course for 
the high schools was enlarged, perspective and drawing 
from the object receiving more attention. During the 
superintendency of Mr. Forbriger a limited knowledge of 
drawing was made one of the qualifications for a regular 
teachers' certificate. Dr. Fick raised the standard of this 
requirement and elaborated the course previously followed 
in the Normal School. 

In 1879 the scope of the Forbriger Tablet being con- 
sidered inadequate to the growing demands of industrial 
art education, Mr. Fick was called upon to revise it. 
The revised edition, which gave less space to designs for 
surface decoration and introduced perspective and mechan- 

(12) 



178 



Schools of Cincinnati. 



ical drawing, was adopted in 1881. Dr. Fick further 
raised the standard of drawing by extending the use of 
paper, instead of slates, even in the lowest grades. 

In 1883 John Hauser, the artist, joined the department. 
In answer to the demand for a more comprehensive 
system of drawing, the Eclectic vSystem, prepared by Miss 
Christine G. vSullivan, was adopted September, 1884, 
The following 
October Mr. Fick 
resigned, and Miss 
Sullivan was elec- 
ted to the superin- 
tendency. 

In 1885 the 
schools sent an 
exhibit to the New 
Orleans Exposi- 
tion. The display 
attracted general 
attention, both the 
work of the pupils 
and the plan of the 
system receiving 
the highest com- 
mendation. At 
the request of the Principal Eleventh District School; also 
French Commis- West Side Night High School, 

sioner of Educa- 
tion, the etitire exhibit was presented to the Paris Pedagog- 
ical Museum, where it still occupies a prominent place. 

In 1886 Mr. John Hauser withdrew from the depart- 
ment, and W. H. Vogel was appointed to the vacancy. 
An exhibit of drawing, comprising work from all grades, 
was a feature of the educational department of the Cin- 
cinnati Exposition of this year. 




W. C VV'ashbltrn, 



Drawing Department. 179 

At the Ohio Valley Centennial Exposition in 1888 a 
display consisting of over 3,000 mounted drawings, 
representing every school in the city, occupied a prominent 
place on the walls of the educational department. As 
an attractive and instructive feature, it was awarded a 
diploma by the commissioners. 

In 1893 the largest display of drawings ever collected 
from our schools was sent to the World's Fair. The 
diploma we received is sufficient testimony as to its 
excellence. 

In 1895 we exhibited at the Atlanta Exposition, and 
received the highest award gi'anted to exhibitors in the 
educational department. 

The exhibits at the National Educational Associations 
and in the educational departments of our larger exposi- 
tions, have shown that Cincinnati holds a place in the front 
rank as regards education in industrial art. For several 
years it has been the aim of the department to widen the 
scope and extend the usefulness of its subject. We have 
wished to see drawing used as a means of illustration in 
connection with the other branches of the curriculum, and 
hoped that our work should include the study of pictures, 
with a view to ethical development. I am pleased to 
recognize the beginning of work in this direction. On 
account of the added responsibilities of the department, 
the requirements for a special certificate have been in- 
creased ; a liberal general education being now required in 
in addition to the special art education. 



i8o Schools of Cincinnati. 



CHAPTER XXI. 

CINCINNATI MUSEUM ASSOCIATION. 
J. H. Gest. 

THE Cincinnati Museum Association, which embraces 
two departments, the museum department and the 
academy department, was incorporated in i88i,asthe 
result of a proposition on the part of the late Charles W. 
West to give $150,000 toward the erection of a museum 
building. 

The condition Mr. West imposed was that others 
should give as much more. This occurred in the autumn 
of 1880, and within a month the funds had been raised. 
The Museum building was completed and opened on the 
17th of May, 1886, having cost $334,416.11. In the 
meanwhile Mr. West had given a second sum of .$150,000 
toward an endowment fund. Other citizens increased 
this until the aggregate endowment fund of the museum 
department is now $252,178.80. Next to Mr. West, the 
largest contributor to this fund was the late Reuben R. 
Springer, who left by will $40,000. 

The school department, known as the Art Academy 
of Cincinnati, has separate and distinct endowment funds 
amounting to $393,002.40, and occupies a building erected 
at a cost of $97,175.58. The principal patron of the 
school was the late Joseph Longworth, who was really 
the founder of the department. He had for many years 
contributed to the support of the School of Design while 
it was connected with the University of Cincinnati, and 



CiNcrNNATi Museum Association. 



i8i 



had actually established a small endowment for its benefit. 
At the time of the incorporation of the Museum Associ- 
ation, he resolved to place in the hands of the trustees of 
the association a much larger fund for the endowment 
of a thoroughly-equipped art school. He died, how- 
ever, before having completed the arrangement, and 
shortly after his death his son, the late Nicholas Long- 
worth, proposed to the trustees of the Museum to carry 
out the wishes of his father. An arrangement was then 
entered into with the city of Cincinnati by wdiich the 




Art Museum anu Academy, 

The Museum was Completed and Dedicated May 17, i^ 
Charles W. West, Founder. 



1; Cost, $3.':^4,4i6; 



School of Design was transferred from the University to 
the Museum Association, whereupon Nicholas Longworth 
placed in the hands of the trustees, in fulfilment of his 
father's intention, investments and ground rents of the 
value of $371,631. 

The late Reuben Springer left the school, by will, 
$25,000. During the lifetime of Mr. vSpringer there had 
been conferences betw^een him and David Sinton on the 
subject of providing a suitable building in Eden Park near 



i83 vScHOOLS OF Cincinnati. 

the Art Museum, but nothing was definitely concluded 
before Mr. Springer's death. Subsequently Mr. Sinton 
offered to put up the building at an outlay of $75,000. 
The ultimate cost of the school building being $97,175.58, 
a part of Mr. Springer's bequest and also some of the in- 
come was added to the gift of Mr. Sinton. 

The next gift to the school came in 1899 from Mr. 
and Mrs. M. E. Ingalls, in memory of their daughter, and 
is known as the Louise Ingalls Scholarship Fund. It 
amounts to $10,000, so invested in a ground rent as to 
produce $600 a year. The income from this fund is de- 
voted to the aid of students. The object of these endow- 
ments is to provide so far for the running expenses of the 
Academy that it shall be necessary to charge only nomi- 
nal fees of tuition. Accordingly, while the institution 
expends between eighty and one hundred dollars annually 
on each pupil, it charges only twenty-five dollars for a full 
season's tuition. The school, with its present equipment, 
is one of the most complete in the country, and affords 
opportunity for advanced work in the study of art as well 
as preparatory training for the beginner. If space were 
allowed, one might go into the interesting earlier history 
of the old School of Design, which was established here 
in January, 1869, as the first part of what afterwards be- 
came the Cincinnati University, under the will of Charles 
McMicken. 

The Museum Association was incorporated, not merely 
to provide an art museum, but for the broader " purpose 
of establishing and maintaining in Cincinnati a museum 
wherein may be gathered, preserved, and exhibited 
valuable and interesting objects of every kind and nature, 
and for the further purpose of using the contents of said 
museum for education through the establishment of classes 
and otherwise, as may be found expedient." 




Melville E. Ingalls, 

President Cincinnati Museum Association and Founder of 

(1S3I 



the Technical School. 



184 Schools of Cincinnti. 

The growth of the collections, in the main, has been 
in the direction of painting, sculpture, and decorative art, 
including various art industries, and somewhat in the 
direction of ethnology. A plan was formulated last year 
for the inauguration of a natural history department, 
the execution of which awaits the receipt of funds required 
for that purpose. 

A Natural History Museum, arranged and installed 
like the other departments of the Museum, will have an 
influence upon popular education that will be of great 
value to the city. 

The Emma Louise Schmidlapp Building, about to be 
erected at a cost of $100,000, will provide for the library 
of the Museum, containing books, prints, and drawings, 
photographs, or other reproductions of objects of art. 
Until the growth of these collections shall require the 
entire building, parts of it will be given to the exhibition 
of sculpture and other works. 

To General A. T. Goshorn, director from the begin- 
ning until his death on the 19th of February, 1902, the 
Museum is indebted for its admirable organization. 

Early History of Art. 

Of early a'^t history the late A. T. Goshorn wrote : 

" 1826, Prof. Eckstein, a native of Berlin, founded an 
Academy of Fine Arts and gave instructions in di^awing 
and painting. Hiram Powers \vas one of his pupils. 

" 1828, Frederick Franks opened a Gallery of Fine 
Arts. 

" 1835. a second Academy of Fine Arts was or- 
ganized by an association of artists ; Godfrey Franken- 
stein, president. 

" The department or section of the fine arts in the Cin- 
cinnati Society for the Promotion of Useful Knowledge 



Cincinnati Museum Association. 



185 



was another short-livetl effort in behalf of art culture. 

" 18^::;, a Gallery was projected by Mrs. Peter. 

" The School of Design opened the first Monday in 
January, 1869. February 1, 1884, this School of Art and 
Design was transferred to the Cincinnati Museum Asso- 
ciation." 

The temporary quarters of the Museum, in the art 




Art Academy, 
Occupied October ro, 1S87; Cost, 1597,175; Joseph Longworth, Founder. 



rooms of the Music Hall, were opened to the public on the 
loth of February, 1882. The paintings, drawings, and 
other objects exhibited at that time were mostly deposited 
on loan. The chief motive in this, the first step toward 
the foundation of the Museum, was to bring the plan and 
intentions of the association prominently to the notice of 
the public. The collections were removed to their present 
quarters the last of December, 1885. 



i86 Schools of Cincinnati 

Trustees. 

J. G, Schmidlapp, Nathaniel Henchman Davis, L. 
A. Ault, W. W. Taylor, M. E. Ingalls. E. C. Goshorn, 
R. H. Galbreath, Charles P. Taft, L. B. Harrison, D. 
H. Holmes. Trustees on he/ialf of the eity — Julius 
Fleischmann, Mayor; Edward Goepper, William Von 
Steinwehr. 

President, M. E. Ingalls; Vice-President, L. B. 
Harrison; Treasurer , W. W. Taylor; Director, J. H. 
Gest ; Secretary, J. H. Gest ; Cashier, Henry J. Koch. 

Instructors. 

Frank Duveneck, painting from life. 

Thomas S. Noble, drawing and painting from life. 

Vincent Nowottny, drawing and ptiinting from life. 

L. H. Meakin, drawing and painting from life. 

J. H. Sharp, drawing and painting from life. 

Caroline A. Lord, drawing and painting from still- 
life, etc. 

Henrietta Wilson, drawing and painting from still- 
life, etc. 

Kate Reno Miller, drawing and painting from still- 
life, etc. 

C. J. Barnhorn, modeling. 

William H. Fry, wood carving. 

Anna Riis, china painting. 

CHAPTER XXII. 

university of CINCINNATI. 

THE University of Cincinnati was organized in the 
Woodward High School building under the direc- 
tion of Principal George W. Harper, in October, 1873. 



University of Cincinnati. 



[87 



There was a class of if, in mathematics ; one of 13 in 
chemistry and natural philosophy ; one of 6 in Latin and 
Greek; two classes in French (29 students); and two 
classes in German, with 28 students ; a total of 58, of which 
40 were females. 

The courses began where the high school instructions 
left off, and were strictly continuous of the high school 
courses. Sessions were held in the afternoons. 

This arrangement 
was only temporary, 
as the proposed build- 
ing on the McMicken 
homestead site had not 
been completed. In 
a few months, how- 
ever, the academic 
department was reg- 
ularly organized, and 
in September, 1874, 
three courses were of- 
fered, and there were 
appointed three 
prof essors , viz. : of 
mathematics and civil 
engineering; of Latin 
and Greek ; and of 




Caleb Kemper, 



physics andchemistry. A Cincinnati School Teacher of [792. 
During the year 1874- 

1875 work was carried on in the Third Intermediate 
School building on Franklin Street, a square away from 
the Woodward building. This year the School of Draw- 
ing and Design (see page 182) registered 405 students. 
October, 187^, saw the north wing of the new (and 
at that time proposed to be permanent) building completed 



i88 vScHOOLS OF Cincinnati. 

and occupied by the academic department, with the three 
courses mentioned. Two instructors were appointed this 
year. 

The will of Charles McMicken directed that the 
college buildings should be erected out of the rents and 
income of his estate, and on the premises on which he 
resided at the time of his death. More precise directions 
were added : 

"The said buildings shall be erected on different 
parts of the said grounds, to-wit : That for the boys on 
the north, and that for the girls on the south of the road 
lately cut through the said grounds. 

"And I direct that the plot of ground on which the 
college for the boys shall be built shall comprise not less 
than from five to six acres, and that on which the college 
for the girls shall be built shall comprise all below said 
road, which plot may, 1 suppose, contain about three 
acres." 

But the income of the estate proving insufiicient to 
enable the directors to erect buildings and establish 
colleges, these provisions were not carried out. When at 
length the University was established, as the result of an 
effort to unite the several educational trusts of the city, 
an issue of bonds to the amount of $150,000 was author- 
ized by the General Assembly (April 27, 1872), "to 
provide for the buildings and apparatus necessary for 
such University. 

Under this act bonds were issued, and a building 
erected for both boys and girls "on the south of the road 
(Clifton Avenue) lately cut through the grounds " of the 
McMicken homestead. This building was ready for 
occupancy in September, 1875, and was occupied a month 
later. 




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190 Schools of Cincinnati. 

For twenty years this building was occupied by the 
academic department, except from November, 188^, to 
June, 1886, when instruction was given in the building 
of the Hebrew Union College, No. 724 West Sixth Street, 
owing to the University haying been gutted by a fire 
(which broke out in the laboratory). 

It was soon evident that the homestead site was not 
suitable for a growing university. A narrow strip of 
land on a steep hillside offered no room for expansion, 
and the surroundings were not suitable. Application 
was therefore made to the Common Council, which passed 
an ordinance on September 20, 1S89, directing the mayor 
to execute an agreement with the University by the terms 
of which buildings for university purposes might be 
erected and maintained on a tract of about 43 acres of 
land at the southern end of Burnet Woods. This agree- 
ment was executed October 22, 1889, and by its provisions 
the construction of the main building was to be com- 
menced ^vithin three years. 

The new site made possible under the agreement 
was eminently suited to the purpose. It was geograph- 
ically well situated with reference to the city and the 
surrounding suburbs. The ground was high, with an 
unimpeded outlook on the west toward the hills above 
the Millcreek Valley, while northward stretched away 
the remaining one hundred and twenty acres of Burnet 
Woods Park, a fine, undulating tract of woodland, pro- 
vided with good roads and footpaths. But there were 
legal obstacles, imposed by the will of Charles McMicken, 
which stood in the way of removal. A " certain proceed- 
ing (from the oration of Judge Samuel F. Hunt) 
was therefore instituted, under Section 6202 of the 
Revised Statutes of Ohio, to obtain the opinion and 
direction of the court as to whether the University could 



192 Schools of Cincinnati. 

be removed to the site in Burnet Woods Park, donated 
by the city of Cincinnati." 

After a full hearing of the case, "the Circuit Court 
for the Judicial Circuit of Ohio decreed that the city and 
the directors were permitted, by the terms of the will of 
Charles McMicken, to expend such funds arising from 
the estate devised to the city, in trust, as might be neces- 
sary to erect buildings for the colleges in Burnet Woods 
Park, or upon other suitable grounds acquired, or which 
might be acquired for that purpose ; that if such building 
or buildings be erected, the directors might maintain the 
colleges provided for by the will with the funds derived 
from the estate of Charles McMicken wh(dly in buildings 
erected in Burnet Woods Park, or they might, with such 
funds, maintain any part or departments of the colleges, 
or either of them, in the buildings so situated." 

In March, 1893, the Supreme Court affirmed the 
decree of the Circuit Court. 

By an act of General Assembly, passed on April 20, 
1893, an issue of bonds was authorized, not exceeding 
$100,000, to provide for the building and apparatus 
necessary for the University. 

In the preceding year (April 12, 1892) authority 
had been obtained from the same source for the appropri- 
ation of public grounds for university purposes, and for 
an extension of time. 

Everything being now arranged, the work proceeded. 
On September 22, 1894, the corner-stone of VicMicken 
Hall was laid in Burnet Woods Park, and in September, 
1895, the building was ready for use, and was occupied 
by the academic department. 

In the same year Henry Hanna gave $45,000 to build 
the north wing, known as Hanna Hall. Mr. Hanna later 
added $4,091.07 to complete the building, and in 1896 he 



University of Cincinnati. 



193 



provided $20,000 to fit and furnish Hanna Hall for the 
departments of chemistry and civil engineering. 

In 1898-99 Briggs S. Cunningliam erected the south 
wing of the University building, at a cost of $60,000. 




Frank ]. Jones, 

Director of the University and Founder of the 
Jones Prizes for English Orations. 

This wing, named Cunningham Hall, is occupied by the 
departments of physics and biology. 

In 1898 Asa Van Wormer gave i ,000 shares of stock 

[13] 



194 Schools of Cincinnati. 

of the Cincinnati Street Railway Company (par value, 
$50, 000), the proceeds of which were to be expended in 
the erection of a library building. This building stands 
south of Cunningham Hall, and is known as the Van 
Wormer Library. It was completed and occupied May 
I, 1901. 

In the summer of 1901 $22,500 was given by an 
anonymous benefactor, through M. E. Ingalls, to be ex- 
pended in the construction of a building adapted to shop 
work, as part of the equipment of the College of Engineer- 
ing. The building was at once begun. 

The University also acquired, by gift, the equipment 
of the shops of the Technical School of Cincinnati, and 
before the present year (1902) ends, the College of En- 
gineering will be in possession of an extensive and sub- 
stantial shop structure, fully equipped with tools and 
machines. 

Benefactors of the University. 

Besides Charles McMicken, Henry Hanna, Briggs 
S. Cunningham, Asa Van Wormer, John Kilgour, and 
the Astronomical Association, the persons named below 
have contributed to the endowment or to the equipment 
of the University : 

In 1873 Julius Dexter (attorney and capitalist) gave 
$1,000 as an endowment for the Observatory, the interest 
to be used for its support. 

During his life Joseph Longworth (horticulturalist 
and grape grower) gave to the city, for the support of the 
School of Design, then a part of the University, $100,000. 

In 1875 Prof. S. Lilienthal, of New York City, in 
memory of his son, a talented mining engineer, gave a 
collection of minerals, with the inscription, " Donated by 
Benjamin Lilienthal." 



196 Schools of Cincinnati. 

In i83i Mrs. Nannie Fechheimer, of this city, gave 
a geological and niineralogical collection, in memory of 
her husband, Marcus Fechheimer. 

The late Rev. Samuel J. Browne bequeathed $150,- 
000 to establish a university. But his will was set aside, 
and his heirs, by an agreement, gave $1,000 to the Cin- 
cinnati Orphan Asylum, $1,000 to the Widows' Home, 
and a certain amount of property for educational pur- 
poses, of which the Lane Theological Seminary received 
one-third and the University two-thirds, to be known as 
the " Browne Endowment Fund." At present the Board 
holds, invested in bonds, $17,650, and uninvested 
$2,516.01. The interest only is to be expended. 

Matthew H. Thoms (attorney and student) died 
1890, and bequeathed property valued at $130,000. Heirs 
having proceeded to test the will, a compromise was 
agreed upon, by which they received $20,000. 

In 1 89 1 A. G. Wetherby, a former professor of 
natural history, gave a collection of specimens valued at 
more than $2,000. 

In 1892 Frank J. Jones (attorney-at-law and presi- 
dent Little Miami Railroad Company) founded a prize 
consisting of $40, to be awarded annually to that member 
of the senior class of the academic department who shall 
write and pronounce an English oration in the best 
manner. In 1901 he founded a second prize of $20. 
Both of these prizes are established upon a permanent 
endowment, a lot on Central Avenue opposite Dayton 
Street having been deeded December 19, 1901. 

In 1894 the late Laura Seasongood bequeathed $800, 
and there is established " The Laura Seasongood Alcove," 
for which books are purchased with the interest derived 
from the legacy. 




Matthew H. Thoms. 

Matthew Hueston Thorns, who gave his 
fortune to the University of Cincinnati (see 
page 196), was the second son of William 
Thoms, a Scotchman, who married Eliza- 
beth Martha Hueston, daughter of Col. 
Matthew Hueston, of Butler County, Ohio. 
Mr. Thoms was graduated at Yale and at 
Harvard Law School. He never married. 
He died in Cincinnati, December 15, 1890. 
Mr. Thoms' father was a native of Blair- 
Gowrie, a village near Perth. The subject 
of this sketch lived the life of a student. 
He is buried in Spring Grove Cemetery. 

[196A] 




Amor Smith, Jr., 

Mayor of the City of Cincinnati for Two Terms, from 1885 to 1889. 
Director (Ex Officio) of the University of Cincinnati 
(196B) During Those Years. 



University of Cincinnati. 



'97 



In 1897 Christian Moerlein (the brewer) gave $1,000 
for equipping the department of physics. 

In 1898 W. A. Procter, president The Procter & 
Gamble Co. (soap manufacturers), gave the Robert 
Clarke Library, consisting chiefly of Americana, and 
numbering 6,759 volumes. In 1899 he gave the Enoch T. 
Carson Shakespeare Library, comprising, together with 
a collection of books 
on the drama, 1,420 
.volumes; in 1900, 
the chemical library 
of T. H. Norton 
(993 volumes). 

In 1898 Lewis 
Seasongood (cap- 
italist) gave $500 to 
the Latin depart- 
ment, for equipping 
an alcove in the 
1 i b r a r y wuth the 
latest Latin and 
Semitic works. 

In 1898 Charles 
F. Windisch (the 
brewer and director) 
gave a collection of 
500 micro-photo- 
graphs of snow 
crystals. 

In 1899 David Sinton (capitalist and manufacturer) 
gave .| 1 00,000, and thus founded the Sinton Chair of 
Economics and Civics. 

In 1899 the Endowment Fund Association, consist- 
ing of alumni of the University, established the Cornelius 




Dr John Lewin McLeish, 

Hughes, 1890, Princeton, 1894. 
Author of " Iturbide." 



198 Schools of Cincinnati. 

George Comegys Scholarship, with a ,$50 stipend, in 
honor of the late Dr. Comegys. 

In 1901 the sum of $5,000, made up of contributions 
from many persons, was expended in grading and fitting 
the grounds of an athletic field. 

The Cincinnati Historical and Philosophical Society 
recently began negotiations to transfer their collections 
of materials to the fire-proof library building. These 
plans are now fully matured, and the collections housed 
in the Van Wormer Library. 

C. T. Webber gave a portrait in oil of the poet 
Joaquin Miller; the Rev. P. Robertson, a portrait of the 
poet Burns. 

Other gifts : A model stamp machine for crushing 
gold-bearing quartz, given by the Lane & Bodley Co. ; a 
twenty horse-power Westinghouse gas engine, given by 
the Cincinnati Gas Light and Coke Company. 

Endowment of the University. 

The following table shows total endowment and all 
sources of revenue : 

Real estate (and income) Charles McMicken, $700,- 
000. 

Buildings, apparatus, furniture, etc., paid for by 
bonds, $178,411. 

Cincinnati Astronomical Society (instruments, etc.), 
$8,000. 

Real estate John Kilgour, $10,000. 

Cash John Kilgour, $11,000. 

Endowment for Observatory Julius Dexter, $1,000. 

The Browne endowment, $20,166.01. 

Devise of Matthew H. Thoms, $130,000. 

Gift Henry Hanna, $49,091. 

Gift Henry Hanna, equipment Hanna Hall, $20,000. 




Alphonso Taft, 

A Woodward Trustee, 1852- 1876; Chairman University 
Board, 1881-1882, When He Was Appointed 

Minister to Austria. (,gg) 



200 Schools of Cincinnati. 

Gift Laura Seasongood, $770. 

Gift Briggs S. Cunningham for erection and equip- 
ment of Cunningham Hall, .$60,000. 

Gift Asa Van Wormer, $50,000. 

Gift W. A. Procter (Robert Clarke Library) , $50,000. 

David Sinton, $100,000. 

Gift for erection of shops for College of Engineering 
and Technical School, $32,500. 

Gift equipment for shops, $50,000. 

Gift funds for athletic field, $5,000. 

Tax levy for iqoo, $57,699.13. 

Less sinking fund and interest on bonds, $7,546. 

Net revenue from taxes for support of the University 
and Observatory, $50,153.13. 

Which, capitalized at three per cent., represents n.n 
endowment of $1,671,771. 

Total endowment, 3,136,709.01. 

Personal. 
Charles McMicken, trader and merchant ; Henry 
Hanna, capitalist ; Briggs S. Cunningham, banker ; Asa 
Van Wormer, merchant and shipper ( butter and eggs) ; 
John Kilgour, president Cincinnati Street Railway Co., 
also Telephone Co. 

CHAPTER XXni. 

HOWARD AYERS. 

THE following is from the 29th annual report of the 
Board of Directors : 
To the Honorable the Board of Trustees of tJie Uni- 
versity of Cincinnati : 

Gentlemen — Your committee appointed to recom- 
mend a fit and competent person for the presidency of the 



202 Schools of Cincinnati. 

University beg leave to recommend Professor Howard 
Ayers, B. S., Ph. D.. for that office. Dr. Ayers was 
born in 1861 in Olympia, Washington Territory. While 
be was still an infant his father, a hardware merchant, 
moved from Olympia to Fort Smith, Arkansas, where 
young Ayers received his primary and secondary educa- 
tion in the common schools and high school of that city. 
His father sent him to Michigan University, where he 
took a scientific course, and developed a strong taste for 
biology and kindred subjects. He left Ann Arbor after 
three years' stay and went to Harvard, where he found 
better opportunities for biological study. He was grad- 
uated from Harvard in 1883 with the degree of Bachelor 
of Science and with the highest honors of his class. 
While at Harvard he won the first Walker prize, offered 
by the B6ston Society of Natural History, and open to 
contestants from all parts of the world for the best sci- 
entific memoir. After receiving his degree he went 
abroad, and studied for two years at the Universities of 
Heidelberg, Strassburg, and Freiberg. At Freiberg he 
obtained the degree of Doctor of Philosophy magna cum 
laiidc. Subsequently he pursued his studies and work of 
original research at the Marine Zoological Station of 
Vienna University at Trieste, and at the Station Mari- 
time of the University of Paris at Banyal-sur-Mer, France, 
and attended lectures at the College de France and 
Sarbonne. 

On his return to the United States he became in- 
structor in biology at the University of Michigan for one 
year. The next year he was called to Harvard, where he 
taught for two years both in the University proper and 
in Radcliffe College. In 1889 he was appointed director 
of the AUis Lake Laboratory of Biology at Milwaukee, 
succeeding C. O. Whitman, now the head of the depart- 
ment of biology in Chicago University. He remained 
for four years at the head of the Lake Laboratory, an in- 
stitution founded by Mr. Allis, a wealthy gentleman of 
Milwaukee, for original biological research. Mr. Allis 
then transferred his laboratory work to Menton, and in- 
vited Dr. Ayers to take charge of it. The offer was 




Howard Ayers, 
President University of Cincinnati. Elected May 15, 1899. 



'203) 



204 Schools of Cincinnati. 

declined. In the fall of 1893 Dr. Ayers was called to 
take the chair of biology in the University of Missouri, 
at Columbia, Mo. This is an institution with some sixty 
members of the faculty and about eleven hundred students. 
Dr. Ayers became a member of the academic, the medical, 
and the agricultural faculties. He reorganized the de- 
partment of biology, and has made it one of the promi- 
nently successful departments of the University. Since 
his graduation at Harvard Dr. Ayers has published many 
memoirs on biological and kindred subjects, in English, 
German, and French. He is an active member of the 
leading scientific societies of the country and of many in 
Europe. Since 1889 he has been continuously in charge 
of biological research at the Marine Biological Laboratory 
at Wood's Holl, Mass. 

While in Europe he gave special attention to the 
methods of education prevailing in the German gymnasia 
and universities. Since he became professor in the Uni- 
versity of Missouri he has had much opportunity to show 
his capacity for guiding the policy of that university in 
raising the standard of collegiate education and improving 
its methods. He has impressed his colleagues and the 
governing body of that institution as a leader of men. He 
is always selected by them to represent them in their 
dealings with the public, and has spent much time 
visiting the high schools and other preparatory schools of 
the State in a successful effort to secure more thorough 
secondary education. As an active and leading member 
of three faculties, he has had much to do in bringing 
about progressive changes in the curricula and methods 
of study. It is the unanimous verdict of his colleagues 
with whom he has been associated for the last six years 
that he possesses the executive and administrative faculty 
in a high degree. He is a man of fine physique, of 
tremendous energy, and unwavering fixity of purpose. 
His ideals of education are high and broad, and he is 
ambitious to realize them. When at the University of 
Michigan and at Harvard lie was a member of the uiii- 
versity foot ball teams, and he rowed on the class crew at 
the latter place. This experience has given him an open 



Howard Ayers. 



205 



sympathy with the student boy, and as a consequence he 
wields more influence with them than any other member 
of the faculty. He is a forcible, lucid, and direct speaker, 
and is generally chosen to speak for the LTniversity at 
public meetings and elsewhere. 

Dr. Ayers' position in the very front rank of biologists 
in this country has already been won, though he is but 
thirty-eight years of age. His power and capacity as 
the executive head of a great university is yet to be proven 
by the fact, but we believe from the evidence which we 
have been able to accumulate that he has in him the 
elements which insure his becoming a great educational 
leader and administrator. 

Your committee have had 
personal interviews with Dr. 
Ayers, and have discussed 
with great candor the situa- 
tion. Dr. Ayers is inclined 
to think that your Board 
should pay to one worthy of 
the presidency, in order that 
he may be as useful as possi- 
ble, the annual salary of 
$6,000. After consultation 
with the heads of several 
Eastern universities, we can 
not advise the Board at the 
outset to pay to a new presi- 
dent a larger salaiy than 
$^,000. If he shall prove to 

be successful, and shall build up the University as we 
hope, we feel assured that your honorable Board will show 
yourselves not to be niggardly in recognizing his worth 
by inci'easing his compensation. If your Board shall be 
pleased to approve of your committee's recommendation, 
we advise that the salary of Dr. Ayers begin with the 
first day of July, 1899. We so advise because we think 
it but fair thus to make provision for the necessarily heavy 
expenses of moving a large family from Columbia to Cin- 
cinnati and settling them in a new home. 



jm 


Ife~ 




.«* • 


■K 


««ff 


^ 


j,,.?, ^ 



Brent Arnold, 

Director University from 
1892 to 1902. 



2o6 Schools of Cincinnati. 

We therefore respectfully report to the Board that it 
adopt the following resolution : 

Bcsolvcd, That Professor Howard Ayers, B. S., 
Ph. D., of the University of Missouri, be invited to 
become the president of this University at a salary of 
$6,000, the same to begin July i, 1899, and thatthe 
Secretary of the Board be directed to transmit a copy of 
this resolution to Professor Ayers with the request that 
he make answer hereto as soon as he can conveniently. 
Respectfully submitted. 



Wm. H. Taft, 
Oscar W. Kuhn, 
Frank [. Jones, 
E. W.Hyde, 
Charles A. L. Reed, 



Committee. 



This was submitted May 15, 1899. Dr. Ayers was 
immediately elected and took charge in July. 



CHAPTER XXIV. 

THE observatory. 

TPIE Cincinnati Astronomical Society, founded in 
1843, was the first institution to surrender its prop- 
erty for the benefit of the University. 

The agreement between the society and the city is 
contained in the first annual report March i, 1872 : 

The property on Mt. Adams, which was donated 
by the late Nicholas Longworth for an observatory, 
having become unsuitable for that purpose, his heirs have 
joined with the Astronomical Society in an agreement to 
give and convey the ground to the city, upon the specific 
trust that it shall be leased or sold, and the proceeds 



The Observatory 



207 



applied toward endowing the School of Drawing and 
Design, which is now established in connection with the 
University ; the city agreeing, as a condition of the gift, 
to sustain an observatory, also to be connected with the 
University. To en- 
able the city to com- 
ply with the latter 
engagement, M r. 
John Kilgour has 
agreed to give four 
acres of land as the 
site for a new ob- 
servatory, and also 
the sum of ten thou- 
s a n d doll a r s for 
building and equip- 
ping it. The As- 
tronomical Society 
also gives to the 
city, for the same 
object, the equato- 
rial and other in- 
struments, with all 
the apparatus and 
astronomical rec- 
ords and books 
belonging to the 
present observa- 
tory, the latter val- 
ued at ,|8,ooo. 

Mr. Kilgour gave the land (value |io,ooo) and $1,000 
additional. Later he gave $10,000 more for the building. 
Julius Dexter gave $1,000 the same year. 

The original observatory was located on Celestial 




] William Luhn, 

Chairman Committee on Observatory 

(1902) and a Spectator at the First 

Dedication, November 9, 1843. 



2o8 Schools of Cincinnati. 

Street, Mt. Adams, where now stands the Monastery of 
the Passionist Fathers. It was a stone structure, and 
w^as finally condemned by the city as unsafe, although 
only completed in 1844, Prof. O. M. Mitchel. of the Cin- 
cinnati College, was the first director, remaining up to 
i860, when he tcok charge of the Dudley Observatory, 
Albany, N. Y. 

The corner-stone of the first building was laid Novem- 
ber 9, 1843 by Ex-President John Quincy Adams, then 
over 77 years of age. Prof. Mitchel raised the money 
through organizing a stock company (shares $25) and had 
great trouble in getting the amount needed, $10,000. 
However, he purchased in Munich, for ,$10,000, the 
present telescope and made a success of his enterprise. 

As the city gre^v, dust and smoke annoyed the 
astronomers, and the building was far from satisfactory, 
hence the removal to Mt. Lookout. When the present 
building was erected (1873) the original corner-stone 
laid by Mr. Adams was relaid in it. Prof. Mitchel (who 
became a noted general during the war) was on this 
occasion honored as the founder of the Observatory. 

The object glass of the present telescope is 11 inches. 
It was originally 12, but was reground some years ago 
and reduced in size. March 34, 1902, the University 
Board decided to purchase a 16-inch telescope, and on 
April loth of the same year a contract was made with 
Alvin Clark & Sons, of (Boston Mass.) Canibridgeport, 
to complete, in two years, the new instrument. The 
price to be paid is $9,500. J. Wm. Luhn, chairman of 
the committee on observatory (1902), as a lad of 19 years 
heard John Qiiincy Adams' dedicatory speech of Novem- 
ber 9, 1843. Speaking (1902) of the dedication, Mr. 
Luhn said : "I recall the occasion very well, but I could 
not understand Mr. Adams, as my knowledge of English 



2IO Schools oy Cincinnati. 

was very limited at tiiat time. To Mr. Luhivs efforts 
it is mainly due that the new instrument has been ar- 
ranged for. The Observatory is supported bv a levy of 
.03 of a mill on all taxable property of the city. 

Besides Prof. ^litchel there have been the following- 
directors : 

Henrv Twitchell, 1860-1861. 

Cleveland Abbe, 1 868- 1870. 

Armand Stone, 1875-1882. 

Herbert C. Wilson (pro tern), 1882-1884. 

Jermain G. Porter, 1884.-1902. 

Everett I. Yowell, assistant director, February, 1893, 
to March i, 1901. 

Note. — ''Mt. Adams" has been so called ever since 
the first Observatory was dedicated, that is, since Novem- 
ber 9, 1843. At that t'me only seven families lived there, 
and the region was a barren stonequarry. 



CHAPTER XXV. 

CHARLKS MC'mICKEN. 

pHARLES McMICKEN, founder of the University 
\j of Cincinnati, was of Scotch ancestry. His grand- 
father brought two sons to this country in 1732, and 
settled upon a 700 or 800 acre tract of land in Bucks 
County, Pa. On a farm of this land Charles was born 
November 23, 17S2. His schooling was limited, and he 
never became a scholar as that term is used. He studied 
civil engineering and taught a country school for several 
months, but he was practically a farmer boy. 



ClIAKI.KS McMlCKHX. 



I 1 



Lh.w'ixg Homk. 
One day while plowins^ he turned up a humble-bees' 
nest. The insects stung hiin se\erelv and caused his 
team of horses to run away. Both horses were injured 
by the plow, and his father reprimanded him for allowing 
them to escape. His elder brother Andrew joined in 
blaming Charles for the accident, which, according to 
Charles, was unayoidable. The father sided with Andrew^ 

and in his discomfiture Charles 
expressed a desire to leaye home. 
His father said if he did leaye, 
he could haye a horse, saddle, 
and bridle, or .fioo in cash, 
according to a custom of that 
day. Charles chose the former 
and set out for the West. Ac- 
counts differ as to how he came 
West. Some say he sold the 
horse in the neighborhood and 
came across the mountains by 
stage. Others say he rode the 
horse through. At any rate he 
seems to haye reached Chilli- 
cothe, O., where he followed for seyeral months the busi- 
ness of ciyil engineering. In the spring of 1803 he 
reached Cincinnati with a horse, saddle, and bridle, which 
outfit he sold. John .Smith, then United States Senator 
from Ohio, employed him as a clerk, and soon Mr. 
AlcMicken decided to trade with Xew Orleans on his 
own account. He loaded two fiat boats with Hour and 
reached Xew Orleans (this was before the Louisiana 
purchase had been made). He tied his boats aboye the 
city to saye wharfage, and on returning found they had 
both sunk, only his horse remaining. He had lost all 
but three eleyen-penny bits. 




Rankin U. Junes, 

Graduate of Hughes 

in 1864. 



212 Schools of Cincinnati. 

New Orleans then had eleven stores. Nine of these 
refused him employment, but at the tenth he was engaged. 
After six months he left, being paid !J!8o per month, with 
a suit of clothes additional. He resumed employment at 
increased wages, and from then on prospered. Soon he 
went up the Mississippi to Bayou Sara, near what is now 
the town of St. Francisville (then New Valencia), a 
region of cotton fields. There he engaged in cotton 
shipping and general merchandising till i^;^'J, when he 
seems to have become wealthy. From 1837 his time was 
given to caring for his property. He acted also as a 
promoter and backer to some extent of large enterprises. 
It is noteworthy that his first cotton venture failed and 
lost him his all. James Clay, a brother of Henry Clay 
of Kentucky, failed and pulled down Mr, McMicken, 
who, however, regained his standing in a short time. In 
1837 Mr. McMicken left Bayou Sara, returning to New 
Orleans. 

A Cincinnati Purchase. 

The northeast corner of Third and Main was his 
first real estate purchased in Cincinnati (1835), but he 
made additions and finally owned about half a million 
dollars worth of land in this city and vicinity. He also 
purchased land in Louisiana, Texas, Missouri, Ken- 
tucky, Illinois, and elsewhere. 

In 1835 he came here to board; after that he uni- 
formly left New Orleans in March, coming to Cincinnati, 
where he remained until June. July and August he 
spent at the Eastern suinmer resorts, returning here in 
September, then going to New Orleans in November 
for the winter. 

The INLcMicken Homestead. 
The McMicken homestead on McMicken Avenue, near 
Elm, was built by John F. Keyes in 1819, and purchased 








Charles McMicken, 

Founder University of Cincinnati, also Founder of" Ohio" in Liberia. 
Farmer, School Teacher, Cotton Trader, Financier, etc. 



314 Schools of Cincinnati. 

by Charles McMicken in 1840 from the administrator of 
Luman Watson, Mr. McMicken's nephew. Andrew 
McMicken lived there a number of years, and Charles 
made this his home during the late part of his life. This 
property was specially bequeathed to the city for edu- 
cational purposes, and was designated as the site for the 
academic buildings. In this house Mr. McMicken died. 

The Will. 

His will contained thirty-nine sections. After 
remembering his numerous friends in the bestowment of 
legacies and annuities — not in large sums, believing, as he 
did, that every one should be self-reliant — he makes 
provision for the founding of two colleges, one for each 
of the sexes ; and should the funds at length justify, an 
establishment for orphans on a most admirable plan, and 
one breathing forth a most benevolent spirit. It pro- 
vides for the maintenance, clothing, and education of 
those unfortunate ones who should be bereaved of both 
father and mother. This educational scheme had long 
been the single object of his life. On unfolding it, as he 
said, for the first time to his intimate friend, Freeman G. 
Cary, he informed him that he had labored since early 
manhood for its accomplishment. Opening his will, 
about a year before his death, he attempted to read it to 
him, but before he had completed the first paragraph his 
feelings choked his utterance, and with eyes suflFused with 
tears he handed it to his friend, requesting him to read. 
It is as follows : 

"Having long cherished the desire to found an 
institution where white boys and girls might be taught 
not only a knowledge of their duties to their Creator and 
their fellow-men, but also receive the benefit of a sound, 
thorough and practical English education, and such as 



2i6 Scirooi.s OK Cincinnati. 

might fit them for the active duties of life, as well as 
instruction in all the higher branches of knowledge, except 
denominational theology, to the extent that the same are 
now or may hereafter be taught in any of the secular 
colleges or universities of the highest grade in the coimtry, 
I feel grateful to God tliat through his kind pi'ovidence I 
have been sufficiently favored to gratify the wish of my 
heart." 

The Lp:(;al Contest. 

Mr. McMicken's will was executea September 22, 
1855, and probated April 10, 1S58. The executors were : 
Wm. Crossman ; Freeman G. Cary ; John C. Cheno- 
weth ; Wm. M. F. Hewson ; Wm. Woodruff'; and 
Andrew McMicken. 

At this time (i85(;j) the probate of a will so public- 
spirited and philanthropic was a rare occurrence. The 
document was evidently modeled after the great will of 
Stephen Girard, of Philadelphia, the founder of Gii^ard 
College. 

Many nephews and nieces here, in New Orleans, and 
elsewhere were greatlv disappointed by this will, and 
they immediately resorted to the court to defeat the 
" long cherished desire " of their uncle. A large part 
of the realty devised to the city was in New Orleans, 
La., where the civil law was in vogue. According 10 
the established principles of that system of law, a devise 
to a municipal corporation in trust for even the founda- 
tion and maintenance of a college was invalid (i^ La., 
An. 154), and thus property to the value of nearly half a 
million of dollars was lost. Some of the New Orleans 
relatives of Mr. McMicken now sought to have the will, 
so far as the Cincinnati property was concerned, also 
declared void on the ground that the city was incapable 




Henry Hanna, 
The Donor of Hanna Hall, University of Cincinnati. (217) 



2i8 vSciu)()Ls OF Cincinnati, 

of taking and executing the trust, and because of the 
terms of the will no alienation of the property was 
allowed. 

This case (Perin et al. vs. Carey et al., executers of 
Charles McMicken, 24 Howard, 463) was carried to the 
Supreme Court of the I'nited vStates, before which 
tribunal it was successfully argued on behalf of the City 
of Cincinnati by three eminent lawyers, Messrs. Aaron 
F. Perry, Alphonso Taft, and George E. Pugh. The 
decision was made in i860. 

The income derived from the McMicken property 
was inadequate to carry out the intentions of the gene- 
rous testator ; if his hopes were to be realized the City 
must assist, or other citizens must emulate the noble 
example of the deceased benefactor. I^oth courses were 
adopted. In 1870 a law was enacted, establishing a 
Board of Directors of the University of Cincinnati, thus 
changing the name from McMicken University, and 
authorizing the board " in the name and behalf of the 
City " to " accept and take any property or funds here- 
tofore or hereafter given to the City for the purpose of 
founding, maintaining, or aiding a university, college, or 
other institution for the promotion of free education," 
and the Board of Education was given authority to make 
a levy not exceeding one-tenth of a mill for its support. 

Death of Charles McMicken. 
The character of Mr. McMicken was no less marked 
in his last illness, contracted on board the boat on his 
return from New Orleans. For a number of days there 
seemed to be no cause for alarm. But his disease, which 
was pneumonia, soon assumed a most malignant type, 
and threatened a fatal termination ; and he early became 
satisfied that his sickness was unto death, yielding him- 




I)K. C G. COMEGYS, 

Chairman University Board from June i6, 1S90, to February 10, 1896. 

(219) 



330 Schools ok Cincinnati. 

self fully to the impression that the time of his departure 
was at hand. His mind was unclouded amid the most 
intense suffering even to the last moment ; not a murmur 
(^r complaint escaped his lips. To an intimate friend, 
asking him if he desired to recover, he calmly replied : 
" I shall soon have to go any way ; and if it please the 
Lord, I am ready to go now." 

" He seemed like one satisfied that he had finished 
his work on earth, and made his peace with God through 
the only Savior of sinners. He made no mention of his 
worldly matters during his entire illness. In his last 
moments he was attended by the Rev. J. F. Wright, who 
asking if he should unite in prayer, he nodded assent ; 
and after a short petition was offered he immediately 
yielded up his spirit into the hands of his Redeemer, on 
the 30th day of March, 1858, in the seventy-sixth year of 
his age." 

Mr. McMicken is buried in Spring Grove Cemetery 
under a shaft which bears the following : "In memory of 
Charles McMicken, the founder of McMicken University. 
Born Nov. 23, 1783. Died March 30, 1858." 

The monument was erected by the Board of Direc- 
tors, who in November, 1866, decided that ,$^,000 should 
be thus expended. June 18, 1868, it was advertised for 
and a few months later was in place. The heirs objected 
to the body being removed to a more conspicuous place, 
so the intentions of the Board were defeated to a certain 
extent. 

Some say that Mr. McMicken was once a member of 
the Methodist Episcopal Cliurch, and was uniform in his 
attendance on the ministry of the word and the ordi- 
nances of religion. At the time of his death, however, he 
owned pew 75 in the Ninth Street Baptist Churcli (of 
this city), which he left his heirs. These to-day assert 
that he was a Baptist, and not a Methodist. 




p. V. N. Myers, 

Professor University of Cincinnati, 1891-1900; Dean, 1895-97;. 
President Farmers' College, College Hill, O., 1879-91. 

(221) 



232 SCHOOI.S OK ClXClXXATI. 

QjLTIKT AXD ResEUVKD. 

Mr. AIcAIicken \v;is quiet and retiring- in disposition. 
He took no interest in politics, except national issues, and 
very few knew him intimately. It is questionable 
whether any one knew anything about the details of his 
business or the leading purpose of his life. He was 
entirely self-reliant, rarely, if ever, consulting an attorney, 
making his own bargains, examining titles for himself, 
and never speaking of his property or its extent even to 
his most intimate friends. In his deeds of charity, which 
have been more numerous than the world will ever 
accredit to him, there was no ostentation. 

Ohio ix i^ibekia. 

Some time during the year 184S the American Colo- 
nization Society made an appeal in behalf of free labor 
tropical cultivation by the purchase of a large tract of 
land on the coast of Africa. In April of the same year it 
was suggested, through the Cincinnati papers, that an 
effectual blow might be struck at the slave trade by a 
liberal provision being made for the settlement of a colony 
of free colored people from this and adjoining States to the 
Republic of Liberia. 

The measure was responded to by. Mr. McMicken. 
President Roberts, of Liberia, on reaching the United 
States, shortly after the plan of Mr. McMicken had been 
announced, gave to it his decided approval. McMicken 
promptly remitted ten thousand dollars, which he had 
pledged. Oliio in Africa (8,000,000 acres) was purchased 
with these funds, and was expressly designed for the 
colored people of Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois. 

Mr. McMicken, from time to time, made liberal 
donations to other objects, and a few years before his 
death he subscribed ten thousand dollars for the endow- 



CirAKI-ES McMlCKRX. 



ment of the professorship of ag-ricultural ohemistrv in 
I'anners' Collei^e (College Hill, ().) 

Personai. Incidents. 

Wm. IMcMicken is described as a man 6 feet in 
height, of massive build, weighing 254 pounds. He had 
a very open countenance, firm, square jaws, and his will 
was i n tl e X i b 1 e . He 
neve r married. A 
story he told his 
relatives s h o w s that 
he once contemplated 
marriage to a South- 
ern girl. He, however, 
neglected to write for 
a couple of years, and 
finally decided to pav 
her a visit. On horse- 
back he started 
through a Louisiana 
swamp, but lost his 
way. For several 
days he w a n d e r e d 
aimlessly about, and 
his supply of food be- 
came entirely exhaus- 
ted. At last he be- 
came so weak he could 




William O. Sproull, 

Professor of Latin and Arabic, Uni- 
versity of Cincinnati, 1880- 1900 ; 
Dean from 1S93 to 1894. 



scarcely ride, and while in that condition he killed a 
number of snakes, which he hung across his saddle, 
determined to eat them rather than to die of starvation. 
Finally he gained the road, and at last reached the home 
of his sweetheart. The arrival was in the evening, and 
the house was brilliantly lighted. Tving his horse, Mr. 



224 Schools of Cincinnati. 

McMicken entered the door, to be met by the young lady 
herself. She had just been married. Introducing her 
husband, she said : " Had Charles McMicken arrived two 
hours sooner I would have married him." 

The young couple prospered, and it was at their 
home in the East, at Paterson, N. J,, that Mr. McMicken 
always paid a visit during the summer months. 

Charles McMicken Disinherited. 

When Charles' father died, he was disinherited, as 
was the only sister, the brother Andrew getting the entire 
estate. By a strange turn of fortune, Andrew became 
impoverished, and came to this city. Charles very gen- 
erously provided for him and the sister, as well as for all 
the nephews and nieces. Most of them lived at the 
McMicken Ave. homestead. 

'' His house was full of relatives for years," is the 
way an old neighbor puts it. " He helped everybody, and 
few of us knew that he was a very rich man." 



CHAPTER XXVI. 

MEDICAL COLLEGE OF OHIO. 

THE Medical College of Ohio, the oldest medical school 
west of the Alleghenies, was incorporated by act of 
Legislature in 1819, and organized a year later. The 
faculty, at the opening of the first session, was composed 
of Drs. Daniel Drake, Jesse Smith, and Elijah Slack. 
Alone of the medical colleges of the country, its 
course was of five months duration, and, to stimulate 
students to secure a higher preliminary education, a prize 
medal was offered for the best inausfural thesis written in 



Medical College ok Ohio. 



22q 



Latin. The first class numbered twenty-five, and the 
graduates in the spring of 1821, seven. 

In the fall of 1826 the College first occupied its'own 
buildino;. This was erected on Sixth Street between Vine 




The Medical College of Ohio. 

Lecture and Laboratory Building, McMicken and 
Clifton Avenues, West of Vine. 

and Race, the ground being purchased at a cost of fifteen 
dollars per front foot. 

In 1851 a new building was erected on the same site, 
and occupied until 1896, when the college removed to its 
present, modern, and commodious quarters on the Mc- 

[15] 



236 



Schools of Cincinnati. 



Micken homestead site, into the building just vacated by 
the academic department of the University, This removal 
was brought about by the union of the school with the 
University, thus giving that younger institution the sup- 
port of a well-equipped and comparatively old medical 




Dr. James G. Hyndman, 

Secretary of the Faculty of the Medical 
College of Ohio. 



department, whose national reputation had been built up, 
during seventy-five years, by the faithful professional 
labors of such men as Mussey, Morehead, Locke, Wright, 
Harrison. Oliver, Shotwell, Bartholow, Graham, Black- 
man, Conner, Reamy, Dawson, Whittaker, and others. 



Medical College of Ohio. 227 

At a meeting of the directors of the University in 
June, 1895, a resolution was adopted, directing the Com- 
mittee on University to report the organization of a 
medical department. As a result of the efforts of this 
committee, on April 27, 1896, the Medical College of 
Ohio was conveyed to the city, in accordance with the 
terms of an agreement entered into between the College 
and the Board of Directors of the University, and under 
an act passed on the same day by the General Assembly 
of Ohio. The language of the act is as follows : 

"Whereas, the trustees and faculty of the Medical 
College of Ohio and the directors of the University of 
Cincinnati have unanimously agreed that the interests of 
both institutions will thereby be promoted : 

"Sec. I. Be it enacted bx the General Assembly 
of the State of Ohio, That the affairs of the Medical 
College of Ohio shall hereafter be under the management 
of the directors, for the time being, of The University of 
Cincinnati, which directors shall be, and they are hereby, 
constituted the board of trustees of the Medical College 
of Ohio, and they are herebv authorized to exercise all 
the powers granted by law to the board of trustees of the 
Medical College of Ohio. 

" Sec. .2. This act shall take effect and be in force 
from and after May i, 1896." 

Under the second article of the agreement the new 
school shall be designated by the joint titles, " The Med- 
ical Department of the University of Cincinnati" and 
" The Medical College of Ohio." 

The Medical College of Ohio has always been a 
leader in the adoption of improvements and advances in 
medical education. Formerly requiring but two brief 
courses of lectures, it now demands attendance upon four 
prolonged graded sessions as preliminary to its degree. 



228 Schools of Cincinnati. 

With its high entrance requirements, etc., thorougly 
equipped laboratories of anatomy, histology, chemistry, 
bacteriology, physiology, and clinical diagnosis, and its 
large teaching force of over forty men, it is now doing 
most excellent work in prepanng young men for their 
chosen profession. Dr. P. S. Conner, dean ; Dr. James 
G. Hyndman, secretary. 



CHAPTER XXVII. 

OHIO COLLEGE OF DENTAL SURGERY. 

THE charter or the act of the Legislature of Ohio by 
which Ohio College of Dental Surgery came into 
legal existence was passed January 24, 1845, and con- 
stituted Drs. B. P. Aydelott, Robert Buchanan, Israel 
M. Dodge, William Johnson, J. P. Cornell, and Calvin 
Fletcher, of Cincinnati ; Dr. G. P. Hampstead, of Ports- 
mouth ; and Dr. Samuel Martin, of Xenia, and their suc- 
cessors, a board of trustees, with power to establish a 
college of dental surgery in the city of Cincinnati. 

In the spring of 1843 the trustees met and organized 
by appointing B. P. Aydelott, M. D., D. D., president, 
and Israel M. Dodge, M. D., secretary. They then 
completed the organization of the Ohio College of Dental 
Surgery by the creation of the following departments : 
Dental anatomy and physiology, Jesse M. Cook, M. D., 
D. D. S., professor; dental pathology and therapeutics, 
M. Rogers, M. D., D. D. S., was elected professor; 
practical dentistry and pharmacy, James Taylor, M. D., 
D. D. S., professor; demonstrator of anatomy, Jesse P. 
Judkins, M. D. ; Professor Taylor discharged the duties 
of demonstrator of practical anatomy. 



Ohio College of Dental Sur(jery. 



329 



The faculty elected Prof. Cook dean. He issued 
the first annual announcement, and the college session 
for its first course of lectures opened on the first Monday 
of November, 1845, and closed on or about the 30th of 
February, 1846, four young men receiving degrees. 
President Aydelott delivered the opening address, con- 
ferred the degrees, and in behalf of the College gave each 

graduate a copy of the 
Holy Bible. Prof. 
Cook made the vale- 
dictory address. 

For the second 
session the venerable 
Christian philoso- 
pher, Elijah Slack, 
D. D., L. L. D., was 
appointed lecturer on 
chemistry, and, it is 
believed, delivered 
the first course of lec- 
tures on this science 
ever given to dental 
students. 

Founded at that 
early date, the Ohio 
College became the 
pioneer of dentistry in the West, and was the second col- 
lege of dentistry established in the world. Early in its 
history the College erected its own building on College 
Street, which it occupied continuously for nearly half a 
century, sending out each year men who became pioneers 
and teachers of dentistry in this and other countries. 
It has conferred the degree in dentistry upon nearly two 
thousand persons. In 1895 it was decided that the College 




■ H. A. Smith, A. M., U. D. S., 
Dean Ohio College Dental Surgery. 



J30 



Schools of Cincinnati. 



had outgrown its old quarters, and the school was moved 
to its present building on Central Avenue and Court 
Street. In 1888 the College was affiliated with the Uni- 
versity of Cincinnati, assuming, in addition to its old 
name, that of the Dental Department of the University 
of Cincinnati. The College is co-educational, having in 




The Ohio College of Dental SuKCiERv, 

' Dental Department of the University of Cincinnati. 
Court and Central Avenue. Founded in 1845. 

1865 conferred the degree upon the first woman graduated 
in dentistry. 

The College is situated in the center of a densely- 
populated city, drawing from more than half a million 
people for its clinical material. The clinics are made 
a feature of the College teaching. 




Harris Hancock, Ph. D., Dr. Sc, 

Professor of Mathematics University of 

Cincinnati. [230A] 

[Over] 



Harris Hancock was born May 14, 1867, at " Ellers- 
lie," Albemarle County, Va. ; educated under private 
tutors; entered University of Virginia, 1885; graduated 
in pure mathematics, 1886, with first distinctions in 
senior Latin and senior Greek ; took A. B. in the clas- 
sical group Johns Hopkins Univ., 1888, then entered the 
post graduate school and for two and a half years studied 
mathematics, physics, and astronomy ; studied two 
terms at Cambridge, England, under the leading Eng- 
lish mathematicians, Cayley and Forsyth, In 1891-3 
and '93-4 studied at Berlin, and in 1894 was the first 
American mathematician to take the A. M, and Ph. D. 
degrees in that institution. Taught mathematics in 
Univ. of Chicago, 1893-9. Being given leave of absence, 
he studied at the Sorbonne (University of Paris) during 
1899-1900, and in 1901 was again the first American 
mathematician to take the Doctor's degree at Paris. 
His published works are : " The Calculus of Variations," 
"Minimal Surfaces," "Abelian Functions," "Modular 
Systems," " Extended Realms of Rationalitv," etc, 

[230B] 



The University Organization, 



CHAPTER XXVIII. 

THE UNIVERSITY ORGANIZATION. 

THE University of Cincinnati was established under an 
act which became a hiw April i6, 1870. On March 
14, 1871, the Common Council passed an ordinance "to 
provide for the University of Cincinnati," the first section 
of which reads : 

"That the Board of Directors established by the or- 
dinance passed December 13, 1859, to provide for the 
devise of Charles McMicken to the city of Cincinnati, 
are hereby authorized and directed to transfer and deliver 
over all the estate, property, funds, and claims held or 
controlled by them, and all books and papers relating to 
the same, to the Board of Directors established by act, 
passed April 16, 1870, and elected by said Common 
Council, December, 1870, and the custody, management, 
and entire administration and control thereof shall hence- 
forth be intrusted to said last-mentioned board, subject 
to the provisions of the last will of the said Charles Mc- 
Micken and of the act aforesaid." 

Previous to April 16, 1870, the institution was 
known as "McMicken University." and the monument 
in Spring Grove Cemetery states that the benefactor was 
the founder of " McMicken University." 

Here is the meeting of the first board of directors : 
"Council Chamber, Cin., Dec, 30, 1859. 

" Pursuant to an order of R. M. Bishop, mayor of the 
city of Cincinnati, Messrs. Rufus King, James Wilson, 
Miles Greenwood, Dr. C. G. Comegys, Henry F. Handy, 



Schools of Cincinnati. 



and G. B. Hollister, directors of the McMicken Univer- 
sity elected by the city council, met in the Council 
Chamber in said city on Friday, December 30, 1859, for 
the purpose of organizing said board." 

At this meeting Mayor Bishop was temporary chair- 
man, and Mr. Hollister temporary secretary. Lots were 
drawn as to term of service, as follows: Wilson, six 

years ; Comegys, five ; 
Greenwood, four ; King, 
three ; Handy, two ; 
Hollister, one, January 
V 13, i860, T. B. Disney 

was elected clerk (at the 
second meeting) ; Rufus 
King was elected presi- 
dent at the first meeting. 
The first effort of 
the board was to honor 
Charles McMicken by 
having an oil portrait 
made. At the meeting 
of January 31, i860, a 
formal demand was made 
on Wm. Wiswell for a 
Oscar W. Kuhn, portrait of Mr. McMic- 

Chairman University Board Since ken, which portrait, it 
January i, 1897. was held, belonged to the 

city. The picture was 
never secured, the heirs refusing to allow the city to have 
one. For forty years efforts were made to get a copy of 
this picture, but all failed until the writer secured the one 
shown on page 213. This was in April, 1902. 

Considerable time was spent by the board in making 
an inventory of the property and in having it repaired. 




The Universitv Organization. 233 

There not being money enough to organize the University, 
the board resolved to open a free night high school the 
first Monday in November, 1863, and continue it to the 
first Monday in March, 1864. The school was to meet 
in rooms at Third and Main. Little is known of the 
venture, but it could not have been very successful, if it 
started at all, as the records are silent about it, and no one 
seems to have ever been paid for teaching ; hence for 
for several years " McMicken University" was merely a 
name. 

In 1866 C. T. Webber, assisted by another artist, 
I. Quick, opened the "McMicken School of Design" at 
Third and Main. Both workedgratuitously, andthe school 
prospered to such an extent that it was felt that it should 
be a permanent institution. Day and evening sessions 
were held. December 11, 1868, it was decided to open 
the permanent School of Design as a day school, and 
limit the JDupils to 60. Thomas S. Noble was elected 
principal. The first term opened Monday, January 4, 
1869. Instruction was free. Later this school had night 
sessions. Sessions were held at first at Third and Main, 
and later in the Cincinnati College Building, Walnut 
Street, between Fourth and Fifth. This, then, was the 
"first department of the University. (vSee page 180.) 

In 1869 a committee was appointed to report as to 
the practicability of the union of the various educational 
trusts in Cincinnat"i — notably, the Cincinnati College, the 
Woodward High School, the Mechanics' Institute, and 
the McMicken University. The union, however, could 
not be consummated, though out of the movement came 
the University of Cincinnati. The old board of six 
continued to meet until February 28, 1871, regardless of 
the fact that on December 26, 1870, the new board, as now 
constituted, met. The new organization was effected 



234 



Schools of Cincinnati. 



January 2, 187 1, and has been continuous ever 
since. At first the directors {19) were elected by council, 
the ordinance of March 14, 187 1, establishing the Uni- 
versity, containing the following section : "The annual 




Dr. C. a. L. Reed, 
Director of the University Since 1892. 

appointment of directors shall be made by an election, to 
be held on the first Monday of November every year ; and 
a meeting of the Common Council for that purpose shall 
be called by its officers annually, and had on that day." 



The University Okganization. 235 

By a later act (April 13, 1889) the powers of council 
were still further restricted, the section providing as 
follows : "A board of nineteen, of whom the mayor shall 
be one, and the others shall be appointed by the Common 
Council from persons of approved learning, discretion, and 
fitness for the office, six of whom shall be appointed from 
persons nominated to the council by the Board of Edu- 
cation, and twelve from persons nominated to the council 
by the Superior C^ourt. The term of office of each director 
shall be six years." 

February 18, 1892, an act was passed vesting the 
appointment of directors in the judges of the Superior 
Court, where it still remains. 

The board of directors to-day is as follows (terms 
expire January ist) : 

1. Walter A. DeCamp, attorney, 1903. 

2. Oscar W. Kuhn, attorney, 1903. 

3. Elliott H. Pendleton, attorney, 1903. 

4. J. M. Robinson, manufacturer, 1904. 

5. Brent Arnold, general freight agent, 1904. 

6. Frank B. Wiborg, manufacturer, 1904. 

7. J. Wm. Luhn, retired business man, 1905. 

8. Frank J. Jones, attorney and capitalist, 1905. 

9. Joseph C. Butlery capitalist, 1901^. 

10. John F. Winslow, attorney, 1906. 

11. Max B. May, attorney, 1906. 

12. G. S. Sykes, educator, 1906. 

13. John B. Peaslee, ex-supt. of schools, 1907. 

14. Edward Senior, distiller, 1907. 
If,. C. A. L. Reed, physician, 1907. 

16. James N. Gamble, manufacturer, 1908. 

17. Charles F. Windisch, brewer, 1908. 

18. Thad A. Reamy, physician, 1908. 

19. Ex-officio: Julius Fleischmann, luayor. 




RuFus King, 
President Board of Education, 1852-1865; Chairman University 



Board, 1871-1877; President Library Board, 1870-1872. 



(A36) 



The University Okcjanization. 237 

Officers of the Board. 
C/iair/iiai/ , Oscar W. Kuhn ; Clerk, William Henry 
Davis, Jr. ; Assistant Clerk, Christie Wilke. 

Chairmen. 

January 2, 1871, January i, 1877, Rufus King. 

January i, 1877, January i, 1878, Geo. Hoadly. 

January i, 1878, January i, 1881, S. F. Hunt. 

January i, 1881, January — 1882, A. Taft. (Mr. 
Taft appointed minister to Austria.) 

1883, June 16, 1890, Samuel F. Hunt. 

June 16, 1890, Feb. 10, 1896, Dr. C. G. Comegys. 

February, 1896, January i, 1897, Frank J. Jones. 

January i, 1897, to present, Oscar W. Kuhn. 

Since the University organized (1870) the following 
have been on the board : 

Anderson, Larz. Dodds, Ozro J. 

Anderson, William P. Dowling, Francis. 

Arnold, Brent. DeCamp, W. A. 

Butler, Jos. C. Ferry, Francis. 

Baldwin, Ward. Fishburn, CD. 

Ballauf, Louis. Frazer, Abner L. 

Benedict, A. B. Fleischmann, Julius. 

• Bliss, E. F. Groesbeck, W. S. 

Brown, James. Gamble, James N. 

Bruehl, Gustav. Haacke, Henry. 

Buchwalter, M. L. Hadden, L. M. 

Carbery, J. P. Hagans, M. B. 

Caldwell, John. A. Hassaurek, Frederick. 

Comegys, C. G. Hinkle, A. Howard. 

Cox, J. D. Hoadly, George. 
Cunningham, Briggs S. Hollister, George. 

Davis, S. S. Hooper, William. 

Dawson, W. W. Hunt, Samuel F. 



238 



Schools of Cincinnati. 



Ingalls, M. E. 
Jacob, Jr., Charles. 
Johnston, G. W. C. 
Jones, Frank J. 
King, Rufus. 



Kuhn, Oscar W. 
Lilienthal, M. 
Long, Alexander. 
Luhn, J. W. 
Mallon, Patrick. 




Frank W. Stevenson, 
Gold Medal Winner (Mathematics) Hughes, 1888. 



Mattox, H. H. 
May, Max B. 

McAlpin, William. 
McGuflFey, Alexander. 
McMasters, William. 



Mills, Lewis E. 
Minor, T. C. 
Morgan, William H. 
Mosby, John B. 
Murphy, John A. 



The University Organization. 



539 



Means, William. 
Pearce, Henry. 
Procter, W. A. 
Peaslee, John B. 
Pendleton, E. H. 
Peck, Hiram D. 
Ramsey, Wm. M 
Reed, C. A. L. 
Reamy, Thad A. 
Robertson, C. D. 
Robinson, J. M. 
Seasongood, Lewis. 
Sykes, G. S. 
Smith, Jr., Amor. 
Schmidlapp, J. G. 
Stallo, John B. 
Stallo, Edmund K. 
Senior, Edward. 



Stephens, Thomas J. 
Storer, Bellamy. 
Strunk, William. 
Taft, Alphonso. 
Tafel. Gustav, 
Vickers, Thomas. 
Wells, J. D. 
White, Emerson E. 
Wilson, A. J. 
Wilson, Moses F. 
Wise, Isaac M. 
Winslow, John F. 
Woods, John S. 
Windisch, Charles F. 
Worthington, William. 
Wiborg, Frank B. 
Young, Thomas. 



Meeting Places. 
The present University Board has had various meet- 
ing places, as follows : In council chamber, mayor's office ; 
in the McMicken property. Third and Main ; in the Uni- 
versity building (now Ohio Medical College building) ; 
rooms 15 and 16, Wiggins Block, Fifth and Vine ; in the 
Potter building, Fourth and Race ; and finally in the City 
Hall (1893). 

Clerks. 

January 13, i860, to September, 1884, F. B. Disney. 
January i, 1885, to December 16, 1900, J. F. Wright. 
February 18, 1901, to present, Wm. Henry Davis, Jr. 

The following advertisement appeared in the Cin- 
c'uiiiat'i Commercial , August 2, 1873 : 



240 Schools of Cincinnati. 

" Educational. 

"The University of Cincinnati will open classes at 
Woodward High vSchool building on Monday, the 15th 
day of September next. 

"For the present, classes will be formed in the studies 
of the first year of the University course only, etc." 

This advertisement is accepted as conclusive evidence 
that Woodward High School building was the place of 
organization of the academic department. Rev. Frank 
G. McFarlan was the only member of the first class to 
graduate from the University (1877). 

Speaking of his experiences, Mr. McFarlan says : 
" A thesis was written and accepted by the faculty. The 
trustees granted the degree B. A. A diploma in regular 
form was not given, because a form of diploma had not 
been adopted, but a statement to the effect that the Uni- 
versity had conferred the degree was written by Hon. 
Rufus King, chairman of the board of trustees, and 
signed also by T. B. Disney, clerk of the board. There 
were no public exercises held, as the program would have 
been too short. A year later the paper signed by Mr. 
King was exchanged for a diploma in regular form." 



CHAPTER XXIX. 

ASA VAN WORMKR. 

ASA VAN WORMER, the donor of the Van Wormer 
Library, was born June 2, 1818, in a little village 
about 18 miles from Utica, Oneida County, N. Y. His 
father was a stonemason, of Dutch descent. He was a 
poor man and worked in the vicinity of his home, and on 



Asa Van Wormkh. 



241 



many public improvements, notably the great Iloosac Tun- 
nel. Just when the elder Van Wormer left Holland is 
not known with certainty, thougli it was several years 
before Asa was born. 




Rev. Frank G. McFarlan, 

The First Graduate of the Academic Depart- 
ment of the Universitj (1877). 

In 1819, when Asa was one year and ten days old, the 
Van Wormer family set out for the West. They traveled 
by wagon to Pittsburg, where a boat was purchased and 

[16] 



242 Schools of Cincinnati. 

the trip down the Ohio begun. The first stop was at 
Portsmouth, where a stay of three weeks was made ; next 
came California, just above Cincinnati, and finally the 
mouth of the great Miami, 22 miles below here, saw the 
end of the trip. 

One day William Henry Harrison called at the boat. 
He had heard that Mr. Wormer was a stonemason, and 
he needed such a man. The result was that a contract 
was made, and for five years the family lived at North 
Bend. September 27, 1832, the father died of cholera, 
and Asa, a lad of fourteen, went to live with Mrs. Judge 
Silver. There he remained for eleven months, when one 
night he came to Cincinnati on a sightseeing trip with 
two fishermen. He repeated the trip three weeks later, 
and the second time remained. His stock of money con- 
sisted of thirteen cents, and he determined to look fcr 
work. He thus virtually took afl'airs into his own hands 
and was looked upon as a runaway boy. 

The young Van Wormer was first employed by a 
contractor named Knight, and for thirteen months drove 
a horse and cart, engaged in excavating cellars on Fifth, 
between Main and Walnut, south side. The next employ- 
ment was as drayman for Bolton & Kelly, where he re- 
mained for fifteen months, doing miscellaneous hauling 
for stores. Then he went with Jones & Taylor, who kept 
a salt store at Walnut and Canal, sole agents for the 
Kanawha Salt Works. Here he remained for two years 
as drayman, hauling salt from the river. Finally he was 
engaged by Thomas Manual, a Scotchman, who dealt 
largely in butter and eggs. There Mr. Van Wormer 
received his business training and secured the nucleus 
of his fortune. Mr, Manual died, and the subject of this 
sketch went to St. Louis, where he remained one year, 
trying the butter and egg business, shipping to New Or- 




Asa Van Wormer, 

Donor of the Van Wormer Library. From the Painting: by Webber. 
The Picture Shows Mr. Van Wormer in his Eighty-fourth Year. 

(243) 



244 Schools of Cincinnati, 

leans. In 1852 he returned to this city, and with a part- 
ner named Joseph Cunningham started a butter and egg 
business in cellars on Court Street. Mr. Van Wormer 
soon bought out his partner, and rented the building, ^^ 
Court, now No. 35 East Court (new number). Before 
inany years he purchased it, and lived over his storeroom, 
staying there seventeen years. Since 1865 Mr. Van Wor- 
mer has occupied his farm on the west side of Winton 
Road, northeast of Winton Place. 

In 1840 Mr. Van Wormer had married Miss Julia 
Ann Sagerty, of Lebanon, O. The ceremony took place 
at Trinity M. E. Church, on Ninth Street this city, for 
Mr, Van Wormer was an attendant upon the Methodist 
Church, though never a member. No children were born, 
Mrs. Van Wormer died October 24, 1897. One year 
and seven days later, Oct. 31, 1898, Judge John R, 
Sayler announced to the University Board that Mr. Van 
Wormer had given street railroad stock to the par value 
of $50,000, to erect a library in memory of his wife. 
The donor provided for the following tablet : 

" Erected with money given by Asa Van Wormer, 
in memory of his wife, Julia Ann Van Wormer." 

The building was begun the next spring, and was 
occupied May I, 1901. Judge Sayler selected the design. 
It is a magnificent structure, and one of the handsomest 
college buildings in this country. 

Mr. Van Wormer, when asked how he came to make 
his gift, replied that he had been blessed with plenty, and 
he thought, as he made his money in this community, it 
was only right to give the public the benefit of some of 
it. It seems that some years ago several prominent busi- 
ness men were discussing the needs of the University, 
when C, H, Kellogg, vice-president of the Third National 
Bank, suggested to Mr, Van Wormer that he make a 



Asa Van Wormer. 



245 



donation. This idea grew, and Mr. Van Wormer added 
a codicil to his will, providing for the completion of the 
main building. On returning from a trip to California 
he found that Briggs S. Cunningham had done what he 




Twenty-second District School, 

Exhibited at the Paris Exposition in 1900. 

Locust and Melrose Streets, Walnut Hills ; Erected 1872 ; 

Cost $75,000; 20 Rooms, Seats 1054 Pupils; J. P. 

Cummins, Principal ; Dr. F. G. Cross, Trustee. 

had intended to do, so the library was decided upon after 
a consultation with John Kilgour and Judge Sayler. 
Mr. Van Wormer wanted to see the building completed, 
hence he provided for its erection at once. 



346 Sciiooi.s OF Cincinnati. 

In the spring of 1903 oil paintings of Mr. and Mrs. 
Van Wornier were placed in the library, to be unveiled 
at the dedication. The paintings are by C. T. Webber. 
Mr. Van Wormer is represented seated in an armchair 
at his home on Winton Road. Near him is his favorite 
dog, Reuben Springer, and in the background his favorite 
black horse, Joe. The picture shows the subject at the 
age of nearly 84, a very strong and hearty man. October 
2, 1901, Mr. Van Wormer was kicked by a horse and 
knocked down. The hoof struck the left arm, near the 
shoulder, and the fall dislocated the right hip. Though 
slightly lame (April, 1902), Mr. Van Wormer walks with 
ease, and is as sprightly as most men at fifty. He has a 
nice country home with modern conveniences, and spends 
most of his time in taking care of it. 

Speaking of his school days, Mr. Van Wormer said 
that he had had three winter courses at North Bend, 
about nine months in all. Being actively engaged in 
business, he was never at a loss because of his early lack 
of mental training; but he believes in higher education, 
and desires the young to have all the advantages possible. 

"I never studied algebra, nor Latin, nor Greek. 
I never got that far," he said. I studied only the com- 
mon branches, and not all of them. I never studied 
grammar, but when it came to business, I was all right. 
My education was in the store, received right from my 
employers. I worked hard — for years put in 16 hours a 
day. There was one three years I never was outside the 
Cincinnati corporation line — had to work so. I never 
took any interest in politics ; never held an office, never 
ran for one. I voted for the best man, except in national 
affairs, when I voted the Republican ticket. I never did 
much but work. With the exception of three weeks, 
when I was in the Home Guards, I worked. The Almighty 



Asa Van Wormer. 247 

has blessed me, and I feel thankful that I can do some- 
thing for the general welfare. In 1885 Mr. Van Wormer 
retired from active business. 



CHAPTER XXX. 

THE TECHNICAL SCHOOL. 
E. K. Booth. Ph. D.. D. O. 

THE manual training idea, as a valuable element in 
education from the standpoint of broad culture, as 
well as the practical affairs of life, became a conviction 
in progressive minds during the decade beginning with 
1880. The desirability of establishing such a school in 
Cincinnati was urged from time to time, and the "Order 
of Cincinnatus" appointed a committee, July 8, 1886, with 
Col. W. L. Robinson as chairman, to investigate the 
subject and report upon the feasibility of organization. 
The committee reported favorably, and "The Technical 
School of Cincinnati" was incorporated under the laws 
of Ohio, July 27, 1886. The organization was completed 
October 35, 1886, by electing a board of fifteen directors. 
Col. Robinson was president of the board until 
December, 1888, when M. E. Ingalls succeeded him. At 
this time the school was in a critical state, and Mr. Ingalls 
came to the rescue and made its success possible. He is 
thus entitled to the credit of founding the school. He 
retained the presidency of the board until the union with 
the University. To Col. Robinson more than to any 
other is due the credit for originating the school, but Mr. 
Ingalls secured the financial backing necessary for main- 
tenance. 



348 Schools of Cincinnati. 

George R. Carothers was chosen superintendent, 
and the art rooms in Music Hall were secured, and the 
school was opened for the admission of pupils November 




Dr. E. R Booth, Fh. D., D. O., 

Principal Technical School from 1889 to 1899. 
Now a Practicing Osteopathic Physician. 

I, 1886. Work began November 16, 1886, with three 
pupils — namely, Robert J. Moore, Frank F. Miles, and 
Willard M. Smith. Eighteen were enrolled before the 
close of the school year, June 23, 1887. The second year 



The Technical School. 249 

opened September 5, 1887, and eighty-three were enrolled 
during the year. 

In November, 1887, the Commercial Club took action 
with a view to placing the school on a more secure basis. 
Money was freely subscribed. December i, 1888, a 
banquet was given by the Commercial Club in honor of 
Mr. Matthew Addy, at which more than $30,000 were 
raised, the largest single subscription being ,| 10,000, by 
Mr. Chas. Schiff, president of the Southern Railroad. 
Meantime, all Music Hall was wanted for the Exposition 
during the summer and autumn of 1888, and the school 
had a temporary home on the third floor of the Fifth 
District Public School on Third Street, between Elm and 
Plum. After the exposition closed the entire second and 
third floors of the north wing of Music Hall were fitted 
up at a cost of $13,345,31, and the school moved into its 
new quarters in February, 1889, there it remained till 
June, 1901. 

Superintendent Carothers resigned in August, 1888, 
and Dr. L. R, Klemm was chosen his successor, with the 
title of principal. In June, 1889, Dr. Klemm resigned, 
and Mr. J. B. Stanwood was chosen business manager, 
with the title of director, and Dr. E. R. Booth was placed 
in charge, with the title of principal. Dr. Booth severed 
his connection in April, 1899, having been away since 
September, 1898, on leave of absence. Mr. T. L. Feeney, 
acting principal, succeeded him. He and Mr. Stanwood 
served their connection in 1901, when the school was 
transferred to the University. 

The first class completed the course with nine mem- 
bers in June, 1890, five of whom received diplomas and 
four certificates. The largest class graduated (thirty- 
four) was in 1900. 

The Technical School, when first started, represented 



250 



Schools of Cincinnati. 



a distinct idea in education, new to Cincinnati. The 
management believed that "the whole boy" should be 
educated, and that intelligent manual work is not only 
valuable for physical and industrial training, but that it 




Whittier School, 

Osage and Woodlavvn Avenues, Price Hill; Erected 1894 Through 

Eflforts of J. C. Harper, Then Trustee; Cost $78,446; 

r8 Rooms, Seats 1,000 Pupils; Dr. F. B. Lyle, Trustee ; 

C. H. Porter, Principal. 

is one of the most powerful factors in mental and moral 
training. It fostered the idea of earnest, persistent effort 
day by day ; of self-control under all circumstances; of 
self-sacrifice when inclination stood across the path of 
duty; of independence in thought and action. It believed 



The Technical School. 251 

that much of the time and energy spent in school is 
wasted, even worse than wasted, and that much more, in 
the aggregate, could be done each year by a harmonious 
intermingling of hand and head work. It contended 
that the common studies taught in high school grades 
should be pursued in a more practical and scientific way ; 
hence its identity was as distinct in the study of history, 
of literature, of language, and of science as in its drawing 
and shop- work. It felt sure that the amount of work 
usually done in four years could be done in three under 
the proper conditions and influences, and at the same 
time it expected its graduates to be well prepared for 
college or practical affairs. 

The Technical School is now occupying the building 
recently erected for that purpose in Burnet Woods. The 
building is well lighted and supplied with all modern 
appliances necessary in technical work. 

Note. — The Order of Cincinnatus was a body of 
public spirited men who, besides feasting themselves most 
royally, treated the public to grand street parades and 
brilliant demonstrations, most of which took place at 
night. The " I-Tan-Nic-Nics " of to-day are the legiti- 
mate descendants of the order, although not intended as 
such. " I-Tan-Nic-Nic " is " Cincinnati " spelled back- 
wards. 

CHAPTER XXXI. 

THE CINCINNATI COLLEGE AND ITS LAW SCHOOL. 

Thornton M. Hinkle. 

THE ordinance of 1787 concerning the North Western 
Territory, the Ohio Constitution of 1803, and early 
legislation indicate a thorough appreciation of the neces- 



25^ 



Schools of Cincinnati. 



sity of education to good government and the happiness 
of mankind," and a determination " to encourage schools 
and the means of education." 

Tiiat this extended to the people of Cincinnati is 
evident from the act of 1807, incorporating a " Cincin- 
nati University " (apparently never heard of more) and 
subsequent acts of a similar character. 

The Cincinnati Lancaster Seminary. 

On February 4, 
1815 (13 O. L. 132), 
the legislature passed 
an act incorporating 
William Lytle, Martin 
Baum, John Kidd, 
Oliver M. Spencer, and 
other well-known citi- 
zens as "The Lacaster 
Seminary." This act 
g a \" e them broad 
powers to acquire prop- 
erty, but limited the 
amount to ten thousand 
dollars, and forbade 
them to apply any of it 
to banking. It author- 
ized them to employ 
teachers and provide 
for instruction, but di- 
rected that no political, religious, moral, or literary asso- 
ciation should have an ascendancy in the directory, and 
that no religious tenents peculiar to any Christian sect 
should ever be introduced or taught in the seminary 

It named as first trustees Jacob Burnet, Nicholas 




GusTAvus H. Wald, 

Dean Law Department University 
Since March, 1900. 



The Cincinnati College and its Law School. 253 

Longworth, Davis Embree, William Corry, Charles 
Marsh and Daniel Drake. 

The word " Lancaster " in this title referred to a 
system of education suggested in England during the 
eighteenth century by Joseph Lancaster, in which the 
elder pupils taught those of the lower grades. 

In 1814 a building had been erected for the new 
seminary on the east side of Walnut Street, above Fourth, 
in which it was hoped to conduct an extensive school on 
this system. The seminary was pronounced the finest 
building west of the mountains. 

This plan seems to have been first suggested by the 
Methodists of Cincinnati, for a denominational school, 
but later it was taken up by the citizens generally. Ten 
thousand dollars in stock was subscribed for its support, 
and a lease for ninety-nine years obtained from the First 
Presbyterian Church of the lot on which the building 
referred to was erected. 

This building, as described in the city directory of 
1019, was a "capacious brick building, two stories in 
height, consisting of two parallel wings, 90 feet in length, 
and connected by an intermediate appartment 18 by 30 
feet." This connecting part supported a handsome dome, 
designed for an observatory and a bell, and was placed 
between the wings 12 feet back of the front, in order to 
admit of a gallery and rows of Tuscan pillars. Later 
references indicate that these were afterwards erected. 

The directory of 1825 says that the wings were 30 
feet in width and that the intermediate building was 32 
feet front by 40 feet deep, serving as an entrance and 
stairway. 

The seminary opened April 17, 1815. It appears 
from the city directory of 1825 that instruction under 
the Lancaster plan was continued in the seminary and 



'54 



Schools of Cincinnati. 



its successor, the college ; that until after that year 
"averaging 400 pupils were taught gratis, the 
teachers having been supported for some years past by 
the interest of funds established by Captain JohnKidd." 
This John Kidd was one of the incorporators of the 
seminary. 

His will, dated September 22, 1818, and probated 

February 16, 1819, direc- 
ted his executors Joshua 
L. Wilson and Oliver 
M. Spencer to " apply 
and expend for the edu- 
cation of poor children 
and youtli in the town of 
Cincinnati" the rents 
and proceeds from a per- 
petual lease of lot 401 on 
Front and Main Streets, 
/ W ^it^^^^^^ to John Smith and David 

^^^P J^^^^^^^^^^ Lohring, for one thou- 
'^j^^^m ^^flHHJililHjHr sand dollars annual rent. 
* ™ , .^^/TT- •"•'■•^^f^ This was the first in 

a long line of gifts of 
this character in the his- 
tory of Cincinnati. 
The Cincinnati 
College. 
The provision for education thus made does not seem 
to have been sufficiently broad for the young city. The 
first Cincinnati directory issued, that of 1819, says that 
the seminary was " incorporated by the last Assembly 
into a college " by a charter with very liberal provisions, 
which was not yet in complete operation ; that Dr. Elijah 
Slack had been elected president, and that the faculty 




John R. Sayler, 

Professor of Law ; Ex-Judge of the 
Superior Court. 



The Cincinnati College and its Law School 255 

would be filled by the winter session ; that the funds 
already amounted to $50,000.00; that the Cincinnati 
Library of more than 2,000 volumes, the cabinet of the 
Western Museum, whose funds exceeded .14,000, and 
sufficient philosophical and chemical apparatus, would all 
be placed in the College Building for the student's use. 
It adds full particulars of the studies to be taught and the 
sessions to be held ; that Cincinnati was a very eligible 
situation for a seat of learning, and predicts that the 
" infant institution " bids at a period not far distant to 
rival the colleges of the East. 

It appears elsewhere in this directory that the Cin- 
cinnati Library Society and the Western Museum were 
organizations planned for the general good, and that act- 
ively engaged in each as managers were Dr. Drake and 
others, who were incorporators of tlie seminary and the 
college. 

The legal process by which the seminary was incor- 
porated into a college was the passage of an act, Janu- 
ary 28, 1819(17 O. L. 146), incorporating Spencer, Lytle, 
Burnet and others (some of whom had been incorporators 
of the seminary), under the name "The President, 
Trustees and Faculty of the Cincinnati College," with 
power to erect and maintain a college and with authority 
to grant any degrees that are usually conferred by any 
college or university within the United States. 

It permitted them to include the principles of moral- 
ity and of the Christian religion in the instruction given, 
but required that the religious tenets peculiar to any par- 
ticular sect or denomination should never be taught or 
enforced in the college. 

It repealed the provisions of the seminary act for 
the appointment of directors, and provided that the col- 
lege trustees should exercise all the powers granted to the 




Samuel F. Hunt. 



In 1870 He Introduced into the Ohio Senate the Act Provi<iing for the 
University; a Director, 1872 1890; Chairman Eleven Years; 

Speaker at Corner-Stone Laying September 22, 1894. ^256) 



The Cincinnati College and its Law School. 257 

directors of the seminary and apply its assets to the use 
of the college and manage the seminary's aft'airs, in the 
same manner as the directors had been authorized to 
manage them. 

It is interesting to note in this connection that on 
April 25, 1893, the Legislature passed an act (89 O. L. 
647) by which it undertook by the same process to abol- 
ish the board of trustees of the college, and to transfer 
control of its affairs and assets to the directors of the 
University of Cincinnati, for the purpose of carrying out 
the object of the college charter in connection with the 
funds and administration of the University. This act 
%vas held void by the Supreme Court of the State of Ohio 
(ex Rel. vs. Neff, 53 O. S. 375). 

It is also interesting to note that, notwithstanding 
the great ditliculty in raising sufficient means to support 
educational institutions, the Legislature, in each of these 
incorporating acts, felt it necessary to limit the amount 
of property to be acquired. 

The First Year of the College. 

The college was organized in 1820. Dr. vSlack was 
installed as president, and professors were appointed in 
every department of science. The library, the cabinet, 
and the apparatus just spoken of were placed in the 
building. Liberal subscriptions w^ere made, but little 
was realized from them, because of the financial troubles 
of 1821— 3— 3. 

The 1825 directory indicates that the Lancasterian 
department was still in operation, that 400 pupils were 
regularly taught in it during the last year, that the in- 
struction in the other department of the college, the 
average number of pupils being about 60, was conducted 

[17] 



'58 



Schools of Cincinnati. 



by three professors and one tutor, and that the income of 
the house defrayed all expenses. 

It adds that the students had founded two literary 
societies with the learned names " Philomathic " and 
" Erophoebic," both having handsome libraries and 
being in a flourishing condition, and that the college had 
contributed to the education of more than lOO students, 
with the guarded quaint commendation that "of this 
number not a profligate is to be found," 

The Suspension and Revival. 

In a few years the funds 
were exhausted and instruction 
was suspended. The building 
was used in 1833 as a cholera 
hospital, and later for the 
meetings of various societies. 

In 1835 new subscriptions 
were obtained and a medical 
department (soon to be discon- 
tinued) was established, and 
the literary department was 
reorganized mainly by the ef- 
forts of Dr. Daniel Drake and 
his friends. 

^ , . In 1834 Ormsby M. Mit- 

Former Dean of Law School : . ^ 

Ex-Member Union Board of ^hel was appointed professor 

High Schools; Now Gov- of mathematics, natural phil- 

ernor of the Philippines. osophy, and astronomy. He 

supported himself by popular 
lectures on astronomy, and to his efforts the city is in- 
debted for its astronomical observatory, to which he gave 
his services free for ten years. 

The lease from the Presbyterian Church for the 




Wm. H. Taft, 



The Cincinnati College and its Law School. 259 

Walnut Street lot had stipulated for gratuitous annual 
instruction of 25 children in the lower and 3 in the higher 
department of the seminary. 

Because of the failure to give this instruction for a 
number of years, the church trustees pressed for a sur- 
render of the lease. Litigation followed, which lasted 
for several years, in which the church sought, but failed, 
to recover the land. The matter was compromised in 
May, 1840, and the college released to the church the 
southern part of the lot and received a deed for its north 
140 feet. 

Dr. William H. McGuffey was made president in 
1833, and was succeeded by Dr. Thomas J. Biggs, 
under whom, assisted by seven professors, says Cist's 
" Cincinnati in 1841," 160 pupils, of whom about one 
fourth were in the college class, were then receiving a 
course of instruction as thorough in the great elements of 
learning, the classics and mathematics, as any of the older 
colleges of the Union. 

Dr. Daniel Drake, whose name so frequently occurs 
in all these matters, was a well-known man in the early 
history of Cincinnati, who was ever diligent in every 
cause that had for its object the promotion of the wel- 
fare of the city. 

One who knew him well has spoken of him as the 
" father of the Cincinnati College," and said of him : 

"He procured the act of incorporation in 1819, and 
from that time up to the time of his death, in 1852, he 
was deeply interested and constantly watchful of its wel- 
fare, and in doing whatever he could, very often at 
great pecuniary expense to himself, for the welfare of 
the institution." 



36o 



Schools of Cincinnati. 



The Law School of the College. 
The Cincinnati Law School was founded in 1833 by 
John C. Wright, Timothy Walker, and Edward King, 
made a department of the college in 1835, permanently 
located in the College Building, and thereafter known as 
the Law School of the Cincinnati College. 

Messrs. King and Walker were then partners in the 
practice of law. Judge Walker had recently attended 

the Harvard Law 
School under the bril- 
1 i a n t instruction of 
Justice Story and 
Judge Wright, then a 
judge of our Supreme 
Court ; had removed 
from Steubensville to 
Cincinnati, in order to 
take part in the or- 
ganization of this, the 
first law school west 
of the Alleghenies. 

Its first term be- 
gan October 7, 1833, 
with seventeen stu- 
dents, one of them 
Judge Charles D. 
Drake, a son of Dr. 
Drake and author of 
"Drake on Attachment." 

On January 19, 1845, the building was destroyed by 
fire, and the college was left in a crippled condition. 

The firm establishment of the public school system, 
the Woodward, Hughes, and other trusts for higher edu- 
cation, had removed to a high degree the necessity for a 




Thornton M. Hinkle, 

Trustee of Cincinnati College; Presi- 
dent of Pulte Medical College. 



The Cincinnati Coi.i.kgk and its Law .School. 361 

primary and collegiate department, and the law school 
continued thereafter to be the sole department of in- 
struction. 

Funds for rebuilding were obtained from subscrip- 
tions, from $10,000 paid by the Young ISLen's Mercantile 
Library Association for a lease of a portion of the build- 
ing for ten thousand years, and by a $25,000 bond issue. 
With this was constructed the present building on 
the east side of Walnut Street. The bonds were long 
since paid in full. In 1869 another fire seriously damaged 
the building. 

The Rufus King Beqjltest. 

Rufus King, the son of Edward King, one of the 
founders of the law school, was for many years professor 
and dean of the faculty. He died on March 25, 1891, 
and bequeathed to the college the sum of .$30,000 towards 
advancing and endowing upon the most liberal footing 
a professorship of constitutional law in the law school. 
He directed its safe investment and that the income only 
should be used for the purpose specified. 

The Union with the University. 

■ In May, 1897, the new University of Cincinnati, 
which had organized a law department in 1896, entered 
into a contract with the college trustees for a union of 
the two law schools, with a faculty selected from those 
of the two schools thus united, providing that the degrees 
should be conferred upon those passing satisfactory 
examination in the new school, by the concurrent action 
of the board of directors of the University and the 
trustees of the college. Under this contract, which is to 
continue in force for ten years, and may be terminated 
thereafter by either party giving one year's written 



262 



Schools of Cincinnati. 



notice, the law department of the University is now known 
as the Cincinnati Law School. 

The New Building. 

The trustees have just disposed of the Walnut Street 
building, have purchased a lot on the south side of Ninth 
Street, west of Vine, and will at once erect thereon, for 
the exclusive use of the law school, a building especially 

designed for the pur- 
pose, supplied with 
lecture rooms, class, 
club, and reading 
rooms, and all the 
appointments neces- 
sary and convenient 
for such an institu- 
tion. 

It remains to re- 
fer briefly to the 
many to be found on 
the roll of the col- 
lege, either as in- 
structors or students, 
and sometimes i n 
both capacities 
(many of whom still 
live), who have ren- 
dered useful and 
honorable services in 
city, state, and national affairs, and in the administration 
of justice upon the bench or at the bar. 

In addition to the living, the college may point out 
as her jewels among the deaa the names of Timothy 
Walker, his son. Judge Bryant Walker ; Judges James 




M. E. MocH, 

A Student at Hughes, 1867-8; at the 
Cincinnati Law School, 1870-71. 



The Cincinnati College and its Law School. 263 

Storer, Force, and Sage; J. D. Cox, Senator John W. 
Stevenson, Edward D. Mansfield, Rufus King, Charles 
L. Telford, and William S. Grosbeck among its profes- 
sors, and some of them also its students. 

Of its students, probably Senator Oliver Morton, of 
Indiana, the war governor, obtained the most prominent 
position, and yet it is not probable that he rendered 
greater or more useful services than many others to be 
found on the long list, some still living, now at rest from 
their labors. 

The Future. 

As stated in a recent catalogue of the,University, the 
benefit of the cause of thorough legal education arising 
from this union was substantial. The University has 
thus acquired a considerable endowment fund and a law 
department, " together with the advantage of the good 
will of the law school of the Cincinnati College and of 
its honorable history of more than half a century, 

" The endowment enables the new school to enlarge 
the course of study, and to come nearer to its Harvard 
model than would have been possible had the two schools 
continued separate." 

The Lancasterian System. 

Andrew Bell, D. D., an English army chaplain in 
India, adopted a monatorial system whereby he utilized 
the older pupils to care for the younger. Joseph Lan- 
caster (1778-1838), an English Quaker, seized the idea, 
and it spread rapidly over England. Lancaster is des- 
cribed as "thriftless, unmethodical, headstrong, and 
fatally incapable of working well under the advise even 
of his most generous friends. He died in poverty in 
America." 

Here are a few extracts from his " Epitome of the 





1 



& 



THE CINCINNATI LAW SCMOC- 




The Cincinnati Law School, 

About to be Erected on the South Side of 
Ninth Street, Near Race; Cost $33,000; 

Samuel Hannaford & Sons, Architects. (264) 





Harlan Cleveland, 

Dean of the Cincinnati Law School from July 2, 1902 
to September 10, 1902; President Board of 

Education, Glendaie, O. ^264A> 




William P. Rogers, 

Dean of the Cincinnati Law School Since October 
I, 1902. F'ormer Dean of the Indiana State Uni- 
12648) versity Law School (see page 551). 



The Cincinnati College and its Law School. 265 

Improvements and Inventions Practiced by Joseph Lan- 
caster " (publislied 1806-1813). 

"The monitor of each class keeps a list thereof, etc." 

"It is no unusual thing with me to deliver one or 

two hundred prizes at the same time, etc. The boys 

who obtain prizes commonly walk around the school in 

procession holding their prizes in their hands, etc." 

"On a repeated or frequent offence, after admonition 
has failed, the lad to whom an offender presents the card 
places a wooden log around his neck, which serves as a 
pillory, and with this he is sent to his seat. This log 
may weigh from 4 to 6 pounds. The neck is not pinched 
or closely confined, the log is chiefly burdensome by the 
manner in which it incumbers the neck." 

"When logs are unavailing, it is common to fasten 
the legs of offenders together with wooden shackles, etc. 
Sometimes the logs are tied together, etc." 

"Occasionally boys are put in a sack or in a basket 
suspended to the roof of the school in sight of all the 
pupils, who frequently smile at the birds in the cage, etc." 
" When a boy comes to school with a dirty face, a 
girl is appointed to wash his face. This usually creates 
much diversion, especially when she gives his face a few 
gentle taps of correction with her hand, etc." 

"The rewards and punishments before described 
have been tried for 13 years (in England) among many 
thousands of children, and have been attended with ben- 
eficial effects. The sinking empire of the rod is tottering 
daily to ruin, etc." 

" The monitor is not to teach. He is to see that the 
children teach each other, etc." 

" A method of teaching to spell and read, whereby 
one book will serve instead of six hundred books. Books 
should be printed in type three times as large as common 



266 Schools of Cincinnati. 

sized type, one page should be printed on each leaf, its 
parts should be pasted on pasteboard and suspended by a 
string or nail. Twelve to twenty boys may stand in a 
semi-circle before each card and read or spell." 



CHAPTER XXXII. 

OUTINGS. 

" npHE first river excursion of the Teachers' Club, Sat- 
I urday afternoon and evening, was a grand success, 
from 1,500 to 2,000 persons participating, in spite of the 
weather, which was threatening at times. Nothing 
marred the event, however, and it was unanimously 
voted a success. The down-river trip extended to the 
mouth of the Great Miami, at a point below North Bend, 
and about three miles from Lawrenceburg, Ind. At 7 :30 
the boat started up the river, going about five miles 
above Ft. Thomas. 

"The ' Island Qiieen ' was found to be all that was 
desirable, and the music furnished by the First Regiment 
Band kept the crowd in good humor. The interest taken 
in the dancing pavilion was a surprise and gratification 
to the committee, who all along argued that teachers 
could be sociable and even convivial if given an oppor- 
tunity. The select character of the excursionists was a 
guarantee of good order, and the river men stated that 
in all its history the ' Island Qiieen ' had never taken 
out a better crowd. Those members of the club who 
remained away made a mistake, and next year's excursion 
will brobably be a much larger one. 



Outings. 



267 



" The idea of a river excursion was first suggested by 
Principal Runyan, of the Twenty-sixth District School. 
It was immediately seconded by Principal Raschig, of 
the Tenth, who was chairman of the committee on 
arrangements. There was some disappointment, owing 
to the lack of interest taken by the Board of Education 
(only five of whom attended), but this is explained by 
the fact that it was a new affair, and naturally some were 




The Steamer Island Queen 

That carried The Teachers' Club on Excursions Saturday, 
May 18, 1901, and Saturday, May 17, 1902. 



slow in venturing out. Participants declare that the 
annual reunions at Odd Fellows Temple were greatly 
outdone." — School Life, Tuesday, Max 21, 1901. 

On Saturday, May 17, 1902, The Teachers Club 
gave a second river excursion on the " Island Qiieen." 

The Zoological Gardens, or the " Zoo" as it is com- 
monly called, is a favorite place for outings, not only 
tor teachers, but for pupils. The Board of Education 



J 68 



Schools of Cincinnati. 



some years ago arranged to give each school two dayss in 
the year for such outings, one in the spring and another 
in the fall. However, the custom now is to go but once 
a year, usually in the spring. May and June are the 
months selected, and in these two months each school 
takes its day. The teachers attend and are given credit 




Axis Deer, Zoological Gardens. 

All Public School Pupils With Tiieir Teachers Visit 
the Gardens Annually, Usually in May or June. 

for the day's work. The pupils are supposed to study 
animal life, and no doubt many do learn a great deal. 
The Zoo on these school days charges five cents admis- 
sion, and the street railway company gives a round trip 
for five cents ; so for ten cents each the children have a 
day's pleasure. The poorer children are usually provided 



OUTTNGS. 269 

for by the teachers, so that there are no disappointed 
little ones. 

Trolley rides have lately come into vo^ue, and par- 
ties are made up for evenings and Saturdays. These 
rides often extend as far north as Dayton, O., and down 
the river to North Bend. Points of historic interest are 
visited, such as the tomb of President Harrison at North 
Bend, the home of the Gary sisters at College Hill, Fort 
Thomas in Kentucky, etc. The annual meeting of the 
National Teachers' Association usually affords a fine out- 
ing, as does the Ohio Teachers' Association that has met 
annually for some years at Put-in-Bay. The desire for 
travel and sightseeing seems to be very decided, fostered 
as it is by the leading educational papers, by lecturers and 
by the various courses of study in the schools. The rail- 
road companies, steamship lines, etc., deluge the teachers 
with advertising matter and urge them to travel for rest 
and recreation. 



CHAPTER XXXHI. 

THE PUBLIC NIGHT SCHOOLS. 

Lafayette Bloom. 

IN the Eleventh Annual Report of the Trustees and 
Visitors of the Common Schools to the Council, June 
30, 1840, Chairman Samuel Lewis says : '* The impor- 
tance of evening schools for those engaged in labor or 
business during the day can not be overestimated, and 
we hope early measures will be taken to carry this part 
of the work into full operation." 



270 



Schools of Cincinnati, 



There was no diversity of opinion upon the part of 
the committee making the recommendation. This report, 
although dated June 30, must have been prepared before 




Lafayettk Bloom, 

Principal of the Twenty-seventh District 
School Since 1887. 

March of that year, or, if later, it was with a view of 
carrying into execution the law passed by the State Leg- 
islature, March 19, 1840, requiring the Trustees " to pro- 
vide a suitable number of evening schools for the benefit 



The Public Night Schools. 



571 



of young men over twelve years of age, who are, by the 
nature of their occupations, prevented from attending 
day schools." In pursuance, therefore, of this law, 
three schools were opened during the months of Novem- 




TWENTY-SEVENTH DISTRICT SCHOOL, 

Winchell Avenue, North of Bank Street ; Erected 1871-78-88-96; 

Cost $49,619; 20 Rooms, Seats 950 Pupils; Alexander 

Matthews, Trustee; Lafayette Bloom, Principal. 



ber, December, January and February, in the winter of 
1840-41. 

As shown by the reports of that period, there was 
but one teacher to each school. Pupils were required to 



2^2 Schools of Cincinnati. 

present written certificates from parents or guardians, 
stating their inability to attend day schools. Such certi- 
ficate was absolutely required, as it was thought that 
failure to enforce a rule of this kind would lessen the 
attendance of the day school. 

Superintendent Guilford (1851), cc^mmenting upon 
the work done in the night schools, says : " No one can 
visit these schools and witness the honest zeal for improve- 
ment exhibited by the pupils, who, feeling their educa- 
tion to have been too much neglected, are anxious to 
learn what they can by the scanty opportunities thus 
afforded them, without feeling the clear conviction that 
the funds appropriated for their support are usefully and 
judiciously expended." 

It was not until the session of 1855-6 that night 
schools were opened for girls. Rufus King, president 
of the Board at that time, says : " The experiment of 
night schools for girls was attempted in the First and 
Fourth Districts, and met with entire success. So far as 
we have the means of judging from the reports of these 
two schools, none of the difficulties occurred which -were 
supposed to render the experiment a delicate and doubt- 
ful one." 

The first night high school was opened October, 
1856. The pupils, before admission, were required to 
pass a satisfactory examination in Geography, Grammar, 
Arithmetic, Reading, Penmanship and Orthography. 
The course of study was arranged for a three years' term, 
or a series of three winters. Of the candidates examined, 
108 were admitted to the third class (first year), 
besides a considerable number who were admitted to a 
preparatory class. Of the number admitted, 18 were 
females and 90 males. Algebra, Geometry, Book-keep- 
ing, Drawing and Design, and Vocal Music composed 




Simeon Bloom. 



Graduate Woodward ; five years assistant in Sec- 
ond District School; for twenty years attorney-at- 
law (Omalia, Neb.), associated with the late Ex- 
Mayor Chase of that city. Ex-member of Board of 
Examiners, and former vice president of the Omaha 
Board of Education. 
(272A) 




u 



J3 



U H 






The Public Night Schools. 



73 



the course of study of the third or first year chiss. 
From the time of their organization, in the winter of 
1040-41, until the winter of 1858-59, the night schools 
suffered no interruption. In the winter of 1858-59 they 
were closed, but were reopened October, 1859, and con- 
tinued for the usual 
period, four months. 
During the Civil War, 
and for some years 
after, no night schools 
were maintained. 
They were, however, 
re-established under 
the administration of 
.Superintendent John 
Hancock, on Decem- 
ber 7, 1868, and con- 
tinued that winter un- 
til February 19th. 

The f o 1 1 o w i n g 
from Superintendent 
Hancock's report dis- 
closes the feeling then 
prevailing : " The re- 
sult of this renewed 
effort for the re-estab- 
lishment of this sys- 
tem of schools, after 
their discontinuance for several years, was of the most 
hopeful character. The difficulties which were encoun- 
tered and overcome by many pupils, particularly by some 
of the young ladies, evidenced a courage and a love for 
knowledge deserving hearty encouragement by the 

[18] 




August H. Bode, 

President Union Board of High 

Schools, 1902-3 ; Author of 

"German Readers," 

Ex-Principal, etc. 



374 Schools of Cincinnati. 

Board," Eight " Free Night Schools," including the 
night high school, were organized in different parts of 
the city. The night high school was held in the Eighth 
District, that being the most centrally located. Night 
schools continued to 1883. 

In the report of President Douglass (1883) is the 
following: " The appropriation for these schools was 
entirely too small, and, as a consequence, they were 
closed in the middle of the term. On this account no 
pupils graduated from the night high schools. These 
schools should not be opened the coming year, in 
justice to the public, unless a sufficient appropriation is 
made to enable the completion of the course prescribed." 

Owing to a lack of funds, night schools were not 
opened during the winter of 1883-84, and they remained 
closed until the autumn of 1892. 

In the Fourty-second Annual Report the Committee 
on Night Schools made the following classification of 
night school pupils : 

" First. Those who attend from a genuine desire to 
improve themselves, and who persist during the entire 
term . 

" Second. Those who commence with enthusiasm, 
but who soon become indifferent. 

" Third. Those who come from idle curiosity or are 
drawn by the attraction of a crowd ; who are visible the 
first, and perhaps one or two subsequent nights, and 
then disappear." 

It is true, as the committee says, the third class did 
formerly "cause much annoyance by hanging round the 
entrance gates of our schoolyards and there ' making 
night hideous ' by whistling and shouting to one another, 
and at every chance pupil whom they saw;" but since 
the organization of the night schools under the present 



The Public Night Schools. 



275 



administration, one may pass any of the buildings in 
which night schools are held and scarcely know that the 
building is occupied or the school in session, so free is 
the same from everything in the way of noise or distur- 
bance. To the aid and assistance of the Police Depart- 
ment is the better 
order and condition 
around and about 
the night schools 
largely due. 

Superintendent 
John Hancock 
( Forty-fourth A n - 
nual Report) writes 
upon the subject : 
" None but the best 
teachers should be 
employed ; and if 
enough can not be 
secured, then a part 
of the schools should 
be closed, rather 
than employ poor 
teachers. To secure 
these valuable re- 
sults, the best teach- 
ing talent and the most persevering industry must be 
required. Teachers below the medium can accomplish 
nothing, and money paid them is thrown away," 

Superintendent John B. Peaslee (Fifty-second 
Annual Report), referring to the same, says: "The 
principal cause of the falling off in the enrollment and 
attendance is the policy followed by the Board of em- 
ploying inexperienced teachers to give instruction in 




H. J. Haarmeyer, 

Member Board of Education 
1897-1900. 



276 Schools of Cincinnati. 

these schools. To make the night schools efficient and 
popular, only teachers of large experience and of high 
qualifications should be employed." 

The schools were reopened on October 15, 1893, and 
each pupil, before admission, was required to present the 
following certificate, properly signed : 



BOARD OF EDUCATION. 

Cincinnati, 



We, tlie undersigned citizens of Cincinnati, hereby 

certify tiiat , residing 

at No. Street, is of good behav- 
iour, willing to learn, and a proper person to enjoy the priv- 
ileges of the Free Public Night Schools, and that we will 
be responsible for the observance by him of the rules of the 
Board of Education, relative to Night Schools, and will 
make good any injury or loss the Board may sustain through 
his willful destruction or defacement of property. 

Signed Residence 

Signed Residence 



It was not until the following year (1893) ^^^^ the 
night high school was re-established. 

It is conceded by our far-seeing and wisest statesmen 
that upon the universal education of the masses depend 
the happiness, prosperity, and stability of republican insti- 
tutions. It is neither a sufficient nor satisfactory answer 
to say that all should attend the day school, which offers 
better advantages in every respect. This is simply 
" begging the question," because of the very fact that, 
without them, hundreds of the childrei:i of the poorer 
class would grow up in ignorance, and thereby be more 
easily led into wicked ways and make crime their regular 



The Public Night Schools. 



277 



occupation. Those that Iiave endured the pangs of pov- 
erty, and borne its attendant sorrows and sufferings, can 
adequately sympathize with that class for whom the 
night school is such a great boon, and can most fully 
appreciate all its benign advantages. Let no poverty be 
embittered still more by denial of the right. Rather let 

every facility for an 
education be at their 
command ; t h e r e b 3- 
will they and their 
offspring be raised to 
a higher level of civi- 
lization, and the Re- 
public gain in better 
citizenship and higher 
ideals of conduct in 
public as well as pri- 
vate station. 

Among other in- 
novations ina u g u r a- 
ted during Superin- 
tendent Morgan's 
administration was 
that of having night 
school four nights a 
week instead of five, 
the evenings selected 
being Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, and Thursday. 
This was determined upon after due deliberation, some 
members of the Board of Education favoring alternate 
nights. Experience has proved the wisdom of the above 
arrangement, it causing no interruption of work and giv- 
ing to the pupils requisite time for rest and other duties 
devolving upon them. 




Charles P. Taft, 

Ex-Member Union Board of High 
Schools; President Times- 
Star Company. 



278 Schools of Cincinnati. 

There are now two night schools, the East and the 
West. The one school was divided for the convenience 
of the pupils. Graduation exercises are held at the 
Odeon, and regular diplomas conferred. 

Note. — Martha Washington, 72, colored, is in her 
tenth year of consecutive attendance at Hughes Night 
School, and she has missed but two nights, when she 
was too ill to walk. Mrs. Washington walks with the 
aid of a cane. She lives on Pioneer Street, and every 
morning she goes to Newport, Ky., to work. After a 
day over the washtub, she walks over the bridge to her 
home, and then to school. She is always tidy and pleas- 
ant-faced in the schoolroom. She has been in the same 
grade for over nine years. Now she is becoming child- 
ish, but she learned to read and write, and she is so proud 
of the fact that she will probably continue at school so 
long as she can walk. 

Miss Alice Muller, a charming girl graduate of Cin- 
cinnati University, is Mrs. Washington's teacher. 

" This poor old soul comes to her school work in all 
kinds of weather," said Miss Muller. " It pleases her to 
be noticed. She seems to enjoy the associations of the 
schoolroom. ' ' N'cxvs itoii, — {100.2) . 



CHAPTER XXXIV. 

THE CARNIVALS. 

THE winter of 1894-5 began early and continued with 
severity. The financial panic of the previous year 
had produced widespread want, and many of the factories 
were closed. There was little for the toilers to do. 



The Carnivai.s. 



279 



The urgent demiinds upon the Indigent School Book 
Fund, and the many cases of distress which came to the 
notice of the truant officer, convinced the Board of Edu- 
cation of the necessity of prompt measures being taken 
to relieve the wants of many. It was suggested some 
form of entertainment be given by the schools to raise 

funds. 

The suggestion 
was adopted, and a 
committee went to 
w o r k . On every 
hand success crowned 
their efforts. Nine 
entertainments were 
given. The children, 
under the direction of 
the teachers, distrib- 
uted tickets, collected 
money, and a d v e r- 
tised far and wide the 
carnival. The com- 
mittee of the Board of 
Education aided in 
every way possible to 
the financial success of 
the entertainment, but 
special mention is due 
the late Christine Sullivan for her admirable direction 
of " Cinderella " at Pike's Opera House. 

So successful were her efforts that two exti^a perfor- 
mances were given, and then many failed to gain admit- 
tance. Thousands of children participated, and every 
school in the city had a place on the program. Every 
entertainment was unique, original, and varied ; and the 




Edward H. Prichard, 

Principal Fourth Intermediate 
School. 



28o Schools of Cincinnati. 

response of the public was unprecedented. After all 
expenses were met, a balance of over $7,000 was turned 
over to the General Committee. One-half of this sum 
was invested in shoes, stockings, caps, hoods, and under- 
clothing for the children. 

The committee spent the Christmas holidays in dis- 
tributing the materials to children recommended by the 
principals as needy and deserving. 

vSome few were disposed to find fault with the inter- 
ruptions to the regular school work ; but when it is 
remembered that the general school work was allowed in 
no way to suffer; that, if anything, the interest in the 
cause of education was greatly strengthened ; that hun- 
dreds of families were materially aided in providing their 
children with the necessities of life ; and that many of 
these children would otherwise have been deprived of the 
advantages of the schools ; it must be conceded that noth- 
ing but good has resulted. The carnival was a great edu- 
cator in benevolence. It aroused in the children a desire 
to relieve want and to awakened in them a consciousness 
of their ability to work for charity. The money realized 
(.$7iC)45.45) lasted three winters, and io,ooochildren were 
clothed so they could attend school. 

Second Carnival. 

The funds of the first carnival having been exhaus- 
ted, a committee was appointed, and another carnival 
was given during the winter of 1897-98. 

Every school in the city was asked to give some form 
of entertainment as a means of raising money for the 
relief fund. Every school responded. Some, in a finan- 
cial way, were more successful than others, but each did 
what it could, and every entertainment was unique and 
successful. 



The Carnivals. 



281 



Never in the history of the schools were so many 
superior entertainments given in so short a time and with 
so little disturbance of school work. Within a few 
weeks after the committee was assigned to duty, all prep- 
aration was made, the entertainments were given, the 
net proceeds were turned over to the Carnival Commit- 
tee, and a portion invested in suitable articles for the 




Riverside School, 

Erected by the Former Village of Riverside: 

Cost $55,000; Contains 8 Rooms; 

J. O. Beck, Principal. 



needy; $9,144.60 was the amount realized from these 
entertainments. 

Three thousand children were beneficiaries during 
the winter of 1897-98, $2,405.61 having been expended 
for shoes and stockings. 

Five thousand dollars was invested in 3.65% City 
Refunding Bonds, leaving a balance for immediate use 
of $1,369.34. 



382 Schools of Cincinnati 



CHAPTER XXXV. 



PHYSICAL CULTURK. 



Carl Ziegler. 



SINCE 1840 physical culture has been an integral part 
of the curriculum of the public schools in the Ger- 
man States and Switzerland, and from these has grown 
a system of physical education that has extended over 
Europe and to this country. 

For the earliest beginnings of physical culture, in 
the public schools of this city, we must go back to the 
year 1857, when Superintendent Rickoff says: "The 
enterprise and liberality of individual trustees has resul- 
ted in the placing of a few parallel bars, horizontal lad- 
ders, and circular swings upon the play grounds of four 
of our schoolhouses." 

These were the First District, then located on Frank- 
lin Street, where the Third Intermediate School now 
stands; the Sixth District, on Elm; the Eleventh, on 
Clinton ; and the Thirteenth, on Findlay. Woodward 
High School had some gymnastic apparatus in the yard. 
These schools were all in what was then, as now, the 
German districts, and the apparatus was modeled after 
that in use in out-door gymnasia connected with schools 
in Germany. Superintendent Rickoff, in his report, 
further recommends that " provision be at once made for 
instructing the teachers employed in the schools in such 
a system of gymnastics as shall be adapted to the several 
grades in the schools, from the first to the sixth." The 



Physical Culture. 



^83 



following year the Board of Education ordered that five 
minutes per day be giv^en to calisthenic exercise. 

In the spring of i860 the Board resolved to make 
gymnastics a part of the school curriculum, and employed 
Louis Graeser and Dr. Christian for the balance of the 
school year, a period of about three months. This exper- 
iment proved so 
satisfactory that Mr. 
Graeser was en- 
gaged for 14 years 
thereafter. His sal- 
ary for the first two 
years was $1 ,000 per 
annum, then $1,200 
and then ,|i,8oo, at 
which i t remained 
until the position 
was abolished. The 
work done in those 
days was similar to 
that of the present 
day. The exercises 
were given mainly 
in the schoolrooms, 
and consisted of cal- 
isthenics, exercises 
with dumb-bells, 
and with rings. The instruction was given by the 
special teachers at certain stated intervals every three 
weeks, and repeated daily by the class teachers. 

Mr. Graeser's office was abolished at the close of the 
school year 1873-74. Although the gymnastic teacher 
had been discontinued, the rules governing the subject 
remained in force until 1883, when, owing to the fact 




W. S. Strickland, 

Principal Sherman School 
Since September, 1901. 



284 Schools of Cincinnati, 

that, without a special teacher to look after the subject. 
the same had been more and more neglected, the newly 
appointed teachers also having little or no knowledge of 
the subject, it deteriorated to such an extent that the rules 
were repealed entirely. During the interval from 1883 to 
1887 gymnastics were not officially recognized or taught. 
However, during this time William A. Stecher, instruc- 
tor in the North Cincinnati Turnverein, as also his suc- 
cessor, Oscar Sputh, both tauglit unofficially and with- 
out recompense for a time ; the former in the Normal 
School, the latter in the Sixteenth and Twenty-third Dis- 
trict Schools. 

May 31, 1887, the following rules were adopted by 
the Board of Education : "For the better guarding of 
the health of the pupils of Grades F, G, and H, from 
injury from too long confinement in their schoolrooms, 
there may be allowed to the pupils of these grades, at the 
close of every recitation, the space of five minutes for 
calisthenics and other physical exercise." 

December 19, 1890, Francis B. James, of t'le Union 
Board of High Schools, offered the following resolution : 
" That the chair appoint a committee of three to investi- 
gate the wisaom and probable cost of providing the 
high schools with gymnaseums and employ a teacher of 
calisthenics." 

This was done, and the committee made a report, 
which closed as follows : 

"First. That physical should go hand in hand with 
mental culture. 

" Second. That the training of the body, as well 
as of the mind, should be in the hands of competent 
instructors. 

"Third. That the age at which systematic physi- 
cal training will be of its most lasting benefit is from the 



Physical Culture. 



=85 



thirteenth to the nineteenth years in both boys and i^irls 
" Fourth. That systematic instruction can only be 
given with beneficial results in a large, light, and airy 
building, with proper appliances. 

'' Fifth. That unless physical training can be car- 
ried on scientifically, it had better not be attempted. 

'' Your committee therefore recommends that gym- 
nasiums be erected in ac- 
cordance with the ac- 
companying designs, in 
the yards of the Wood- 
ward and Hugfhes Higfh 
Schools." 

These designs were 
for buildings 30 by t^o 
feet, with a height of 20 
feet in the clear. 

May 14, 1891, Mr. 
James offered the follow- 
ing : ''Resolved, That 
the School Board of the 
city of Cincinnati and its 
Committee on Funds and 
Claims be requested to 
set aside a sufficient sum 
of money to provide the 
high schools with gym- 
nasiums, in accordance with the recommendations of a 
special committee of said Union Board." 

In response to this request the Board of Education 
appropriated $8,000, which was later raised to $12,000. 
August 31, 1891, a resolution to have the Hughes and 
Woodward gymnasiums built was adopted. Building 
began in 1892. 




Henry Danziger, 

School Examiner; Oldest in Point 
of Service on the Board. 



286 Schools of Cincinnati. 

During the school year 1891-93 the Turners organ 
ized in four societies, with a total membership of over 
one thousand, elected a joint committee for the purpose 
of bringing their project before the Board of Education. 
This committee sent the following communication : 

Cincinnati, O. Nov. 3, 1891. 
To the Honorable Board of Education, Cincinnati , O. : 
Gentlemen — The members of the four Turnve-- 
reins, or Gymnasia, of this city, desirous of having the 
physical well-being of our youth cared for, as well as 
the intellectual one, wish to impress upon your honora- 
ble body the necessity of a rational physical training of 
the pupils of our common schools. In order to give your 
honorable body an opportunity to personally acquaint 
yourselves with the various steps taken during a series 
of systematic exercises, with a view to developing the 
physical faculties of the rising generation, our three 
teachers of gymnastics, Messrs. Eckstein, Knoch, and 
Speidel, offer to teach gymnastics, without any charge 
whatever, for three months, and permission given them 
to devote at least fifteen minutes daily to each class 
receiving instruction in gymnastics. It is hoped, in case 
of your acceptance of our offer, that the members of 
your honorable body will witness the exercises as often 
as possible, and we trust that they will readily see the 
necessity of the harmonious development of body and 
mind, and vote for a speedy and permanent introduction 
of gymnastics into our common schools. 
Respectfully, 

Alfred Herholz, Secretary, 
Committee for the Introduction of Physical Culture 
Into the Common Schools. 

The Committe on Course of Study reported favor- 
ably upon the proposition, and instructors were assigned 
to schools. 

April 13, 1893, the following law was passed: 

" Section i. Be it enacted by the General Assem- 



Physical Culture. 



287 



bly of the State of Ohio, That physical culture, which 
shall include calisthenics, shall be included in the 
branches to be regularly taught in the common schools in 
cities of the first and second class, and in all educa- 
tional institutions supported wholly or in part by money 

received from the 
State, and it shall be 
the duty of boards 
of education of cit- 
ies of the first and 
second class, and 
boards of such edu- 
cational institutions, 
to make provisions 
in the schools and 
institutions under 
their jurisdiction, 
for the teaching of 
physical culture and 
calisthenics, and to 
adopt such methods 
as shall adapt the 
same to the capacity 
of the various grades 
therein." 

I n accordance 
with this law, the 
Board of Education 
adopted a rule pro- 
viding for a superintendent of physical culture, with four 
assistants. The department was put on a par with the 
other special branches, drawing, music, and writing. 
Carl Ziegler, of Cleveland, was made superintendent in 
September, 1892. 




Fred'k. E. Niederhelman, 

Winner Cincinnati Law School Cash 
Prize of $75 for Best General Grad- 
uation Examination, 1897. 



288 Schools of Cincinnati. 

In the High Schools. 
The gymnasiums for Woodward and Hughes were 
completed in the summer of 1893, the Union Board liav- 
ing voted an additional appropriation of $3,000 for 
equipment. This for both schools is the same, and con- 
sists of 16 chest weights, 6 pairs flying rings, 6 traveling 
rings, 16 climbing poles, 6 climbing ropes, 8 floor mats 
(4x6 feet), horizontal bars, parallel bars, vaulting horses 
and bucks, and adjustable ladders (4 each), one circle 
swing, striking bag and drum, hitch and kick, 60 wooden 
and 60 iron wands, 60 pairs Indian clubs, 60 pairs wooden 
and 60 iron dumb-bells, with all trucks, hangers, etc., 
necessary for their removal and adjustment. This equip- 
ment cost for each school $1,428, a total of $2,856. 

The Walnut Hills High School was provided with a 
gymnasium in the building proper (65x32 feet and 18 
feet in the clear), one of the finest rooms for the purpose 
ever opened. It has windows on three sides, which 
furnish abundance of light and air. The equipment 
is in every respect equal, if not superior, to that of the 
other schools, but, owing to the ease with which the ap- 
paratus was placed, cost a trifle less, the cost being $1,338. 
Instruction is compulsory upon all pupils not physi- 
cally incapacitated, and is given to all pupils twice a week, 
in classes of from forty to sixty, the sexes being separated 
for this instruction. Lessons are of forty-five minutes 
duration. In addition to the regular gymnasium work, 
games are taught, both to male and female pupils. Each 
school has an annual "Field Day" by themselves, and 
an " Interscholastic Field Day," in which all three schools 
unite with other (private) schools of the city to contest 
for superiority. In 1902 the teacliing force is Carl 
Ziegler, superintendent ; Adelaide Spills, Guido Werner 
Eckhardt Keller, and Jacob Rettich, assistants. 



The (jerman Department. 289 

Ex-Superintendent Graeser is now at the head of 
Graeser's Dancing Academy. 

In several schools can be found well-equipped gym- 
nasiums, placed there by teachers, or pupils, or public- 
spirited citizens. 



CHAPTER XXXVI. 

THE GERMAN DEPARTMENT. 

Jdhii Schwaab. 

AS early as 1840 the people of this State recognized 
the advantages of teaching German to their chil- 
dren. The result was the passing of the following act by 
the Ohio State Legislature, embodied in Section 4021 of 
the Ohio Statutes : 

' ' The board of any district shall cause the German 
language to be taught in any school under its control, 
during any school year, when a demand therefor is made 
in writing by seventy-five freeholders resident of the dis- 
trict, representing not less than forty pupils, who are 
entitled to attend such school, and who, in good faith 
desire to study the German and English languao-es 
together ; but such a demand shall be made at a regular 
meeting of the board and prior to the beginning of the 
school year, and any board may cause the German or other 
language to be taught in any school under its control 
without such demand." 

This law has never been repealed. Instruction in Ger- 
man in Cincinnati schools dates back, however, to 1S1.C.. 
The first attempts were made in connection with paro- 

[19I 



290 



Schools of Cincinnati. 



chial schools. Under the supervision of Priest Ilenni, 
later on Archbishop of the Diocese of Milwaukee, Wis., 
the German-Eng-lish Primary School of the Catholic 
Church on West Fifth Street was organized. In this 
school the pupils received daily German instruction, 
while in other parochial schools the German language 

w^as used in so-called 
Sabbath-schools only, 
for the purpose of in- 
struction in religion 
(catechism). The 
first teacher in Hen- 
ni's school was Dr. 
I>unte. In less than 
one year the number 
of pupils attending 
the school amounted 
to 150, the children 
of m any Protestant 
fjimilies being among 
the number. 

Another German- 
English school of 
Herman Knust, those days W'as the so- 

Elected Member Board of Education, called "Emigrant 
1888; Trustee Public Librarj, 1900. School," organized 

under the auspices of 
the Presbyterians, and supported by the " Emigrants' 
Friend Society." At the head of this Society was the 
late Judge Bellamy Storer, A German Pole by the name 
of Lehmanowsky was its general agent, and it was he 
who organized similar schools in a number of cities and 
towns. F. C'. F. Salomon was principal of this school. 
Besides him. Dr. Julius Schwarz, son of a Heidelberg 




The German Department. 291 

professor, and Julius Weyse were employed as teachers. 
Schwarz, a very eccentric fellow, \vhile almost ruining 
the schools, was nevertheless the primary cause of the 
introduction of German instruction in the public schools. 
While those who had charge of the school tried to find a 
remedy for the loss caused by the eccentricities of 
Schwarz, it occured to them to consolidate the German 
schools with the public schools. Petitions to that effect 
were sent to the School Board, but the Board refused to 
consider the I'equest, claiming that the aid of the Legis- 
lature must be invoked, and that they had no power in 
the matter; consequently the Legislature of 1838 passed 
a law, leaving it discretionary ^vith the Board of Educa- 
tion to introduce German, if a sufficient number of citi- 
zens should ask for such instruction. 

As the Board of Education was not inclined to con- 
sider the request of the people, the latter again went 
before the Legislature, and on the 9th day of March, 
1840, had the foregoing law passed, which made 
the teaching of German, upon proper request, com- 
pulsory. Messrs. Perkins, White, and Crane, of the 
then Board of Education, were appointed a committee to 
promulgate a plan which would satisfy the law. This 
committee submitted its report, which was adopted in the 
meeting of August 3, 1840. It reviewed the law, and, 
in obedience to it, recommended that " schools be organ- 
ized to teach children of German parentage orthography 
and grammer in their native language ; also English 
spelling and grammar in connection with the reading and 
writing in both languages, so as to enable those pupils, 
in the possibly shortest time, to enter the purely English 
schools, where arithmetic, geography and other branches 
were taught." 

W^hile this was not exactlv what the German resi- 



292 



vScHOOLs OF Cincinnati. 



dents expected, it was nevertheless the realization of a 
long-cherished plan. The committee also reported that 
they were not competent to judge about the school books, 
and that up to date only one German teacher had received 
a certificate from the Board of Examiners. 

First German 
English School. 
On the first day 
of September, 
1840, the first Ger- 
m a n -English 
school was opened 
in the basement of 
the North German 
Lutheran Church, 
now the Third Ger- 
man Protestant 
Church, on Walnut 
Street, between 
Eighth and Ninth 
Streets, Joseph A. 
Heeman being its 
first teacher. Pre- 
viously Heeman 
had served as teach- 
er of several paro- 
chial schools. 

The next ap- 
pointee was Henry 
Poeppelmann, whose active and successful work covered 
a period of over forty years. He resigned in 1885. His 
death occured in 1895. The work of Poeppelmann, as 
one of the pioneer German teachers, will never be forgot- 
ten. The well-known Frederick Gerstaecker made his 




Wm. E. Bundy, 

U. S. District Attorney; Trustre of 
Ohio University at Atliens, O. 



The German Department. 



293 



examination as teacher at that time, but he never taught 
in Cincinnati. 

On November 28, 1840, the second German-English 
school was opened in the rear of St. John's Church, on 
Sixth Street. The total number of pupils enrolled at 
the end of the school year was 427, with an average daily, 
attendance of 200; the number of teachers had increased 
to five. Concerning the method of teaching German, 
there was at that time a great variety of opinions. Some 
favored purely German instruction in all branches, others 
favored German and English instruction combined. The 
result was that on March 12, 1841, about fifty prominent 
German citizens presented an address to the Board of 
Education, in consequence of which the Board organized 
two divisions : " The elementary class, in which German 
and English were taught orally as well as with the use of 
books, and the advanced class, which was to receive 
instruction in English one day, and the next day in Ger- 
man." 

The promotion of pupils from the elementary grade 
into the advanced class took place at the end of the first 
year, or sooner if the progress of the pupils justified it. 
The pupils of the advanced German-English class were 
to be promoted to the proper English public schools after 
a biennial course, or sooner if they passed a satisfactc^ry 
examination in English. By the adoption of this plan a 
three-years' course was secured for the German pupils, 
in accordance with which German and English were 
taught alternately. 

Board of Education Unfriendly. 
The Germans might have been satisfied with this 
plan if the Board of Education had not at this time dis- 
charged the German principal, Heeman, and otherwise 
discriminated against the rest of the German teachers by 



294 



Schools of Cincinnati. 



reducing their salaries. The act of the Board caused a 
call for a meeting of German citizens, which took place 
onthe i6th of July, 1841. Edward Muehl stated the 
purpose of the meeting, and set forth the importance of 
a good elementary German-English education. A com- 
mittee drafted resolutions concerning the desires of the 

meeting. The pre- 
amble of this resolu- 
tion stated that the 
minutes of the last 
meeting of the Board 
of Education prove 
that the Board is 
not in sympathy 
with the • German- 
English schools ; 
that it tries to hinder 
their progress, o r, 
in fact, to discon- 
t i n u e them, by 
changing the sys- 
tem ; that said Board 
of Education 
showed its hostility 
by discharging a 
first-class teacher 
and reducing the 
salaries of others. 
The meeting resolved to ask the Board to organize : 
(i) a primary class, where nothing but German should 
be taught; (2) a middle class, under supervision of two 
competent teachers, one teaching English and one Ger- 
man ; and (3) an advanced or upper class, under the 
supervision of one German-English teacher who is able 




John C. Rogers, 

A Graduate of the Cincinnati 
Law School, 189=;. 



The Gkumax Dkpautment. 295 

to teach ami compare both languages. The meeting also 
passed resolutions demanding the same salaries for (Ger- 
man teachers as those teaching English. A committee 
of nine was appointed to watch the German interests. 

The Board of Education turned a deaf ear to the 
demands of the German population. This apparent hos- 
tility of the Board was severely criticised by the German 
press. The \\4ksblatt especially made it its business 
to show up the hostile and antagonistic feeling against 
the German population among the members of the Board. 
The result was another meeting of German citizens. It 
was decided to organize the so-called advanced or upper 
grade, which was refused by the Board of Education, 
and to raise the necessary money by contributions. It 
was also agreed to vote for such candidates for the vState 
Legislature who were willing to pledge themselves to 
vote for the passage of a new law which would compel 
the Board to organize so-called German-English public 
schools. 

In the meantime the above-mentioned committee, 
under its chairman, Schweizerhof, got permission from 
the Trustees of the German Lutheran Church on Walnut 
Street to use their schoolroom for the newly-erected 
third or advanced grade, under the principalship of J. 
A. Heeman. The rapid increase, however, in the num- 
ber of pupils soon demanded a removal of said grade to 
Cassett's house, on Main, between Woodward and Abi- 
gail Streets. ' The energetic conduct of the Germans 
caused consternation in the camps of their enemies, and 
the result was that the Board of Education again took 
control of the school and made it part of the public school 
svstem. Mr. Heeman, however, declined to serve under 
the Board of Education, and resumed his connection with 
the Catholic school on Thirteentli Street. 



296 



Schools of Cincinnati. 



Henry Poeppelinann was now intrusted with the 
supervision of both German-English schools, one of 
which was located at the corner of Ninth and Elm 
Streets (the former Emigrants' School), and the other in 
the First District, on Franklin vStreet, east of Main. 




Frank C. Zumstein, 
Member Board of Education, 1887-1891. 



Two teachers were added to the list of German teachers. 
In the same year (1843), for the first time, a Committee 
on German Schools was appointed by the Board of Edu- 
cation. It consisted of Messrs. Cady, Poor, andLathrop. 
In 1843 the German cause gained considerably by 



TiiK Geumanj Departmext. 297 

the election of Dr. Fred, Roelker as member of tlie 
Board of Education. The German committee was then 
composed of the members Cady, Roelker, and Cist. 
Previous to his election Dr. Roelker had served two 
years as English teacher in one of the public schools, 
and also as principal of the Catholic School of the Holy 
Trinity. He was eminentlv fit to serve as member of 
the Board, and the result was soon tiiscernible. 

Dr. Joseph Ray, president of the Board, says in his 
report of 1S44 : " Among the subjects most deserving of 
notice is that of the German-English schools. That 
these now form a very interesting and useful part of the 
common school system of this city is now admitted by 
all. Whatever the difference of opinion with regard to 
the proper course of study may be, it is generally acknowl- 
edged that they have thus far more than realized the 
expectations of their warmest friends. The German 
children in the elementary schools learn the English with 
aXmo^it the same facih'fy wf^ \^ no time were spent for 
teaching German." 

Naturally a voice of such importance had some 
influence upon the future of German instruction ; a some- 
what less hostile feeling was being noticed, and the 
result was the appointment of a number of German teach- 
ers. The school facilities had to be increased, and Ger- 
man was now taught in the basement of the church on 
Walnut Street; in the school on Franklin Street; in the 
church on Elm' Street, north of the Canal ; in the school 
on Clinton Street ; and in the school on Front Street, 
east of Deer Creek. 

In the report for the school year ending June 30, 
1847, President Hoopersays : •' The German schools have 
been well conducted, and appear to be under efficient 
teachers. One-half of the day is devoted to instruction 



298 



Schools of Cincinnati. 



in the German language, and the other half i.s occupied 
with the English. It has been remarked that the chil- 
dren acquire both languages with equal facility as the 
English alone, which leads to the very interesting ques- 
tion as to the effect of the study of languages upon the 
development of mind : this is referred to with a view of 

calling the attention 
o f those who may 
hereafter be in charge 
of the schools to the 
subject in the event 
of the adoption of a 
more extended and 
liberal system of edu- 
cation in o u r free 
schools." 

Why German 
Should be Taught, 
This is a grand 
acknowledgment. It 
is the first time we 
meet the expressed 
opinion of a member 
of the Board that Ger- 
man shall in the future 
not be taught on ac- 
count of the numeri- 
cal representation of 
German citizens, but on account of the development of 
the mind ; on account of the acknowledged advantage of 
language study in the education of our children. This 
alone is the proper basis of the demand for teaching 
German in our public schools, as every intelligent and 
liberal-minded man will tell you. 




John A. Church, 

Ex-Principal of Schools at Evendale, 
Springdale, and Carthage; Presi- 
dent Business Men's Club, 
1900- 1901. 



The Gkkman Dkpaktmknt. 299 

Hv this time the (German citizens were represented 
in the Board of Education by an increased number of 
members ; more German schools were established, and 
additional teacliers appointed. The result was most 
gratifying. Bellamy Storer, corresponding secretary of 
the Board, says in his report to the Common Council, 
dated June 28, 1848 : " These schools (German-English) 
are among the most interesting and important depart- 
ments of our system. They are thoroughly instructed 
and governed ; the teachers and pupils are emulous to 
excel, and among all who are connected with the schools 
that liberality of sentiment which should ever exist 
between the native and adopted citizen is not only 
exhibited, but practically illustrated. Whatever doubts 
may have heretofore existed as to the policy of establish- 
ing these schools, there is now, we believe, no ground to 
indulge them." 

From 1846-47 Lewis Weitzel was chairman of the 
committee on German ; from 1849-50, Stephen Molitor. 
For the year 1849-50 Henry Roedter was elected second 
vice president of the l^oard, and in the same year the 
so-called German-English schools were abolished, and the 
German Department of the various district schools was 
iiaaugurated. 

In 1850 the position of superintendent of public 
schools was created, 'and Nathan Guilford was elected 
to the position. While President B. Storer's report of 
that year contains nothing but praise for the German 
cause. Mr. Guilford simply mentions the work done in 
the different grades without comment. 

From now on we find a constant increase in the 
German representation in the Board of Education. 
Within the next few years Christ. Ziegler, George 
Frintz, Val. Eichenlaub, F. Oehlmann, Isaac W^ieser, 



300 



Schools of Cincinnati. 



D. Wichers, and Dr. Stephen Unzicker were^^'^elected, 
and by the year 1853 the list of teachers]was:fincreased 
by about twenty. From 1851-53 John Schig was 
chairman of the committee on German. 

The KNOw-NoTHiNfi Spirit. 
In the hitter year troubles arose again for the 
German Department. In certain quarters the feelingVan 

high against i t, for 
the Know-Nothing 
spirit had taken hold 
o t Cincinnati. I n 
1852 a large number 
o f German citizens 
presented a memorial 
to the Board of Edu- 
cation, complaining 
of defects in tlie course 
of s t u d y i n t h i s 
branch . A s p e c i a 1 
committee on investi- 
gation was appointed. 
Defects and serious 
inequalities were 
found in most of the 
schools, consisting in 
the use of every variety of text-books, various modes 
in classification and instruction, attendance in other 
than the proper districts, and especial notice was taken 
of tlie fact that the German classes were instructed in 
their English studies by German teachers. This caused 
a reorganization of the schools, the principal result of 
which was that German instruction was entirely sepa- 
ated from English ; that classes were transferred from 




Albert T. Brown, 

Graduate Cincinnati Law 
School, 1886. 



The German Defaktment. 7,01 

one to the other teacher at stated hours; a uniform 
course of text-books and studies for all German schools 
was adopted, the latter comprising the alphabet, spell- 
ing, grammar, reading, writing, composition, and 
declamation in German. Pupils residing in districts 
where German instruction was not afforded were, bv 
permit of the trustees, transferred to the nearest Ger- 
man school district. This plan, which took effect in 
the fall of 1853, was the result of hard work and per- 
sistency of the German members' of the Board of that 
year. After the adoption of the above plan, and at 
the end of his annual report. President Rufus King 
says: "They (the Germans) may well appeal to us to 
preserve between them that link without which all 
family and social ties are lost. This, we think, is fully 
accomplished by the arrangements just made." Mr. 
King, in 1889, told the author of this article, while 
attending law school, that he believes in teaching Ger- 
man in our public schools ; that he has always recog- 
nized its benefit, etc. ; which is sutficient proof that 
during an interval of thirty-six years he had no reason 
to change his mind. The above-mentioned plan gave 
the German Department a form which has ever since 
been in practice. 

German in the High Schools. 
The school years 1853-54 brought about the per- 
manent addition of a professorship of the German lan- 
guage in the high schools. We meet the name of 
Theodore Soden as teacher of German in the previous 
school year, but said teaching seems to have been experi- 
mental, for in his report for the above-stated school 
year Principal Ray, of Woodward, says : " As you are 
aware, it is a leading object in our course to furnish 
the pupils with that knowledge which will be most 



303 



Schools of Cincinnati. 



immediately useful to them in their business relations 
in life. This led you to introduce the study of the 
German and French languages, which are now I'egularlv 
and efficiently taught to about one-fourth of the pupils 
of the institution." 




Columbian School, 

Harvej Avenue and Union Street, Avondale; Erected, 1893-97; 

Cost, $77,435; 18 Rooms; F. E.Crane, Principal; Fred H. 

Ballman, Trustee. Exhibited at Paris Exposition, 

1900, as a Modern School Building. 



Principal Cyrus Knowlton, of Hughes High School, 
says : "A professorship of the German language was 
pcrinojioitly added to the school in February last by 



The German Department. ^o^ 

the appointment of Theodore Soden, a native German, 
as teacher of that language.'' 

While Superintendent Rickoff had not a word to 
say about German instruction in his lengthy report of the 
year 1855, President Rufus King again pays it a deserved 
tribute. But there were deficiencies in the German 
Department which were only noticeable to the German 
members of the Board. There was a lack of German 
teachers and also of accommodation ; in some districts the 
teachers were overburdened. The result was a report of 
the Committee on German-English Schools, which was 
presented to the Board of Education by the chairman, 
Dr. Unzicker, September 3, 18:;^. 

The recommendations were concurred in, and the 
desired relief granted. 

During the following ten years the welfare of the 
German Department was carefully watched by men like 
Rowekamp, Eckel, Lilienthal. Ballauf. etc., and the 
result was that in 1867 German instruction was estab- 
lished in the so-called intermediate schools. The gap 
heretofore existing in the German branch between the 
district department and the high schools was now 
bridged over, and better and more satisfactory results 
were immediately observed. In 1870 the number of 
pupils in the German Department had increased to 
10,440. President H. L. W'ehmer, in his annual report, 
June 30, 1870, calls attention to the necessity of estab- 
lishing a German Department in the city Normal School, 
in which request he was supported by J. F. Wisnewski, 
assistant superintendent of schools, who was elected in 
1 87 1 for the special purpose of supervising the German 
Department. In his second report the latter says : " In 
order to emancipate the German-English Department of 
the city from the dependence on European German 



304 



vScHooLs OF Cincinnati, 



teachers for its sustenance, the supply of whom is very 
fluctuating and by no means sufficient and regular enough 
to fill our wants ; and also to meet the question of the 
propriety of continuing to employ such teachers, it was 
deemed necessary to establish a German-English Normal 
School Department for the purpose of training German 
teachers." 

German in the 
Normal School. 
Accordingly, on 
the 35th of Septem- 
ber, 1 87 1, the Board 
of Education created 
the (jerman-English 
Normal School D e - 
partment, to be in 
connection with the 
English Normal 
School, and one Ger- 
man teacher was ap- 
pointed to take 
charge. Within a 
very short time 
twenty -five seats were 
occupied by female 
students. The suc- 
cessor of Karl Knortz, 
the first teacher in the 
Normal School, was George H. Borger, who died Decem- 
ber 13, 1882, and was succeeded by L. R. Klemm, who 
held the position for the remainder of the year ; and he, 
again, was succeeded by Mrs. Johanna Huising, who was 
till recently the head of the department. 

On May 16, 1876, the Committee on German De- 




Laura Heinrich White, 

One of the Fifteenth District School 
Teachers Who Died Recently. 



The German Department. 305 

partment was authorized by the Board of Education to 
cause the different classes composing this department to 
be examined by such examiners and in such studies as 
the committee should think proper. In pursuance of 
their order, the committee appointed the following : E. 
Kuhn, George H. Borger, and Johannes Schmidt. This 
plan, however, was soon abolished. 

Another important change in the German curricu- 
lum took place in 1882, when Judge F. S. Spiegel was 
chairman of the Committee on German. Of this Howard 
Douglas, the then president of the Board, says : "A 
very valuable and needed change has been made in the 
course of study under the direction of the Committee on 
German Department, of which Mr. F. S. Spiegel is 
chairman. This change consists in introducing transla- 
tion into all the grades of the district schools, which will, 
in my opinion, increase the efHciency of the instruction." 

John B. Peaslee, superintendent at that time, makes 
the following statement in the fifty-second annual re- 
port : " Years of experience in the simultaneous study of 
the English and German languages in the public schools 
of this city prove that the study of two languages so 
closely allied to each other results to the advantage of 
both. There is no discipline more perfect, no means 
more effective in inducting thought, than the study of a 
foreign tongue. These considerations alone would justify 
the introduction of a foreign language into the curriculum 
of our schools. The importance of teaching thai lang- 
uage which is the nation's tongue of many thousands of 
citizens, and which unlocks to our pupils so grand and 
noble a literature, can not be overestimated. So popular 
is the study of German in our schools that more than one- 
half the pupils are in the German Department." 

[20] 



3^6 Schools of Cincinnati. 

In the year 18S4 the enroHment shows the following 
numbers : 

District vSchooIs 16,047 

Intermediate Schools 1^943 

High Schools 251 

Total 18,241 




Sherman School, 

Formerly Eighth District; Location, Eighth near John; 

Erected, 1855-79-92; Cost, $66,543; 24 Rooms, Seats 

1325 Pupils; W. S. Strickland, Principal; 

Dr. J. C. Marcus, Trustee. 



This number alone proves that a majority of our citi- 
zens had taken the greatest interest in that branch of our 
curriculum. Nevertheless, attacks were always made 



The German Department. 307 

against the teaching of German, and have not even 
ceased to-day ; but they are of so feeble a nature that 
nobody pays any attention to them. Besides, the better 
class of people, those who take interest in and have judg- 
ment of educational matters, will not suffer any change 
in our present school system. 

The department that was inaugurated in 1840 with 
one teacher has now reached such dimensions that about 
175 German teachers are at present employed in our 
lower schools, and four in the high schools. 

The German in the lower grades of each district 
school is taught, as a rule, by lady teachers, under the 
supervision of the first German assistant, or German 
principal, whose duty it is to teach the German in the D 
grade, and supervise the instruction in the lower grades. 
In the intermediate and high schools almost all the 
teaching is done by the first German assistants. It will 
be seen readily that by this plan very little is added to 
the cost of maintaining the schools in consequence of in- 
struction in German. Altogether, we spent about $40,000 
for German in Cincinnati — the amount paid to the first 
assistants. The teachers in the lower grades alternate 
with the English teachers of even grade, and if the Board 
were to dispense with those German teachers, English 
teachers would have to take their places. By spending 
about $40,000 the Board of Education gives over 18,000 
pupils a chance to avail themselves of the benefit and 
advantage of learning a language that is of immeasurable 
value in an educational as well as in a commercial way. 
A large percentage — and that growing from year to year 
— of those pupils studying German in Cincinnati is of 
purely English extraction, and at the beginning of the 
last school year, upon request of our most prominent 



3o8 



Schools of Cincinnati. 



colored citizens, the Board had to appoint a teacher of 
German in one of our colored branch schools. 

The German teachers have various organizations 
among themselves. The First German Assistants' Asso- 
ciation has monthly meetings, in which educational mat- 




TWENTY-EIGHTH DISTRICT ScHOOL, 

Browne Street, West of Baymiller; Erected, 1880-87: 

18 Rooms, Seats 990 Pupils; Cost, $54,447; W. H. 

Remley, Principal; Wm. Fahrenbruck, Trustee. 



ters and all those topics of interest to the German De- 
partment are discussed. 

The German Teachers' Association consists of almost 
all teachers in the department. Its meetings, in connec- 
tion with the mixed chorus, consisting of about seventy- 
five voices, take place every other month. 



The German Department. 309 

There are also two general meetings of all teachers ; 
addresses are made by the superintendent ; and last, but 
not least, there exists the so-called German Teachers' Aid 
Association, its membership amounting to several hun- 
dred, and counting among its numbers many English 
teachers ; its purpose being to aid the sick and disabled 
teachers. 

The German Teachers' Relief Association. 

This society was organized on the nth of Sep- 
tember, 1878. August H. Bode was elected president, 
and Carl L. Nippert secretary of the first meeting. 

The society was incorporated according to the laws 
of Ohio ; and, in conformity with the articles of incorpor- 
ation, the following directors were elected : Carl L. 
Nippert, Julius Maas, Michael Kneiss, G. A. Borger, 
Fannie Schulz, August H. Bode, Louis Rothenberg, and 
Johanna Huising. 

The directors then elected the following Board of 
Trustees: August H. Bode, president; M. Kneiss, 
treasurer ; and Carl L. Nippert, secretary. 

The object of this association is to relieve teachers 
from financial need during times of sickness, and in case 
of death to defray the necessary funeral expenses. 

Any teacher in the public schools of Cincinnati may 
be admitted to membership in this association on pay- 
ment of the following initiation fee : 

To the age of 25 years, inclusive, one dollar. From 
the 25th year, one dollar extra for each additional year. 

The annual dues of each member are one-half per 
cent, of the annual salary. The dues do not exceed five 
dollars, if the salary is one thousand dollars or more. 
The sick benefits are one hundredth of the annual salary 
per week, but do not exceed the sum of ten dollars. 



3IO Schools of Cincinnati, 

Members who draw salaries of $600, $700, .$800, $1,000, 
or more, will therefore receive a weekly benefit of $6, 
$7, $8, $10, respectively. During the school year bene- 
fits for ten weeks only are allowed. 

During the twenty years' existence of the association 
about $600 to $700 of sick benefits have been paid annu- 
ally. The association has a sinking fund of $c;,ooo and 
a membership of two hundred and fifty teachers. 

Whenever a member of the association dies, $100 
are paid to the heirs to defray the funeral expenses. For 
that purpose an assessment of one dollar is levied when 
necessary. 



CHAPTER XXXVII, 

THE COLLEGE OF JOURNALISM, 

THE College of Journalism, founded in Cincinnati 
by Hon, Murat Halstead, in May, 1900, is an insti- 
tution whose object is the training of young men and 
women to become capable writers for the press. 

The demand for an institution of this kind is foundea 
on the fact that there are thousands of bright people 
whose educational attainments would fit them to become 
successful journalists if they only had some knowledge 
of the technical requirements of the profession. In the 
hurry and rush of a newspaper office there is no person 
to take the new reporter aside and show him how his 
work should be done. He must spend years " groping 
in the dark " in order to learn those " tricks of the trade " 
which alone indicate mastery of the craft, 

Mr, Halstead's position in the first rank of editors of 




MURAT HALSTEAD, 

President of the College of Journalism. He is Famous as a Traveler, 
Historian, and Writer. Former Owner of the Commercial. (311) 



312 Schools of Cincinnati. 

this generation easily gave him precedence for a work so 
important. 

The students of the College. are taught those essential 
practices which result in profitable newspaper making. 
They are given an insight into the procedure of a news- 
paper office, shown how the work of one department 
hinges on that of another. They are told what to regard 
as news, how to recognize news, where to look for it, and 
how to judge of its value. They are shown how to pre- 
pare copy, how to write stories, news, and features to the 
best advantage ; how to condense and how to display ; 
how, when, and why space should be saved, and when it 
should be used without stint. They are shown how to 
edit copy and how to form a judgment of news from the 
standpoint of the copy reader and editor, and are told all 
about the duties of heads of departments. In short, they 
are given systematic training which will enable a person 
of ordinary education to hold a place of responsibility in 
a metropolitan newspaper office. 

The success of the College of Journalism under the 
direction of Mr. Halsted was instantaneous, and more 
than three thousand endorsements were published in the 
daily papers of America. Headquarters are in the Perin 
Building, Fifth and Race. 



CHAPTER XXXVni. 

LANE THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY. 

LANE THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY was formally 
established by a charter from the Legislature of Ohio, 
February ii, 1829. Four years previous, the General As- 
sembly of the Presbyterian Church, in view of the rapid in- 



Lane Theological Seminary 



313 



crease of the population west of the Alleghanies, decided to 
found a theological seminary in that region. Allegheny, 
Pennsylvania, and Walnut Hills, near Cincinnati, were 
the chief competitors for the location. In 1827 the Gen- 
eral Assembly voted in favor of Allegheny. Private enter- 
prise laid the foundation of the seminary on Walnut Hills. 




Lane Theological Seminary, Founded 1829. 

In 1028 Ebenezer Lane, belonging to the firm of 
E. Lane & Company, doing business in New Orleans, 
ofl'ered. after conference with Presbyterian ministers and 
laymen in Cincinnati, for himself and his brother, to do- 
nate one-fifth of the income of their business for four 
years for a training-school for ministers. These gentle- 



314 Schools of Cincinnati. 

men were members of the Baptist Church. In 1830 they 
gave four thousand dollars in payment of their obligation. 

A year after Mr. Lane made his proposition, in 1829, 
]\[r. Elnathan Kemper, a Presbyterian elder, living on 
Walnut Hills, in behalf of his father, the Rev. James 
Kemper, his brothers and himself, donated to the trus- 
tees of the proposed institution sixty acres of ground, a 
part of which is occupied by the Seminary campus and 
buildings. 

The Seminary was opened in 1832, with Dr. Lyman 
Beecher as professor of theology, and Dr. Thomas J. 
Biggs, of the presbytery of Philadelphia, as professor of 
church history. Dr. Beecher, then of Boston, had de- 
clined the proffer of a professorship two years before, but 
at that time had said that the greatest thought which 
had ever entered his mind w^as the thought of educating 
ministers in the West and for the West. Further en- 
dowments from friends in Cincinnati were increased by 
gifts from New York and Philadelphia. 

The charter provides that " all the professors, tutors, 
teachers, and instructors shall be members of the Presby- 
terian Church, in good standing, under the care of the 
(jeneral Assemblv of said Church in the United States." 
It declares the design of the Seminary to be " to educate 
pious young men for the Gospel ministry." In accord 
with the doctrinal system and polity of the Presbyterian 
Church, the institution seeks to develop the religious 
life and piety of its students, and to furnish them with 
the most accredited results of evangelical scholarship. 
Students from other evangelical communions than the 
Presbyterian are welcome to its privileges. 

Candidates for admission are expected to produce 
satisfactory evidence that they are members in full com- 
munion with some evangelical Church, and are graduates 



Lane Thkoi.ogical Seminary. 



315 



of a college or university in the classical course. The 
requirement of a collegiate training will be waived only 
in exceptional cases, when, in the judgment of the fac- 
ulty, a sufficient ecjuivalent is offered. A certificate from 
a presbytery, recommending such an applicant to enter 
upon his theological course without the usual college 




Wm. H. Morgan, 

Superintendent of Schools August 12, i^ 
September 5, 1899. 



), to 



training, will be regarded as a ground for his admission. 
The course is three years and has special reference to the 
ministry of the Presbyterian Church. The faculty ( 1902) 
is: Rev. Edward D. Morris, D. D., L. L. D., professor 
emeritus and lecturer on Westminster Symbols ; Rev. 
Henry Goodwin Smith, D. D., professor of systematic 
theology, chairman of faculty, 1898-99; Rev. Alexander 



3i6 Schools of Cincinnati. 

B. Riggs, D. D., professor of New Testament exegesis 
and instruction; Rev. David S. SchaflF, D. D., professor 
of church history; Kemper Fullerton, A. M., instructor 
in Hebrew and the Greek gospels. 

Hon. E. E. White, ex-superintendent of Cincinnati 
schools, is president of the board of trustees. From lo 
to 12 students are graduated annually. 

The following noted professors have served the 
institution: 

Rev. Lyman Beecher, D. D., d. 1863, President 
and Prof, of Didactic and Polemic Theology, 1832-1850; 
Prof. Emeritus till his death. 

Rev. Calvin Ellis Stowe, D. D., d. 1886, Prof, of 
Biblical Literature, 1833-1850. 

Rev. Baxter Dickinson, D. D., d. 1875, Prof, of 
Sacred Rhetoric, 1835-1839. 

Rev. Diarca Howe Allen, D. D., d. 1870, Prof, of 
Sacred Rhetoric, 1840-1851 , and of Systematic Theology, 
1851-1867. 

Rev. George Edward Day, D. D., Prof, of Biblical 
Literature, 185 1- 1866. 

Rev. Henry Addison Nelson, D. D., Prof, of System- 
atic Theology, 1868- 1874. 

Rev. John DeWitt, D. D., L. L. D., Prof, of 
Church History, 1882-1888. 

Rev. Henry Preserved Smith, D. D., Instructor in 
Church History, 1874; Prof, of Hebrew, 1875-1893. 

Rev. Arthur C. McGifTert, D. D., Prof, of Church 
History, 1888-1893. 



School Architecture. 317 



CHAPTER XXXIX. 

SCHOOL ARCHITECTURE. 

Samuel Hannaf<ird. 

FROM a strictly point of view there is little to be said 
regarding the architecture of the school buildings of 
Cincinnati. It was not until some time about 1835 that 
the school buildings became in appearance in any way 
distinctive. From that time up to the latter part of 
1858 or 1856 there were erected several houses arranged 
upon a simple plan of four rooms per story — two rooms 
front and two rooms rear — divided by a central entrance 
hall, with two staircases. One side for the boys, the 
other for girls. 

These buildings were two or three stories in height, 
as the necessities of the district demanded; thus, a two- 
story house contained eight rooms, a three-story house 
twelve rooms. The arrangement was very simple and 
economical of construction, and for an ordinary public 
school-house can not be improved upon. Each room was 
on a corner, insuring light and air from two directions, 
and thorough cross ventilation. The dimensions of the 
rooms might be varied as necessary, without in any way 
altering the general scheme. In their external appearance 
these houses were of the classical style, but very simple, 
without ornamentation, in good proportion, andthey had 
the merit of declaring their purpose — they looked like 
school-houses. 

Some time about 1858 there came a demand for larger 
houses. At this time John McCammon was appointed 



3i8 



Schools of Cincinnati. 



superintendent of school buildings by the Board of Edu- 
cation, and, having an elementary knowledge of archi- 
tectural drawing, was called upon to prepare the neces- 
sary drawings, etc., for the proposed new school-houses. 
At that time the Board of Education, either from a lack 
of a proper conception of the value of professional servi- 
ces in connection with 
its representative 
buildings, and also 
the educational 
advantages of good 
architecture, or from 
absolute poverty, es- 
tablished a precedent 
that has been followed 
substantially to the 
present time ; and the 
remuneration that has 
been doled out for 
architectural services 
has been niggardly in 
the extreme, and it is 
but fair to say that 
up to within a few 
years past the several 
buildings erected have 
been utterly devoid 
of architectural 
merit. 
The first building erected under Mr. McCammon's 
superintendency was the Fifth District School-house, 
situated on the north side of Third Street, between Elm 
and Plum Streets. For many years thereafter, or until 
the year 1880, the same general style was maintained. 




Samuel Hannaford, 

Architect of University Buildings, 

the Observatory, Van Wormer 

Library, Music Hall, and 

Third Intermediate 

School Building. 



School Architecture. 319 

The buildings contained few conveniences, and in their 
interior and exterior appearances are extremely plain. 
They are devoid of any suggestions of art or beauty ; not 
a feature that w^arms the feelings or begets a know^ledge 
or appreciation of beauty. These buildings are, however, 
well and honestly constructed ; they keep out the weather, 
and thus afford an opportunity of keeping school. 

Previous, however, to this period of the total eclipse 
of art in our educational system, two high school build- 
ings had been erected, which were creditable examples 
of architecture, around which the memories of their pupils 
still fondly cling. 

The Hughes High School, situated on the south side 
of Fifth Street, opposite Mound Street, was built from 
the designs of John B. Earnshaw, and completed in the 
year 1853. It was a pleasing structure, in the Gothic 
style, and was a creditable architectural effort. It is, 
however, a sad fact to record that its beauties were com- 
pletely marred a few years ago by the erection of an ad- 
dition to its front, filling the entire space of the lot to 
the street line. It is impossible to conceive of a more 
homely facade than the addition, and the memories of the 
original building are fast fading away. 

Woodward High School building, completed in the 
year 1854, was erected from the designs of John R. 
Hamilton, an architect of marked ability. An English- 
man by birth and education, he adopted the Gothic style. 
The design was true and pure in its details, and consist- 
ently carried out. It was an unfortunate occurrence, 
however, that terra cotta was used instead of stone for 
the many architectural features of the design. Mr, 
Hamilton had traveled extensively over Italy, and knew 
of its almost universal use in Northern Italy, and strongly 
urged its adoption. Unfortunately, however, its manu- 



320 



Sciiooi.s OF Cincinnati. 



facture was then an untried process here, and within a 
few years it began to disintegrate in the walls of the 
structure, and it became necessary to cut it out and re- 
place it with stone. This unfortunate state of affairs 
brought the building into disrepute. Nevertheless, as 
an architectural design, it was eminently satisfactory. 




James W. McLaughlin, 
Architect of the Art Museum and Academy. 

It will be seen that the two high school buildings 
were erected under liberal auspices and with some regard 
to the educational advantages of good architecture. 

For the last few years the public school buildings 
have been creditable specimens of architectural effort. 



School x\kchitecture. 331 

Perhaps it may be complained of as being rather monoto- 
nous, but this is the ahnost inevitable result of one-man 
effort. Critically considered, they are in the main de- 
signed in that phase of " Romanesque " rendered so 
popular throughout the country by the work of R. H. 
Richardson, of Boston, of which the building of the Cin- 
cinnati Chamber of Commerce is a fine exponent. 

In the school buildings referred to this feeling is 
plainly discernible in the high, steep-pitch roof; the con- 
stant repetition of circular towers, in place and out of 
place; the almost constant use of circular head windows ; 
and the heavy, deeply-recessed, arched doorways, as well 
as in the use of the peculiar carvings introduced, wherein 
the surface is crowded to the utmost with heavy interlac- 
ing foliage ; nearly always lacking in refinement and 
often semi-barbarious. Of all well-defined- styles of 
architecture, or their variants, there is not one so ill- 
adapted to the demands of school architecture as the one 
under consideration, and it is only by doing violence to 
the very instincts of the style that it can in an}^ way 
be reconciled or adapted to school-house purposes. 

Up to the present " fire-proof "or " slow-burning '' 
construction has not been used, except in connection with 
staircases and corridors. Our school buildings do not ex- 
ceed three stories in height, and should never do so ; 
indeed, it is a question whether they should ever exceed 
two stories in .height. If more, they should be of fire- 
proof construction throughout. This is, however, very 
much more costly in construction, and it is possible that 
the financial question dominates. Nevertheless, the 
greater permanency of all constructional parts of a build- 
ing and lessened repairs, the decreased rate of insurance, 
and the almost sure safety of the inmates, are items wor- 
thy of consideration. [21I 



322 Schools of Cincinnati. 

In regard to the ventilation of our school-houses, they 
are up to the average of their class in efficiency. To se- 
cure this result, the expenditure has been liberal. Almost 
every scheme of ventilation has been tried, and many 
different professors (?) of the science have been consulted. 




The Joseph H. Hoffman School, 

Formerly Nineteenth District; Erected, 1860-71-81-89 

19 rooms; Cost, $56,643; John A. Heizer, Principal; 

John Schwaab, Trustee. 



The results of the several schemes vary greatly, but 
not one has proved as satisfactory as hoped for. Doubt- 
less these disappointments are due, in part at least, to 
ignorant and careless handling of the several apparatus. 
There is, too, another cause wonderfully potent for evil 



School Architecture. 323 

in this matter : the ignorance of many teachers of the 
elementary principles of ventilation. 

An analysis of the cost of ccnstruction of the several 
school-houses reveals wide differences in the cost per pu- 
pil, ranging from $20.83, in the Fifteenth District School- 
house, to $102.74, in the Eighteenth District School-house, 
or $122.45 ^" Walnut Hills High School 

It is true that there are some variations in the con- 
structional and decorative features of the several build- 
ings, but it is apparent that these variations do not war- 
rant the wide divergence in cost. It must therefore be 
chargeable to fluctuations in the prices of labor and ma- 
terial in the periods when the several structures were erec- 
ted. This is a matter entirely beyond the Board of Edu- 
cation, who can neither build in advance nor postpone to 
an uncertain future. 

The following table shows the cost, per pupil, in the 
erection of the several school buildings : 

First District $66.42 

Second District 62.^9 

Third District ^0.66 

Mt. Adams *^4-77 

Fourth District 7S--S 

Fifth District 60.20 

Sixth District 63.00 

Seventh District 7^-3^ 

Eighth District 4*^-95 

Tenth District 7--ii 

Eleventh District 42.48 

Twelfth District 30.00 

Fourteenth District 20.88 

Fifteenth District 20.82 

Sixteenth District 62.87 

Seventeenth District 24.80 



324 Schools of Cincinnati. 

Eighteenth District $103.74 

Nineteenth District 53-84 

Twentieth District S6-I9 

Twenty-first District 52-35 

Twenty-second District 82.91 

. Twenty-fifth District 68.49 




Wm. J. Klein, 

Elected Member Board of Education, 
April 2, 1900. 

Twenty-sixth District $6c^.8i^ 

Twenty-seventh District 92.86 

Thirtieth District 68.70 

Webster Public School 63.36 

Vine Street Public School S5-i2 

Whittier Public School 78.45 

Windsor Public School 7i-43 



School Architecture. 325 

North Fairmount Public School *l^77-3^ 

Garfield Public School 62.40 

Kirby Road Public School 33-75 

First Intermediate School 35-^5 

Second Intermediate School 28.46 

Third Intermediate School 7^-4*^ 

Fourth Intermediate School ^^'7^ 

Walnut Hills High School 122.46 

Hughes High School 60.58 

Woodward High School 67.38 

That the above comparison of cost per pupil may be 
on as nearly parallel lines as possible, in those buildings 
with assembly halls, as the Sixth District, Second Inter- 
mediate School, etc., the area of the halls have been 
divided into school-rooms, thus accommodating more 
scholars than the present number of rooms, and the esti- 
mate has been made accordingly. The school-house of 
the Fourteenth District is a marked example of the 
fluctuations of the cost of building. This structure, in 
character of construction and finish, is near akin to many 
others, but the cost is only 50 per cent, of these others. 
The explanation is found in the date of erection, 1862, 
a time when the depression of the Civil War rested 
heavily on the industrial interests of the country. 

It only requires a superficial view of our school- 
houses and their surroundings to perceive that in many 
cases the yard or play ground spaces are very limited. 
There are doubtless legitimate reasons for this condition 
of affairs in some cases, but in a majority of examples it 
is the outcome of downright parsimony. 

The variation of the number of square feet per pupil 
of play ground space is based upon the total areas of the 
lots, and, not subtracting the areas of the school build- 
ings, is as 12.91 square feet at the Third Intermediate 



326 



Schools of Cincinnati. 



School to 73.78 square feet at the Whittier School, Price 
Hill. It is true that there are a few schools with larger 
area per pupil, but they are exceptional, being mainly in 
the suburbs lately annexed to the city of Cincinnati. 

If the areas of the school buildings were subtracted, 

it would in a ma- 
jority of cases be 
fully 30-I00 less, 
and this is the true 
measure to consid- 
er. In these lesser 
spaces scholars are 
huddled together in 
a m a n n e r that 
effectually forbids 
any real, active, 
healthy play. The 
comparison of va- 
cant space per 
house, in considera- 
tion of its light and 
air, shows a most 
reprehensible stale 
of affairs. There 
is no system of arti- 
ficial ventilation, 
be it ever so perfect, 
or ever so well op- 
erated, that can 
make amends for this primal shortcoming. It is a con- 
dition of affairs that results in a permanent, never-ceas- 
ing evil, a positive health-destroying agency; detrimen- 
tal to teachers and scholars doomed to spend so large a 
proportion of their school life amid such an unhealthy 




William Ruehrwein, 

Elected Member Board of Education 
in 1886. 



School Architecture. 327 

environment. Magnificent architecture, utilitarian con- 
veniences, scientific ventilation, and comfortable heating 
may all be provided, and yet the school-house be a failure. 

The schools with less than twenty square feet of area 
per pupil are the First, vSecond, Sixth, Eighth, Tenth, 
Eleventh, and Twelfth Districts, and the Second and 
Third Intermediate Schools. 

The schools with more than twenty and less than 
fifty square feet of area per pupil are the Fourth, Fifth, 
Seventh, Fourteenth, Fifteenth, Twentieth, Twenty-first, 
Twenty-sixth, Twenty-seventh, Twenty-eighth, Twenty- 
ninth, and Thirtieth Districts; also the Webster Public 
School, the Vine Street Public School, Garfield Public 
School, the First and Fourth Intermediate Schools, and 
the Woodward and Hughes High Schools. 

The schools with more than fifty square feet of area 
per pupil are the Windsor Public School, Whittier Public 
School, the Walnut Hills High School, and the Sixteenth, 
Seventeenth, Eighteenth, Twenty-second, and Twenty- 
fifth Districts. 

The most expensive lot is that of the Tenth District, 
on the corner of Elm Street and the Canal. It is 150 x 120 
feet, and cost $62,500, and only provides 16.66 square 
■feet of area per pupil. 

In regard to the architecture of the immediate future, 
it is safe to predict that classic features will dominate, and 
greatly to the advantage of the buildings in regards to 
their beauty and stability. Perhaps there is no class of 
buildings that is subjected to rougher usage or more se- 
verely tried in their constructional parts than school- 
houses, hence the advantage of forms that tend to strength 
and permanency ; and these forms are found in larger 
measure and more harmonious affiliation in the classic 
style than in others. With post and lintel construction 



328 



Schools of Cincinnati. 



in proper proportion of strength to load, a condition of 
perfect rest or equilibrium may be obtained ; but with the 
arch this is rarely the case, and the observation and ex- 
perience of the world fully indorses the Hindoo proverb, 
" The arch never sleeps." 




Lincoln Public School 

(Picture donated by Henry Baer), 

Delta and Golden Avenues, East End; Erected, 1898; 

Cost, $63,625; 18 Rooms; Seats 1000 Pupils; 

Richard C. Yowell, Principal; John 

G. O'Connell, Trustee. 

Note. — Previous to 1898 several school buildings 
were designed by H. E. Siter. During the year 1898 
Mr. Siter was succeeded by Dornette and Sheppard, who 
are now architects for the Board. Up to this time they 
have designed these schools : Hyde Park (dedicated on 



School Architecture. 329 

May 22, 1902); the Horace Mann School, O'Bryonville 
(ready September, 1902) ; the Wm. H. Morgan School 
(under construction). Plans have been made for several 
portable school buildings, designed to relieve our crowded 
districts. These portable structures are sealed and 
varnish-finished throughout, and may be given a trial. 
In St. Louis they have been successfully used. There 
are none in Cincinnati at this writing (1902). 

James W. McLaughlin is architect of the Public 
Library, St. Xavier Parochial School, and of Lane 
Seminary. 



CHAPTER XL. 

THE HEBREW UNION COLLEGE. 

David Philipson. 

AS long ago as 1854 the late Rabbi Isaac M. Wise 
advocated the founding of a college for the training 
and education of rabbis. He felt that English-speaking 
ministers were greatly needed by the congregations of 
this country ; that is, young men who combined the 
American spirit with the knowledge obtained from the 
sources of Jewish lore. In that year a society, which was 
known as the ^ion Collegiate Association, was formed in 
Cincinnati, whose avowed purpose it was to found such 
an institution. As a result of its efforts, Zion College 
was organized, but this first attempt at a rabbinical semi- 
nary in this country was short lived. 

Although this early movement failed. Dr. Wise did 
not relinquish the idea of which it was intended to be the 
practical realization. Year upon year he continued to 



330 



Schools of Cincinnati. 



advocate in the columns of his newspaper, The American 
Israelite, the necessity of a union of the Jewish congre- 
gations of this country, whose first and most important 
work was to be the founding of a rabbinical college. His 
untiring and unceasing agitation at last bore fruit in the 
organization of the Union of American Hebrew Con- 
gregations in the city of Cincinnati in 1873. Delegates 

from about twenty- 
five congregations in 
various parts of the 
country were present. 
The first step towards 
the accomplishment 
of the cherished proj- 
ect of opening a semi- 
nary was taken at this 
meeting, where the 
founding of such a 
college was deter- 
mined upon. Each 
congregation that 
joined the Union was 
taxed one dollar for 
each member for the 
maintenance of the 
college. 

Shortly thereaf- 
ter Dr. Wise obtained 
from Henry Adler, Esq., of Lawrenceburg, Ind., a gift 
of $10,000, which was to be devoted to the college. 
The institution, known as the Hebrew Union College, 
was opened October 3, 1875, by an impressive service at 
the Plum Street Temple. The movement was, as a mat- 
ter of course, tentative. An eight-years' course had 




The Late Isaac M. Wise, 

Distinguished as Theologian, 

Historian, Educator, and 

Editor. 



The Hebrew Union College. 



331 



been arranged, four years of which were known as the 
preparatory department, and four years as the collegiate 
department. The preparatory department opened with 
eighteen students, ranging from the ages of thirteen to 
tw^enty. The sessions were held in the school-rooms of 
the Mound Street Temple for two years; during the 




Hebrew Union College, 

Located at 724 West Sixth Street Since 1881. 

Founded by Isaac M. Wise, and First 

Opened October 3, 1875. 

three years following they were held in the school-rooms 
of the Plum Street Temple. In 1881 the large, double 
building, 724 W. Sixth Street, was acquired bv purchase 
and has been the home of the college from that time to 
this day. 

The Rev. Dr. Isaac M. Wise was chosen president 



332 Schools of Cincinnati. 

of the college at its opening, and he continued in that 
office until the day of his death, March 26, 1900. He and 
the Rev. Dr. Max Lilienthal volunteered their services as 
professors ; the only other teacher at the time of the open- 
ing of the institution was Solomon Eppinger, a well- 
known Hebraist. 

The college continued in the quiet tenor of its way 
for four years, when in June, 1879, the first class gradu- 
ated from the preparatory department with the degree of 
chaber, i. e., bachelor of Hebrew literature. In Sep- 
tember, 1879, the collegiate department was opened. 
In the meantime the Rev. Dr. Moses Mielziner and Mr, 
Louis Aufrecht had been added to the teaching staff, the 
former as professor of Talmud, and the latter as preceptor 
in Hebrew. 

Finally, the hopes of years were realized when on 
July 14, 1883, the first rabbis educated in an American 
institution were ordained. Four young men were given 
the S' Diiklia, i. c, ordination by the president of the 
college. These first graduates of the institution were 
Israel Aaron, now rabbi in Buffalo, N. Y. ; Henry 
Berkowitz and Joseph Krauskopf, both stationed in 
Philadelphia; and David Philipson, at present rabbi in 
Cincinnati. These young men were also graduates of a 
high school and of the Cincinnati University, it being a 
rule of the college that no one can obtain the degree of 
rabbi who has not graduated from a secular university. 
The sessions of the college being held in the afternoon, 
the students were enabled to attend the high school or the 
university in the morning. 

Since then the Hebrew Union College has gone 
from strength to strength. It has graduated a class of 
rabbis yearly, until now its alumni number ninety-three. 
With few exceptions, all these rabbis are in active service 



The Hehkew Union College. 



333 



and occupy pulpits all over the land, from Boston to 
Seattle, and from St. Paul to New Orleans. In fact, most 
of the largest congregations in the land are ministered to 
by graduates of the institution. 

The college is under the supervision of a Board of 
Governors, which meets the last Tuesday of every month. 
The members of this board are appointed by the Execu- 
tive Connnittee of the 
Union of American 
Hebrew Congregations, 
which organization sup- 
plies the funds for the 
maintenance of the col- 
lege. One-half of the 
members of the Board of 
Governors are residents 
of Cincinnati, the other 
half are chosen from 
among members of the 
congregations of other 
cities belonging to the 
union. The president 
of the board, Bernhard 
Bettmann, and the vice- 
president, Mr. Julius 
Freiberg, have served in 
those capacities since the founding of the institution. 
The latter is also president of the Union of Congregations. 
The faculty of the college at present is constituted 
as follows: Rabbi Moses Mielziner, Ph. D., professor of 
Talmud and rabbinical branches ; Rabbi David Philip- 
son, D. D., professor of homiletics ; Rabbi G. Deutsch, 
Ph. D., professor of history; Rabbi Louis Grossman, 
D. D., professor of ethics ; Ephraim Feldman, B. D , 




Rabbi David Philipson, D. D., 

Mound Street Temple. Professor 

of Homiletics at Hebrew 

Union College. 



334 Schools of Cincinnati. 

professor of philosophy ; S. Mannheimer, B. A., instruc- 
tor of Biblical exegesis ; CasparLevias, M. A., instructor 
of Aramaic and Biblical exegesis; Moses Buttenwieser, 
Ph. D., instructor of Biblical exegesis; Henry Malter, 
Ph D., instructor of philosophical literature. 

The library of the college consists of about 14,000 
volumes. Of these there are 8,000 volumes of Hebraiac, 
Judaica, and Orientalia ; the remaining volumes belong 
to the field of general literature. 

The college suffered an irreparable loss in March 
(1900) in the death of its founder and president, the 
Rev. Dr. Isaac M. Wise, who was also professor of 
systematic theology. The universal chorus of lament 
that was sounded at the time of his taking off was elo- 
quent testimony to the esteem in which he was held 
among his classes, irrespective of creed, in all parts of the 
counti-y. A movement is now on foot, inaugurated by 
the alumni of the college, to raise an endowment fund 
of ,$500,000 for the benefit of the institution, to be known 
as the Isaac M. Wise Memorial Fund. 

The Hebrew Union College occupies an unique place 
among the educational institutions of our city. Although 
located here, it is not merely a Cincivmati institution ; it is 
national in its scope, and its welfare is the concern of the 
jews of the United States. 



CHAPTER XLI. 

MIAMI MEDICAL COLLEGE. 
Wm. H. Taylor, M. D. 

THE first meeting of the faculty of the Miami Medical 
College, of Cincinnati, was held at the office of 
Jno. F. White, M. D., on Fourth Street, Cincinnati, O., 



Miami Medical College. 



335 



J0^^ , ^^: 



July 32, 1852. Members present : R. D. Mussey, M. D. ; 
fc. L. Avery, M. D. ; Jno. F. White, M. D. ; John 
Davis, M. D. ; Jesse P. Judkins, M. D. ; George Men- 
denhall, M. D. ; C. G. Comegys, M. D. ; Jno. A. 
Murphy, M. D. John Locke, Jr., M. D., was a mem- 
ber, but not present. 

The faculty was 
organized by the ap- 
pointment of Jesse P. 
Judkins, M. D., as 
dean. 

Such is the con- 
cise introduction to 
the history of Miami 
Medical College, on 
its records. The fac- 
ulty was composed of 
the following: R. D. 
Mussey, M. D., pro- 
fessor of descriptive 
and operative surgery, 
J. P. Judkins, M. D., 
professor of surgical 
anatomy and surgical 
pathology ; Chas. L. 
Avery, M. D., ad- 
junct professor of an- 
atomy ; John F. White, M. D., professsor of theory and 
practice of medicine ; George Mendenhall, M. D., profes- 
sor of obstetrics and diseases of women and children ; 
John A, Murphy, M. D., professor of materia medica, 
therapeutics, and medical jurisprudence ; C. G. Comegys, 
M. D., professor of institutes of medicine; John Locke, 
Jr., professor of chemistry. 




J. C. Oliver, M. 



D. 



Dean of the Miami Medical College 
Since 1901. 



336 Schools of Cincinnati. 

A building at the northwest corner of Fifth Street 
and Western Row (now Central Avenue) was remodeled 
and served well for college purposes for several years. 
In the first circular issued, among other points which ap- 
pear odd at this day, we find: " Four years of regular 
and reputable practice will be received as equivalent to 
one course of lectures. * * Good boarding (including 
lights and fuel), from .$2.00 to .$3.00 per week." 

In addition to attendance on clinical lectures at 
Commercial (now Cincinnati) Hospital, the faculty pro- 
vided clinical facilities by securing medical supervision 
of St. John's Hospital, at northwest corner of Third and 
Plum Streets, where excellent clinics were held, and by 
establishing a dispensary at the college. 

That the faculty had decisions of character is shown 
by its action during the first session, viz. : Resolved, That 
in consequence of neglect of duty on the part of Prof. 
, the chair of be declared vacant." 

Thirty-two students were matriculated the first ses- 
sion, and so prosperous was the college that for the fifth 
course of lectures there were one hundred and four ma- 
triculants. 

In 1855 Prof. E. Williams opened an opthalmologi- 
cal clinic in connection with the college, the first of the 
kind west of New York. 

After five courses of lectures it was deemed advisable 
to unite The Medical College of Ohio and Miami Medi- 
cal College. A coalition was effected, and Miami ceased 
to exist. 

For several years the War of the Rebellion absorbed 
the attention of the people, and gave active occupation 
to many physicians ; but on the return of peace the re- 
vival of the college was determined upon, and in 1865 




Miami Medical College, 
South Side Twelfth Street, Between Ehn and Plum. 

[22] 



<337> 



338 Schools of Cincinnati, 

with Profs. Mendenlmll, Judkins, and Murphy, of the 
original faculty, the school was re-established. 

The first course of lectures was delivered in the 
dental college on College Street. So heartily did the 
profession approve the eflfort of the faculty, there were 
one hundred and fifty-six matriculants from seventeen 
States at this session. This success compelled immediate 
efforts for proper accommodation of the school, so that 
before the next session began the faculty had purchased 
the lot and erected the building on Twelfth Street, which 
has ever since been the home of the college. 

The college has continued uninterruptedly since its 
reorganization, constantly seeking to teach medicine in 
such a manner as to make thorough and reliable practi- 
tioners. With this end in view the policy of the faculty 
has been to keep pace with every advance in the require- 
ments of the profession. It has consequently extended 
its curriculum, greatly enlarged its teaching corps, and 
provided well-equipped laboratories for chemical, micro- 
scopical and bacteriological study, and furnished abun- 
dant clinical facilities in all departments. So that to-day 
we are justified in the assertion that Miami Medical Col- 
lege is in the first rank of American schools of medicine. 

Deans, 

J. P, Judkins, 1852-53, 

George Mendenhall, 1853-57 and 1865-73. 

John A. Murphy, 1873-82. 

William Clendenin, 1882-85. 

William H. Taylor, 1885-93. 

N, P. Dandridge, 1893-1901. 

J. C, Oliver, 1901 . 

Secretary, 
Dr. W. E. Lewis, 1902 . 



The Night Law School ok the Y. M. C A. 339 
CHAPTER XLII. 

THE NHiHT LAW SCHOOL OK THE Y. M. C. A. 

IN vSeptember, 1893, Robert M. Ochiltree, a practicing 
attorney, obtained permission from the Board of Di- 
rectors of the Cincinnati Y. M. C. A. to organize and 
establish a law school as a department of their 
Educational Institute. After a few weeks' announcement 
and preparation the school, with seventeen students en- 
rolled, was formally opened on the evening of October 
17th. 

This number increased in a few weeks to thirty-nine, 
and each succeeding year has shown a marked increase in 
attendance, passing the one hundred mark in 189^. For 
the year ending June i, 1902, one hundred and fifty- 
eight students were enrolled. The following were among 
the members of the first class, and were present on the 
opening night : 

Thos. J. Davis, cashier Fifth National Bank ; John 
D. DeWitt, attorney (1895), ex-president vStamina Re- 
publican League ; Frederick L. Hoffman, attorney (1896), 
member faculty (1902) ; C. W. McKnight, chief clerk 
auditing department C. H. & D. R. R. (1896) ; C. O. 
Rose, ticket agent; W. H. Cowguill, attorney (1896) ; 
1. L. Huddle, attorney (1896) ; Robert C. McCouaughy, 
attorney (1895) ; Chas. P. Mackelfresh, attorney (1895) '■> 
Robt. J. Woods, attorney (1896) ; B. C. Stephenson, 
(1897).; A. L. Vickers (1900); David M. Allen, 
(1896); R. L. Blagg (1895); John G. Heher, attorney 
(1895) ; and W. P. Lyons, publisher. 

From the opening of the school year in October, 



340 



Schools ok Cincinnati. 



1893, to September, 1S95, Mr. Ochiltree was the only in- 
structor. Beginning with 1895 the course of two years' 
study was extended to three years, and the faculty was 
increased until at present (1902) twenty-one members of 
the Hamilton County bench and bar are actively en- 
gaged in the work. 

Judge Howard 
Ferris delivered a 
series of lectures be- 
fore the classes du- 
ring the school year 
1895-96, and with 
the opening of the 
school in vSeptember, 
1896, he and Judge 
Howard Hollister, 
Judge Dan Thew 
Wright, Judge 
James D. Ermston, 
Thomas H. Darby, 
C. P. Mackelfresii, 
and Fred'k L. Hoff- 
man became mem- 
bers of the law fac- 
ulty. 

In 1899 the 
Board of Directors, 
in honor of the presi- 
dent, Mr. Alexander 
McDonald, named the educational department of that 
institution, "The McDonald Educational Institute." 
In June, 1900, they filed with the Secretary of the State 
a copy of the corporate charter and such schedules of 




R. M. Ochiltree, 

Dean and Founder of the Y. M. C. A. 
Law School. 



The Night Law School of the Y. M. C. A. 341 

property as were required by law to place the educa- 
tional work on a regular college basis, giving them au- 
thority to appoint a faculty, prescribe courses oF study, 
and confer degrees. 

First Annual Commencement. 

The first annual commencement exercises were held 
June 26, 1900. The Hon. Ferdinand Jelke, Jr., delivered 
the baccalaureate address, and President D. B. Meacham 
conferred tiie degree of bachelor of laws upon the fol- 
lowing graduates : 

David M. Allen, Clarence E. Baen, Harlan Bailey, 
Harry H. Bausch, Samuel W. Bell, Robert L. Blagg, 
Charles Broad well, Harry F. Brewer, Glen (j. Brown, 
Henry F. Bulow% William A. Burkamp, Robert H. 
Berger, John H. Costello, William H. Cowguill, John 
D. DeWitt, Charles A. Davis, Malcolm G. Davies, 
Harry E. Engelhardt, John O. Eckert, Arthur C. Fricke, 
Alfred T. Fulford, Charles A. Gehrlein, William G. 
Griffith, Frank Hannaford, Frederick L. Hoffman, 
Charles H. Harmeyer, Victor H. Hertwig, Albert W. 
Highlands, John W. Heuver, B. A. Hulswitt, John W. 
Harrop, Charles H. Jones, T. Newton Jones, Walter A. 
Knight, Joseph L. Lackner, William Lamb, William C. 
Lambert, Robert A. LeBlond, Simon Lemonek, Frank 
P. Low, Charles G. Martin, Charles P. Mackelfresh, 
Clinton E. Mather, Charles W. McKnight, Robert C. 
McCouaughy, Harry J. Meyersieck, Arthur C. Minning, 
William E. Moore, William V. Muller, Edward Mitten- 
dorf. Christian F. Miiinm, George W. Piatt, Gerrit J. 
Raidt, James M. Riddell, William A. Rinckhoff, Millard 
F. Roebling, Charles O, Rose, David P. Schorr, Frank 
X. Schaefer, Jesse M. Simon, Harry B. Sprague, James 
M. Stone, Arthur L. Vickers, Frank C. Vogelbach, John 




Howard Ferris, 

Superior Court Judge, Professor of Law 

at Y. M. C. A. Law School. (.542, 



The Ni(;iit Law School ok the Y. jSI . C. A. 343 



J. Ward, William Wersel, Frederick E. Wessehnan, 
Herman J. Witte. 

Of those who have been and arc now students, 
many are college graduates — Harvard, Yale, and other 
colleges being represented, as well as the University and 
high schools of Cincinnati. All are active young busi- 
ness men, occupying positions of trust and credit in the 
banking and mercantile houses and educational institu- 
tions of Cincinnati and surrounding cities. 

IxsTKicTiON — Regular Course. 

The lecturers and instructors are regularly engaged 
in the practical administration of the law ; and, although 
special attention is given to 
Ohio law, yet the general prin- 
ciple of jurisprudence, applica- 
ble alike to all parts of thecoun- 
trv, are carefully inculcated. 

The course of instruction 
aims to combine the advantage 
of all approved systems and 
methods. It includes free and 
written lectures, the studv of 
text-books, statements of im- 
portant decided cases, recitations, keeping of note-books, 
reviews, examinations, exercises in drafting various legal 
papers, the criticism of briefs, and arguments in moot 
courts, courses of reading, etc. 

Although the aim of the instruction is to teach a 
knowledge of principles, rather than of mere cases, yet 
special attention is given to fixing in the mind of the 
student the leading decisions on all subjects of the law. 

The sessions are held in the evening between the 
hours of 7 :30 and 9 :30 o'clock. 




Alexander McDonald. 



344 ScHOOi.s OF Cincinnati. 

Pleading and Practick, and Moot Court. 

A court of practice forms a leading feature in the 
course of instruction, and eacli student is required to pur- 
sue a systematic course of instruction in the preparation 
of all kinds of legal papers, such as are likely to occupy 
the attention of the practitioner. 

Two senior and two middle-year students, one of 
each act as counsel for plaintiff and defendant, and two 
middle-year students act as associate justices. 

The following members of the Cincinnati judiciary 
and bar have presided at moot courts : Judge Dan Thew 
Wright ; Judge Edward J. Dempsey ; Judge David 
Davis; Judge Otto Pfleger ; Edwards Ritchie, Esq.; 
Wm. L. Dickson, Esq.; Adolph L. Brown, Esq., de- 
ceased ; Wm. E. Bundy, U. S. district attorney. 

Library. 

Provision is made for the annual addition of law 
books to the library. At present it comprises the United 
States Supi-eme Court Reports, the American State Re- 
ports, the New York Reports, the Massachusetts Reports, 
the Kentucky Reports, the Ohio and Ohio State Reports 
and all reports of other Ohio courts, and many books of 
reference, including the works of recognized standard law 
text-book writers. 

Graduation and Degrees. 

Candidates for graduation must attain : for a 
degree of LL. B., an average of not less than seventy 
per cent, in the required studies of the junior and middle 
years, and a general average of eighty per cent, at the 
final examination held at the close of the senior year, and 
have been admitted to practice law in the State of which 
they are residents. 

The school opens in September and closes with com- 




David Sinton, 

Founder Y. M. C. A. (Gave Over $120,000) ; Donor of Art 

Academy Building, $97,000; Established Sinton Chair 

of Economics, University, $100,000; Founder of 

Sinton Medals in High Schools. (^45) 



34^ Schools of Cincinnati. 

inencement exercises on the third Wednesday of June of 
each year. 

Law Faculty. 

The faculty for the coining school year, 1902-3, is as 
follows : 

R. M. Ochiltree, LL. B., dean, 

Judge Howard Ferris, A. M., LL. B., 

Judge Dan Thew Wright, LL. B., 

Judge Moses F. Wilson, 

Rankin D. Jones, LL. B., 

Lewis M. Hosea, LL. B., 

Frank M. Coppock, LL. B., 

Thos. H. Darby, LL. B., 

Frank F. Dinsniore, LL. B., 

Fred'k L. Hoffman, A. B.. LL. B. 

Chas. F. Williams, LL. B., 

D. P. Schorr, LL. B., 

Stanley Mathews, LL. B., 

Albert H. Morrill, A. B. LL. B. 



CHAPTER XLHI. 

CINCINNATI SOCIETY OK NATURAL HISTORY. 

THIS society was organized January 19, 1870, with 
twenty-five members, and incorporated June 20, 
1870, as -A free public ed/icatio/ial institution. For thirty 
years it has maintained this position by means of its ori- 
ginal explorations and investigations, its collections, and 
for the past nineteen years by annual courses of free lec- 
tures on scientific subjects. The lecturers who have been 
presented to the public under the auspices of the society 



The Cincinnati Society of Na tliuai. History. 347 



have included many of the leadinj^ scientists of the 
country. 

This successful career in the diffusion of knowledge 
and the advancement of science has necessitated at times 
great sacrifices on the part of the members, and it is only 
fitting that mention should be made of some of those, 
now passed to the great beyond, whose early labors made 
possible the position attained by the society as an educa- 
tional factor. Dr. John A. 
Warder, accomplished bot- 
a n i s t and horticulturist, 
was the president during 
the first five years. Dr. R. 
M. Byrnes, Dr. H. H. Hill, 
Mr. Robert Clark, Dr. W. 
H. Mussey, Prof. J. F. 
Judge, Mr. R. B. Moore, 
Mr. S. E. Wright, Mr. 
Julius Dexter, Dr. Charles 
F, Low, and Dr. Joseph 
F. James were tireless 
workers at a time when the 
outlook for any substantial 
support for the institution 
was not very bright 

Among members yet living who upheld the society 
in its infant days, are Dr. O. D. Norton, Prof. G. W. 
Harper, Mr. Davis L. James, Mr. Charles Dury, Dr. F. 
W. Langdon, and Dr. J. H. Hunt. 

As the successor of the Western Academy of Natural 
Sciences, the society, on September 5, 1871, received the 
entire property of the former institution, consisting of 
about $350 in money, a library of 26^ volumes, and a 
collection of specimens of natural history. The survi- 




Y. M. C. A., 
Seventh and Walnut. 



34^ Schools of Cincinnati. 

ving members of the academy were elected life members 
of the society. Amongst these were U. P. James 
Robert Buchanan, George Graham, S. T. Carley, E. O 
Hurd, and J. M. Edwards. 

The society has published its proceedings and contri 
butions to science in "The Journal of the Cincinnat 
Society of Natural history," now in its twentieth volume 
which has brought it into relation, as a working body 
with the leading scientific institutions of the world, and 
which enable it to greatly enhance its library 

During the first seven years of its existence the young 
society was dependent upon the membership dues to meet 
current expenses, and in this time of need the trustees of 
the Cincinnati College liberally provided rooms for the 
meetings and collections free of rent. 

Mr. Charles Bodmann, a member of the society, 
was so impressed with the good accomplished for the 
public by such an institution that he became its most 
conspicuous benefactor by a bequest of ,150,000, which 
was received in July, 1877. A portion of this has been 
invested in a home for the society (now far too small for 
its needs) at 313 Broadway, and the remainder is kept as 
a permanent fund for the support of the institution. 

The large and valuable collections of the society 
illustrate, as nothing else can, the geology and mineralogy, 
the fauna and the flora, of Ohio, Indiana, and Kentucky, 
and to some extent of the world. They are therefore of 
great value in teaching of the natural resources of this 
region. 

These collections are open to the public, without 
charge, from 9 a. m. to 5 p. m. daily, Sundays and legal 
holidays excepted. 

At present a plan is under consideration looking 
to the transfer to the University of these valuable coUec- 



TiiK Cincinnati Society of Natural History. 349 

tions ; the only important condition proposed by the so- 
ciety being the erection, by the University, of a suitable 
fire-proof building to receive them, which building shall 
be open to the public at reasonable hours, free of charge. 
The present ofiicers of the society are : President, 
Dr. C. R. Holmes; First Vice-President, Mr. Davis L. 




Natural History Society Building, 

It Contains, Besides Lecture Rooms, 
Extensive Collections of Specimens. 

James; vSecond Vice-President, Mr. Thomas H. Kellev ; 
Secretary, Dr. Arch I. Carson; Treasurer, Mr. T. B. 
Collier; members at large of the Executive Board, Mr. 
Wm. Hubbell Fisher, Mr, Charles Dury, Dr. M. H. 
Fletcher. Dr. A. J- Woodward ; Director of Museum, 



35° Schools of Cincinnati. 

Josua Lindahl, Ph. D. ; Librarian, J. M. Nickles, A. 
B., M. S. ; Curators, Prof. Walter H. Aiken, Botany; 
A. C. Billups, A. B., C. E., Conchology ; William Os- 
burn, A. M., Entomology ; H. Wuestner, Mineralogy; 
Charles Andrew, Photography; Publication Committee, 
Dr. Joshua Lindanl, Editor, Mr, Davis L. James, Mr. 
Charles Dury, Mr. C. G. Lloyd. 

Presidents. 

1. Dr. John A. Warder, 1870-75. 

2. Samuel A. Miller, 1875-76. 

3. Dr. W. H. Mussey, 1876-77. 

4. R. B. Moore, 1877-78. 

5. V. T. Chambers, 1878—80. 

6. Dr. R. M. Byrnes, 1880-83. 

7. Dr. J. H. Hunt, 1883-05. 

8. Prof. Geo. W. Harper, 1885-86. 

9. Dr. Walter A. Dun, 1886-87. 

10. J. Ralston Skinner, 1887-89. 

11. Wm. Hubbell Fisher, 1889-90. 

12. Col. J. W. Albert, 1890-92. 

13. T. B. Collier, 1892-94. 

14. D. L. James, 1894-96. 

15. Dr. F. W. Langdon, 1896-97. 

16. Charles Dury, 1897—98. 

17. Dr. O. D. Norton, 1898-99 

18. Dr. M. H. Fletcher, 1899-1901. 

19. Dr. C. R. Holmes, 1901 . 



Cuv'iKK Club. 



351 



CHAPTER XLIV. 



CUVIER CLUB. 



ONE of the institutions that plavs a prominent part in 
the Cincinnati school system is the Cuvier Club, 
No. 30 Longworth Street. In 187 1 a few gentleman, 
fond of field sports, determined to form a sportsman's 
society, whose object should be to elevate the tone of field 
sports and to enforce the game laws. They organized 
the Ohio State Society for the Protection of Game and 
Fish, and for a time met in private offices. 

They soon rented a room. No. 200 West Fourth 
Street, where they met until February z,, 1874. January 
I, 1S75, the name was changed to the Cuvier C'lub, in 
honor of the French naturalist. On January i, 1875, in- 
vitations were sent out to citizens at large, and a public 
reception was held later, about five hundred visitors 
responding. January 14, 1882, the club met for the first 
time in its present building. A reception was held on 
the occasion, over 1,500 ladies and gentlemen attending. 
It was decided to have a museum. Social features were 
also made prominent, and an annual banquet, held every 
November, was proxided for. This is now one of the 
events of the year. 

The museum comprises 2,000 birds, 192 fishes, 99 
animals and 1,300 birds' eggs. The library is a rare col- 
lection of standard w^orks on natural history, most of 
them presented to the society by Alexander Starbuck 
(president 1900). The museum is open to the public. 
Numerous teachers bring their classes here to study bird 



35^ 



Schools of Cincinnati. 



life and other natural curiosities. On several occasions 
there have been so many children in attendance that it 
was necessary to secure the attendance of police to assist 
in caring for the crowds. The museum is free, and is 
constantly sought by students and teachers of natural 
history. Mr. Charles Dury, the costodian, frequently 

lectures in the schools 
on natural history 
topics. The Audu- 
bon Society meets 
here. The C u v i e r 
Club has done more 
to create a love and 
respect for bird and 
animal life than any 
other organization in 
the city. At present 
the club is contem- 
plating m o V i n g to 
more commodious 
quarters, where it can 
have a larger museum 
room and more lecture 
rooms. 




Dr. Frank W. Langdon. 

Professor Miami Medical College; 

Neurologist to the Cincinnati 

Hospital. 



THE AUDUBON SOCI- 
ETY OF THE STATE 
OF OHIO. 



The purposes of this society are : 

1. To disseminate a knowledge of birds, and to 
teach their relations to man. 

2. To impart information respecting the economic 
value of birds to agriculture, and their general impor- 
tance to the welfare of man. 




Benn Pitman. 



Benn Pitman was born in England, July 24, 
1822; trained for an architect, but came to the 
U. S. to publish books and further the spread 
of the phonetic art; inventor of the electro 
process of relief engraving (1855). It was in 
his office and at his expense that the first suc- 
cessful results of photo relief engraving were 
obtained hy Dr. J. B. Burns, in 1865 In 1858 
Mr. Pitman published a work on elementary 
mathematical drawing. During the Civil War 
he was military recorder. He reported and 
edited most of the State trials, etc. For 
twenty years he taught artistic carving at the 
Cincinnati Art Academy. Was president of 
Phonographic Institute Co. and biographer of 
his brother, Sir Isaac Pitman. [,?s^a] 




VVm. Hubbell Fishkr, 

President Audubon Society Since its Organ- 
ization and Director of the Natural 
[3S2B] History Society. 



CuviER Ci.uB. 353 

3. To cultivate a sensibility to the beauty of living 
birds, and to the attraction they confer upon the objects 
of nature. 

4. To promote an abiding interest in birds and in 
the study of ornithology. 

5. To encourage the protection of birds, their nests, 
eggs, and haunts. 

6. To discourage all reckless and wanton destruction 
of any birds. 

7. To discourage the wearing of feathers, except 
those of our domestic fowl and of the ostrich. 

8. To encourage and provide, so far as practicable, 
for the education of children and adults upon any and all 
of the aforementioned objects. 

This society was organized October 21, 189S. 

Its first officers were : President, William Hubbell 
Fisher; vice-president, William H. Venable ; recording 
secretary, Harriet H. Hastings ; corresponding secretary, 
Clara Russell. 

The society was duly incorporated in March, 1900, 
as "The Audubon Society of the State of Ohio," and has 
been very active through its members in promoting the 
protection of birds and of bird life throughout the City of 
Cincinnati and the State of Ohio, and many of its mem- 
bers have frequently addressed the pupils of the district, 
intermediate, and high schools, to enlist their eft'orts for 
the protection of birds. 

The society meets once a month in the Cuvier Club 
and hears lectures and reports of committees. These 
meetings are enjoyable and instructive. 

[23I 



354 Schools of Cincinnati. 



CHAPTER VL. 

THE HAYWARD SCHOOL OF ELOCUTION. 

THE Hayward School of Elocution, which has its 
home at No. 518 E. Fourth Street, was founded 
less than five years ago by Mrs. Frances Rolph Hayward. 

The advent into the States of the Middle West 
of institutions devoted exclusively to the teaching of 
voice culture, and the forensic and dramatic arts, is of 
comparatively recent date. They have come none to 
soon, if the " American voice " is to be eliminated, and 
our future generations are to be free from reproach that 
we have the least cultured voices of any of the greater 
people of the earth. 

The Hayward School, with a well-equipped faculty 
of experienced teachers, has been a success from the be- 
ginning. Mrs. Hayward in herself presents a remark- 
able instance of what correct training may do for the 
voice and for the preservation of those physical adjuncts 
that are so essential in callings where perfect control of 
the vocal powers is a first requisite. 

Her early school training was under the best mas- 
ters in England, and in her home life she was fortunate 
in the tutelage of her distinguished father ; for she is a 
daughter of the late, the Honorable Dr. John Rolph, of 
Cambridge, England, who later became eminent in the 
annals of Canada as a conspicuous leader in that great 
Parliamentary struggle which wrested from Great Britain, 
for the Dominion of Canada, those measures of liberal 
reform which, in our own land, were gained only by the 




Mrs. Frances Rolph Hayward, 
Principal of the Hajward School of Elocution. For Many Years 

(3SS) 



Instructor of Elocution in the Cincinnati Law School. 



356 Schools of Cincinnati. 

long and bloody struggle of the Revolutionary War. 
Dr. John Rolph, statesman, lawyer, orator, and physi- 
cian, was a man of rare gifts, and his daughter's endow- 
ments are but the natural fruit of heredity and training. 
Perhaps the highest tribute to her ability that she 
has ever received in this the land of her adoption, was a 
position accorded her for many years as teacher of 
elocution at the Cincinnati Law School. It is not often 
that a woman is chosen to instruct classes composed ex- 
clusively of men. The letter of Gen. Jacob D. Cox, for 
a long time dean of the law school, attesting her suc- 
cess as an instructress, and expressing his regret at losing 
her services, is among her most prized testimonials. 

The past year has been the most prosperous of the 
school's existence. In addition to all that is implied in 
the term elocution, the Hay ward School includes in its 
curriculum voice culture and training for the stage, 
classes in physical culture, languages and English lit- 
erature. The school thus firmly established bids fair to 
grow and inaintain its present high place among the edu- 
cational institutions of our city. It has already done 
much to awaken a hitherto unknown appreciation of the 
fact that grace of voice is as essential as grace of presence 
and manners among the requisites of polite life. 



CHAPTER VLI. 

THE NORMAL SCHOOL. 

Carrie Newhall Lathrop. 

THE Cincinnati Normal School was established in 
September, 1868. One room in the Eighth District 
building was assigned to the students, and two rooms of 



The Nokmal School. 



357 



children of the first four years of school were set apart 
for a practice department. The length of the course 
was one year, and, in order to induce young women to 
take the training, the Board of Education passed a regu- 
lation which made a diploma from the Normal School 
equivalent in salary to two years' experience in teaching, 




MONTAVILLE FlOWERS, 

Leading American Monologuist ; Formerly 
Superintendent of Norwood Public Schools. 

so that the graduate of the Normal School began teach- 
ing on a salary of I300, and her untrained associate re- 
ceived only $400. 

Such a consideration, combined with the profes- 
sional training, attracted to the city a number of experi. 



35^ Schools of Cincinnati, 

enced teachers, some of them women of mature years, 
who availed themselves of the opportunity to better their 
condition professionally and pecuniarily. At that time 
the school was the first of its kind and size west of the 
Alleghany Mountains. The plans for its establishment 
were conceived in great wisdom, after earnest, patient 
investigation of other normal schools, and then wisely 
and skillfully adapted to the needs and environment of 
this city. It was established on an exceedingly broad 
basis of those times, and indeed many of its features 
might well appear in the best-equipped normal schools 
of to-day. For this a debt, of gratitude is due the Com- 
mittee on Normal School and to John Hancock, superin- 
tendent. 

For the head of the school was selected a graduate 
of the State Normal School, of Oswego, N. Y., Miss Sa- 
rah D. Dungan, who, however, resigned at the end of 
the year, owing to her marriage. She is now Mrs. vSa- 
rah D. Jenkins, of Ithaca, N. Y., and has under her 
charge the English department of the Preparatory School 
for Cornell University, the English in the public schools 
of Ithaca, and she is editor of The Popular Educator. 

In the second year of the life of the school another 
principal came from the East to take charge of the work 
just begun, Miss Delia A. Lathrop, a graduate of the 
Albany State Normal School and a former teacher in the 
Oswego Normal School. After a service of eight years 
Miss Lathrop resigned, upon her marriage to Prof. W. 
Williams, of Wesleyan University, Delaware, O. Of late 
years she has given to the Ohio State Teachers' Associ- 
ation, as well as to herself, lasting renown by suggesting 
and planning a reading circle for the teachers of Ohio, 
a movement which has extended to every State in the 
L nion and to Canada. 



The Normal School. 



359 



Fortunately for the normal, Mr. Hancock's imme- 
diate successor. John B. Peaslee, proved a staunch sup- 
porter. As the school grew in influence and in strength, 
and as the benefits of its training were recognized, the 
Board of Education rescinded the regulation permitting 
graduates of the Normal .School an increased salary, but 
gave them the preference for appointment, other things 
being equal. 

In 1871 a German course was introduced with a Ger- 
man practice department. This was the first normal 
school, it is said, which provided 
just such a course. Mr. Karl 
Knortz was placed at the head of 
this department. This position 
he occupied for two years, -when 
George H. Borger succeeded him. 
Mr. Borger continued until his 
death, December, 1883, when Mr. 
L. R. Klemm was appointed. 

Upon the resignation of Miss 
Lathrop, Andrew Knell was ap- 
pointed principal. Owing to ill- 
ness, however, he was obliged to 
resign after but one year of ser- 
vice. Immediately after, John 
Mickleborough assumed charge of 

the school. Mr. Mickleborough resigned after serving 
seven years, and is now head master of the Boy's High 
School, Brooklyn, N. Y. For a few months after the 
resignation of Mr. Mickleborough, and prior to his own 
resignation, Mr. Klemm acted as principal, having 
charge of the instruction of both English and German. 
Immediately following, Mrs. Carrie Newhall Lathrop 
was appointed principal of the school, and the entire 




Joseph Moses, 

Elected Member Board 
of Education, 1874. 



360 



Schools of Cincinnati, 






y^' *»' /' / . , "^*n,h'\ 

"if! '1 ; : fi ; ; ill. I'l "ii «. ^* -^\ 






charge of the German department was given to Mrs. Jo- 
hanna M. Huising, who acted as critic-teacher in the 
practice department and gave instruction to the German 
class for one hour in the day. These, with two critic- 
teachers of the English practice department, first and 
second year of school, constituted the teaching force of 
the school. In course of time two teachers were added to 
the department of instruction, but the pupils received 
what practice was possible in the third and fourth grades 
in the schools throughout the city. 

One may read 
something of the his- 
tory of educational 
affairs in Cincinnati 
by observing the 
changes in the rules 
and regulations per- 
taining to admission 
into and graduation 
from the Normal 
School, the changes 
indicating different 
conditions and dif- 
ferent needs. The 
graduates of the city 
high schools have always been admitted on their diplo- 
mas. For a time graduates of high schools in the county 
and from the cities of Covington and Newport were ad- 
mitted on the diplomas of those schools, paying a tuition 
fee of sixty dollars. Non-graduates were admitted either 
by special examination or on teacher's certificates. La- 
ter, under the administration of Dr. E. E. White, all 
persons not graduates of the city high schools were re- 
quired to pass a special examination for admission, and 




Garfield School, 

Cumminsville ; Erected 1897; Cost 
$62,897; 18 Rooms, Seats, 1008 
Pupils; J. H. Locke, Princi- 
pal ; L. E. Keller, Trustee. 



The Normal Sciiooi,. 361 

gradually the standards of these entrance examinations 
were raised. The course was extended to one year and a 
half. Still later, during the administration of W. H. 
Morgan, only those graduates of the city high schools 
who had attained an average of 80% were admitted 
without examination, the others being admitted on spe- 
cial examinations, in which they were required to attain 
80%. Provision was made by which university gradu- 
ates could take a special course in primary methods and 
practice in five months. In the class of 1899 there were 
ten university graduates, and in that of 1900 eight. 

At a meeting of the Board of Education, May 7, 
1900, the Committee on Normal Schools submitted the 
following resolution, which was adopted : 

''■Resolved, That at the termination of the current 
Normal School session in February, 1901, the school be 
suspended, and that the superintendent of schools be re- 
quested to assign the teachers of the Normal School to 
other regular work. The present Normal School class 
to be continued to the end of the present Normal School 
year." 

The number of graduates since September, 1868, is : 
English, 1,153; German, 328. Total, 1,418. At the 
close of the thirty-two years of its existence, the Normal 
School had sent out over fifteen hundred graduates. 



CHAPTER VLII. 

THE AGNOSTIC SUNDAY SCHOOL. 

OUT of the ordinary is the Agnostic Sunday School, 
which meets every Sunday morning at Lincoln Inn 
Court, for the purpose of giving instruction in morals to 




Charles S. Sparks. 



(362) 



The Agnostic Sunday School. 363 

those who attend. The ''course of study " is modeled 
after that of the public schools in nature study. Chil- 
dren are not taught to antagonize doctrines from which 
good may be derived, but are told how to weed out the bad, 
that is, they are taught facts. The "Golden Rule" of Con- 
fucius is used as the basis. This rule is : " What you 
do not like when done to yourself, do not do to others." 

Lessons in morals are interwoven with natural his- 
tory. Plants and the lower animals, in their relation to 
man and themselves, are made topics for discussion. 
All supernaturalism is stripped oflF, and the attempt is 
made to have the pupils see nature as it is, or rather, 
perhaps, to understand what is known, leaving out en- 
tirely the elements of mystery. 

The school was founded Sunday, February 3, 1901, 
by Charles S. Sparks, who is the superintendent and 
moving spirit. Mr. Sparks is one of the well-known 
attorneys and a lecturer of national prominence on ag- 
nosticism and kindred scientific subjects. 

The creed of the school is as follows : 

"I believe that when one is dead and buried he is 
seen and heard of no more. I believe that we will know 
as much after we are dead as we knew before we were 
born ; that after we are dead we will be as dead — uncon- 
scious — as we were before we were born. I believe that 
whatever we can get with prayer we can get without it. 
I believe that all sprang from a common cause or source. 
I believe that the chief object in life is to promote human 
happiness. I believe good-will is the source of good 
deeds. I believe that kindness begets kindness, and 
virtue is its own reward. I believe that education will 
solve all the myths, miracles, and miseries of the world. 
I believe in the equal rights of all, and in the brotherhood 
of mankind. I will ever strive to enlighten and better 



3^4 



Schools of Cincinnati. 



the condition of my fellow beings. So be each personal 
effort all over the world, now and forever." 

There are now in attendance from 35 to 40 children 
and from 40 to 50 adults. These are divided into five 
grades, or classes, under skilled instructors. 

JENNIK o'kEEFE MANN. 

Mrs. Jennie 
O'Keefe Mann, a 
product of the Cin- 
cinnati public 
schools, taught for 
32 consecutive 
years in the day 
schools, and 8 years 
in the night schools. 
Taught under 
L y m a n Harding, 
John Hancock, 
John. B. Peaslee, 
Emerson E. White. 
Married John C. 
Mann. Taught in 
the Newburyport 
(Massachu setts) 
Training School, 
and for 9 years past 
has conducted a 
private school 
coaching for vari- 
ous examinations. Her scholars are found occupying 
various positions. She is energetic and persevering, and 
is enthusiastic in her devotion to the profession. 

Mrs. Mann is a writer on educational topics, and is 
the author of numerous sketches. 




Jennie O'Keefe Mann. 



Public Library. 365 



CHAPTER IIL 



PUBLIC LIBRARY. 



CINCINNATI had the first public library in Ohio. 
It began operations March 6, 1802, and grew out of 
a popular movement. It was organized in the famous 
Yeatman Tavern, the first meeting to organize being 
held there in February of 1802. Twenty-five persons, 
representing thirtv-four shares of stock at $10 each, or 
$340, were interested. Arthur St. Clair, the first Gov- 
ernor of the Northwest Territory and of Ohio, headed 
the subscription list. Louis Kerr was librarian. For 
some years the history of the library is missing. In 1808 
the legislature was petitioned to incorporate the library. 
In 181 1 the charter was obtained. In 1814 about 300 
volumes were in circulation. In 18 16 there were 1,400 
volumes, valued at .$3,000. It was housed in the Cincin- 
nati College building, known as the Lancaster Seminary. 
David Cathcart was librarian. In 1826 the library had 
.run down, and had 1,300 volumes. Eventually it was 
closed, and the books were packed in the cellar of a book- 
store on Main Street. 

The Public Library of to-day was founded by act of 
March 14, 18^3. Sixteen school libraries were started, 
but consolidated into the "Cincinnati Common School 
and Family Library," on December 18, 1854. Fifteen 
hundred books were purchased ; and the library opened in 
the Central School Building July, 1856, saw a removal 
to the Ohio Mechanics Institute building. Sixth and Vine. 
On the 17th day of August, 1868, the Handy Opera 
House property, which was about to be sold at public 




N. D. C. Hodges, 
Elected Public Librarian April 20, 1900. 



(366) 



PllHI.IC LiBKAKV 367 

auction, was examined by the library committee and 
afterward purchased for $83,000. The building was re- 
modeled by J. W. McLaughlin. In 1869 Mr. Freeman 
resigned, to take a position in the schools, and was suc- 
ceeded by W. F. Poole, who opened the library of to-day 
in the front part of the present building on December 9, 
1870. Mr. Poole had been engaged and took charge at 
the Mechanics Institute building on November 5, 1869. 
His first official act was to appoint W. E. Barnwell as- 
sistant. Mr. Poole resigned in 1873 to go to Chicago. 
He was the author of the famous "Poole's Index." 
Thomas Vickers succeeded Mr. Poole. The present 
front was added to the building, and was dedicated Feb- 
ruary 35, 1874, Hon. Geo. H. Pendleton making the 
dedicatory address. In 1880 Mr. Vickers was succeeded 
by Chester W. Merrill. November 26, 1886, A. W. 
Whelpley became librarian. February 19, 1900, Mr. 
Whelpley was stricken with apoplexy and died the same 
night. On April 20, 1900, N. I). C. Hodges was elec- 
ted to fill out the unexpired term of Mr. Whelpley. He 
assumed charge on May loth. His salary is $3,500. Mr. 
Hodges at the time of his election was in charge of the 
scientific department of the library of Harvard College, 
a life position. For some years prior to his entering 
upon that work he had been connected with the Astor 
branch of the New York Free Public Library. Previous 
thereto, for ten years he was editor of the magazine 
Science. He is an alumnus of Harvard, class 1874, and 
has been a tutor there. 

LIBRARIANS. 

Dr. J. C. Christin, from , to July 3, 185^. 

John D. Caldwell, from July 3, 1655, to March 16, 1856. 
N. Peabody Poor, from Nov. 2, 1857, to April 22, 1866. 




Reuben Springer, Founder College of Music. (36S) 



Public Library. 369 

Lewis Freeman, from April 22, 1866, to Nov. 5, 1869. 
W. F. Poole, from Nov. 15, 1869, to Dec. 31, 1873. 
Thos. Vickers, from Jan. i, 1874, to Dec. 31, 1879. 
Chester W. Merrill, from Jan. i, 1880, to Nov. 26, 1886. 
Albert W. Whelpley, from Nov. 26, 1886, to Feb. 19, 1900. 
N. D. C. Hodges, from April 20, 1900, to . 

YOUNG men's mercantile LIBRARY. 

The Young Men's Mercantile Library was founded 
April iS, 1835, and chartered in 1836. The library was 
first opened in the Ames Building on Main Street. After 
several removals it found permanent headquarters in the 
Cincinnati College, on the east side of Walnut, between 
Fourth and Fifth. Here it has remained ever since Jan- 
uary 19,1845. This building was destroyed by fire, but all 
the books were saved. The present building is to be 
torn down and replaced with a "sky scraper," on the 
tenth floor of which the Y. M. M. L. will have perma- 
nent rooms. In 1902 Andrew Carnegie gave $180,000 
for six branch libraries 



CHAPTER IL. 

COLLEGE OF MUSIC. 

THE COLLEGE OF MUSIC is incorporated under 
the laws of the State c-f Ohio. Its object is to 
" cultivate a taste for music, to organize a school of in- 
struction and practice," etc. 

The first session began October 14, 1878. Reuben 
Springer and other citizens endowed it, Mr. Springer 
alone giving $306,750. The institution is eleemosynary, 
the entire income being devoted to school purposes. 

[24] 




(37o> 



W. S. Sterling, 
Dean College of Music. 



College op^ Music. 371 

There are fifteen trustees elected by the stockholders. 
The buildings (valued at $200,000) adjoin Music Hall. 
In May, 1900, J. G. .Schmidlapp donated $50,000, to be 
used in erecting a handsome dormitory in memory of his 
wife, who had been killed a few weeks previous in a rail- 
road accident near Kansas City. His daughter, a young 
lady, also met death at the same time. 

The college has some fortv rooms for instruction. 
Then there is the Odeon, used for concert purposes, and 
the Lyceum for smaller audiences. The college has two 
departments, an academic and the general music school. 
The school has about i ,000 pupils and is rapidly taking 
its place among the formost institutions of its kind. 



CHAPTER L. 

CINCINNATI CONSERVATORY OF MUSIC. 

THE history of musical culture in Cincinnati is inti- 
mately connected with that of the Cincinnati Con- 
servatory of Music. Miss Clara Baur, for so many 
years the directress, may pride herself on the distinction 
of having organized the first inusic school, in the winter 
of 1867. The development was rapid, the success com- 
plete. 

Of Miss Baur it has been truthfully written : 
' ' She was the first to awaken interest in the broad and 
thorough culture of the great refining art ; the first to 
inculcate the necessity for instruction in the science as 
well as the art of music ; the first to conceive the dis- 
tinction of Cincinnati in musical taste. 

" From the first organization of the Conservatory it 



Cincinnati Conservatory of Music. 373 

was Miss Baur's aim to select the very best professional 
talent for her faculty. It was largely owing to her 
conscientiousness and good fortune in this regard that 
her school was blessed with such uniform prosperity and 
success. Far and near, all over the country, its reputa- 
tion became more and more firmly established long before 
any otlier musical institution had been founded. The 
Conservatory, under her discreet management, was 
always blessed with a distinct, consistent method in all 
departments, a large and varied faculty of musicians, 
endowed with natural gifts, and prepared by high cul- 
ture to repi-esent their specialties ; two requisites most 
necessary for the perfect efficiency of a music school 
Herself trained in the famous Stuttgart Conservatory, 
with the view of becoming thoroughly imbued with all 
the elements of knowledge required for the direction of a 
music school. Miss Baur was from the start eminently 
fitted for the responsibilities which she assumed, and car- 
ried out subsequently with such indomitable energy and 
persevering success." 

In the spring of 1902 the Conservatory removed 
from Fourth and Lawrence to the present building, the 
Shillito mansion, Highland Avenue and Oak Street. 



■ CHAPTER LI. 

OHIO MILITARY INSTITUTE. 

IN the year 1833 Freeman G. Cary, a brother of the 
well-known temperance lecturer, Gen. Samuel F. 
Cary, established an academy at Pleasant Hill, now Col- 
lege Hill, a suburb of Cincinnati. This school was 



374 



Schools of Cincinnati, 



maintained as a private undertaking by Mr. Gary for 
twelve years, during which time the attendance increased 
from eight to one hundred pupils. The school having 
grown beyond Mr. Gary's means to care for all who 
sought admission, in 1846 a movement was set on foot 
which resulted in the incorporation of an institution of 
collegiate rank, under the title of the " Farmers' Gollege 
of Hamilton County." The Gary Academy was merged 

in the new institution, 
of which Mr. Gary 
was chosen the first 
president. Associa- 
ted with him were the 
Rev. John W. Scott, 
D. D., and the Rev. 
Robert H. Bishop, 
D. D., late president 
of Miami University. 
Dr. Bishop was one 
of the ablest teachers 
of the West, and his 
grave, a simple mound 
of earth on the college 
campus, is for his old 
pupils and friends a 
place of pilgrimage 
to-day. 

The halls of the 
commodious building that had been erected by means of 
a popular subscription, to which over 400 persons were 
contributors, were at once crowded with students. In 
1848 there were 109 students in the college proper, and 
173 in the preparatory department. 

The rapid growth of the institution very soon de 




Rev. John Hugh Ely, 

Regent Ohio Military Institute, 
College Hill. 



Ohio Military Institute. 



375 



manded enlarged facilities. By means of the issue of 
limited and perpetual scholarships, an endowment fund 
of $100,000 was raised, and the charter was modified (in 
1852) so as to vest the entire property in the holders of 
those certificates. Every perpetual scholarship, the par 
value of which was 
I X 00, entitled the 
owners thereof to free 
tuition for one pupil. 
The scholarships 
proved in the end an 
embarrassment to this 
institution, since the 
t i m e c a m e when a 
hundred dollars sub- 
scription to this en- 
dowment fund was an 
entirely inadequate 
return for the exemp- 
tion from the payment 
of tuition fees. 

At the same time 
that these changes 
were effected, the 
scholarship owners, 
many of whom were 
farmers, resolved, in Wilmkr L. Silinc, 

order "to render the Head Master Ohio MiHtary Institute, 
institution what it 

should be, and meet the demands of the age," to establish 
an experimental farm, and to provide for the giving of 
instruction in practical agriculture and horticulture. 

To carry into effect this resolution, $100,000 was 
raised, and a tract of land of about 100 acres, in proximity 




376 



Schools of Cincinnati, 



to the college building, was secured, and '' ornamentally 
and tastefully laid out, with conservatory, greenhouse, 
aviary, vinery, and various fruitages, properly located 
and kept in a model way; the first complete institution 
of its kind organized on the continent of America." 

This department of the college proved a failure and 




Ohio Military Institute. 

eventually the " Model Farm " was sold, and the pro- 
ceeds turned into the general endowment fund of the 
institution. 

The college flourished up to the Civil War. Among 
the students during this period were many persons who 
afterwards became prominent in various professions and 
walks of life, among whom may be mentioned Bishop 



37^ Schools of Cincinnati. 

J. M, Walden, Murat Halstead, and Ex-President Ben- 
jamin Harrison. The college received from the Civil 
War a blow from which it never recovered, and its ses- 
sions were suspended from 1870 to 1873. When its 
doors were reopened, they were open to both sexes. 

In 1884 the name of the institution was changed 
from " Farmers' College "to " Belmont College." 

In 1890 the fortunes of Belmont College seemed to be 
waning, and the trustees became convinced that, if the 
property with which they were entrusted was to be fur- 
ther used for educational purposes, it was necessary to 
make some change in their methods. The outcome of 
their deliberations was the founding of the Ohio Military 
Institute. vSince then the institute has been carried on 
with varying success, and now is in a flourishing con- 
dition. For the first four years the institute was under 
the charge of President John H. McKenzie. For the 
next three, under Col. Dudley Emerson. In 1897 the 
Rev. John Hugh Ely assumed control, with the title of 
regent. Under him, Dr. W. L. Siling is head master, 
and, with an able corps of assistants, overlooks the edu- 
cational and moral improvement of the cadets. Major 
James Stewart, U. S. A., retired, is the commandant of 
the cadets. 

The names of the successive presidents of the insti- 
tution are as follows: Freeman G. Cary, 1847-1853 ; 
Isaac J. Allen, 1853-1856; Rev. Charles N. Mattoon, 
1856-1860; Jacob Tiickerman, 1860-1866; Rev. C. D. 
Curtis, 1866-1870; J. S. Lowe, 1873-1877; Rev. J. B. 
Smith, 1877-1879; Philip Van Ness Myers, 1879-1890; 
Rev. J. H. McKenzie, 1890-1894; Col. Dudley Emer- 
son, 1894-1897; then Rev. John Hugh Ely, 1897 to 
date. 



The Eclectic Medical Institute. 379 



CHAPTER LII. 

THE ECLECTIC MEDICAL INSTITUTE. 
Harvey W. Felter, M. D. 

THE ECLECTIC MEDICAL INSTITUTE is the 
parent school and leading exponent of the American 
eclectic system of medicine. It is the direct successor 
of the Reformed Medical School of Cincinnati (1842-45). 
The latter was the successor of the medical department 
of Worthington College, at Worthington, O., and de- 
nominated Reformed Medical College of Ohio, but bet- 
ter known as the Worthington Medical College. The 
medical department at Worthington was the Western 
branch of the Reformed Medical College of the City of 
New York, the latter being the first reformed medical 
school in America, and the outgrowth of a reform medi- 
cal movement inaugurated in 1825 by Dr. Wooster 
Beach. 

The Eclectic Medical Institute was founded by Dr. 
Thomas V. Morrow, who had previously conducted the 
school at Worthington. He was ably assisted by Drs. 
Alexander H., Baldridge, Benjamin L. Hill, and Lorenzo 
E. Jones. These gentlemen, together with Drs. Hiram 
Cox and James H. Oliver, comprised the first faculty. 
The college is located at 1009 Plum Street. For many 
years it fronted at 228 W. Court Street. It was char- 
tered by a special act of the Ohio Legislature, March 10, 
1845, Col. James Kilbourne being especially active in 
securing its incorporation. The old institute building 



38o 



ScHooi.s OF Cincinnati. 



was twice visited by fire, and partially destroyed. The 
present building was erected in 1851, and dedicated with 
impressive ceremonies. 

The rise and progress of the school was rapid, it 

having graduated in its first ten years 593 physicians. 

The Eclectic Medical Institute was the first medical 

college to open its doors to women. Prior to 1877? 36 

women graduated. 
Owing to the fact 
that it is the lead- 
ing eclectic medi- 
cal college in the 
world, students 
come from every 
State in the Union, 
from Canada, 
Europe, and the 
West Indies, The 
Exposition Univer- 
selle of 1889 (Paris) 
awarded to the in- 
stitute, for best col- 
lect i o n of cata- 
logues, orders of 
lectures, text-books 
prepared by mem- 
bers of the faculty, 
medical journals, etc., a silver medal and diploma. The 
collection was then deposited in the great Bibliotheque 
Medicale, To date (1902) the institute has graduated 
3,743 physicians. No honorary degrees are granted. In 
connection with the school is the Seton Hospital and the 
Lloyd Library, 

Among members of the faculties who have achieved 




Eclectic Medical Institute, 
Court and Plum; Chartered in 1845. 



The Eclectic Medical Institute. 



3^1 



distinction are : Wooster Beach, founder of the eclectic 
school of medicine ; T. V. Morrow, promoter of eclect- 
icism in the West, founder of the institute ; Benjamin L. 
Hill, author of the first strictly eclectic text-book, "Hill's 
Eclectic Practice of Surgery," member of the Ohio and 
Michigan Legislatures, and consul to Nicaragua under 
Lincoln; Joseph R. Buchanan, medical philosopher, 
investigator, scientist, and 
general scholar ; Storm 
Rosa, first homeopathic 
professor in the West and 
president of the first pub- 
lic meeting of the home- 
opathists in the West (at 
Burton, O., in 1847) ; J. 
B. Stallo, distinguished 
lawyer, author, diplomat, 
and ininister to Italy under 
Cleveland; Daniel 
Vaughen, the most pro- 
found scholar and scientist 
Cincinnati ever produced ; 
John W. Hoyt, ex-gover- 
nor of Wyoming, origi- 
nator of the movement to 
establish a National Uni- 
versity at Washington, 

D. C. ; G. W. L. Bickley, historian, adventurer, and chief 
of the order of the Golden Circle ; John King, scholar, 
author, father of American materia medica ; William B. 
Powell, ethnologist and author of the "History of the 
Human Temperaments;" John M. Scudder, author and 
originator of the doctrine of specific medication ; Edwin 
Freeman, teacher of anatomy; Herod D. Garrison, 




John K. Scudder, 

Secretary Faculty Eclectic 
Medical Institute. 



3^2 Schools of Cincinnati. 

scholar, philosopher, and lecturer ; Andrew J. Howe, fore- 
most eclectic surgeon of his day; F. J. Locke, 31 years 
a teacher of materia medica ; J. A. Jeancon, scholar and 
author ; John Uri Lloyd, chemist-pharmacist and au- 
thor of " Etidorhpa " " Stringtown ;" William E. Bloyer, 
editor of Eclectic Alcdical Gleaner, ex-president of 
National Eclectic Medical Association, and president of 
National Association of Orificial Surgeons ; L. E. Rus- 
sel, surgeon of national repute. 

The following is the faculty : Frederick John Locke, 
dean of faculty ; John Allard Jeancon ; John Uri Lloyd, 
Phr. M., Ph. D.; Rolla L. Thomas; William Edward 
Bloyer; John King Scudder, A. M., M. D. ; Robert 
Corbin Wintermute ; Lyman Watkins ; William L. 
Dickson, A. M., LL. B. ; Harvey WickesFelter ; Bishop 
McMillen ; Linus E. Russel ; John Reed Spencer; 
Kent Oscanyan Foltz ; (ieorge William Brown ; Emer- 
son Venable, A. B. ; Edwin Ricker Freeman ; Charles 
George Smith. 



CHAPTER LIII. 

LAURA MEMORIAL WOMAn's MEDICAL COLLEGE. 

THE Laura Memorial Woman's Medical College, in 
connection with the Presbyterian Hospital, repre- 
sents the union of the Woman's Medical College of the 
Presbyterian Hospital and the Woman's Medical Col- 
lege of Cincinnati. The latter institution was founded 
in 1887, the former in 1890. 

With the entrance of women into medicine, there 
was a growing demand made upon the medical schools 



Laura Memorial Woman's Medical College. 383 

for men, in Cincinnati, on the part of women desiring 
medical instruction. This demand led to the establish- 
ment of these colleges for women ; as there was and still 
is some objection on the part of schools for men to the 
admission of women to their classes. 

The Laura Memorial Woman's Medical College, 
the name under which the institution is now chartered, 
was endowed in 1S95, 
through the generos- 
it}- of Mr. and Mrs. 
Alexander \J c- 
Donald. These bene- 
factors of the institu- 
tion purchased and 
presented to the col- 
lege the large and 
convenient buildings 
now occupied by the 
present institution. 
This gift stands as a 
memorial to their 
daughter, Laura Mc- 
Donald Stallo, a n d 
has been made com- 
plete in all the mani- 
fold departments of 
a thoroughly , ecjuip- 
ped medical school. 

The institution, as thus established, represents both 
the former schools, and is the only medical college ex- 
clusively for women in the State of Ohio. Since the 
union of the two schools, and the assumption of the 
present name, the Presbyterian Hospital has been very 
largely increased in capacity by a perfectly modern, 




Dr. J. M. With ROW, 

Dean Laura Memorial Woman's 
Medical College. 



384 



Schools of Cincinnati. 



new building, including all of the equipment necessary 
to a modern hospital. This building was also the gift of 
Mr. and Mrs. McDonald. 

The Presbyterian Hospital, thus endowed, represents 
the clinical department of the Laura Memorial Woman's 
Medical College, and its students have exclusive right to 
all of the bed-side instruction given in the institution. 




Laura Memorial College, 616-630 VV. Sixth Street. 



In addition to this there has been established a com- 
plete and commodious college clinic, which is held daily 
from three to four in the afternoon. Here diseases are 
treated free of charge by the medical teachers connected 
w^ith the college. Patients are asked, when able to pay, 
a nominal charge for the medicine supplied. Otherwise 



Lai'ka Memorial Woman's Mkdicai. Coj.lkge. 385 

medicine, ;is well as treatment, is given free. About 
1,800 patients avail themselves of this opportunity annu- 
ally. 

The college is a member of the American Medical 
College Association. Its course is divided into four 
years, of seven months each. There is in connection 
with the college a laboratory for original research. The 
generosity of the founders of the institution has put the 
college beyond the necessity of depending upon the fees 
of its students for its support, and has allowed the man- 
agers to make the charges for tuition very reasonable. 

The students have access to the public clinics at the 
Cincinnati Hospital, in common with the students of all 
the other colleges of the city, and through the faculty 
are given access to the Public Library, and also to the 
medical library in the Cincinnati Hospital. One of the 
purposes in the foundation of the institution by its bene- 
factors was in meeting the demand for medical mission- 
aries in foreign missionary fields. For this purpose, or 
in order to meet this requirement, they have always 
given free tuition to such young w'omen as desire, under 
the supervision of the foreign missionary bands of any 
of the evangelical churches, to go into the foreign mis- 
sionary field as medical missionaries. Dr. John AJ. 
Withrow, A. M., dean ; Alexander McDonald, president 
board of trustees. 

THE CINCINNATI COLLEGIATE SCHOOL. 

The Cincinnati Collegiate School, 148 E. Fourth 
Street, was organized under its present title in 1877, and 
was only Mr. Eugene F. Bliss' English and Classical 
School reorganized, under the firm name of Bliss & Babin, 
The Bliss school itself was simply a continuation of the 
famous old Brooks school, which is still remembered by 

[25I 




EnwARn Sexior, Director University of Cfncixnatc. 

(,VS«i| 



The Ohio Mechanics Institute. ^87 

many of the older citizens. After a partnership of two 
•years, Mr. Bliss retired, and since that time the school 
has continued under the management of its present head 
master, the Rev. J. Babin, A. B. The languages are 
here taught very minutely and to any extent required. 
Mr. Babin's experience in Eastern as well as foreign 
schools, especially in the great English public schools, 
has enabled him to introduce some improvements that 
have been of great benefit to his pupils. 



CHAPTER Ll\'. 

the OHIO MECHANICS IXSTITl'TE. 

John I.. Shearer. 

THE history of educational work in Cincinnati would 
be incomplete without a chapter devoted to the 
Ohio Mechanics Institute, whose record extends back 
seventy-five years. The institution is therefore the old- 
est educational institution of the city, with an unbroken 
period of service. 

The men who founded this school are dead, but 
their names will be honored as long as the city stands 
and the early strtiggles of the '^ Queen City" are re- 
counted to the risinggeneration. On November 20, 1828, 
the constitution was adopted, and on February 9th of 
the following year the institute was incorporated under 
the laws of the State of Ohio. 

Dr. J. D. Craig, who had been giving scientific 
lectures in connection with Dr. John Locke, called a 
meeting of citizens, formed a committee, and secured 



388 



Schools of Cincinnati. 



the incorporating act. The names of those who assisted 

him are Thomas Riley, Lyman Watson, William C. 

Anderson, David T. Disney, George Graham, Calvin 

Fletcher, Clement Dare, William Disney, William 

Greene, J a m e s 
Brewer, J e fF r e y 
Seymour, Israel 
S c h o o 1 e y, and 
Elisha Brigham. 

For twenty 
years the school 
occupied various 
habitations : the 
city council cham- 
bers, the old Col- 
lege Building on 
Walnut Street, the 
Enon Baptist 
Church (1830), a 
private school- 
room, and then the 
famous Trollope's 
Bazaar on E. Third 
Street. In this lat- 
ter home (in the 
year 1838), under 
the auspices of the 
institute, were 
founded the "Cin- 
cinnati Industrial 

Exhibitions," through which the city became known to 

the whole country as an industrial center. 

Until the great " Centennial " in 1888, the institute 

devoted a large share of its efforts to the cause of Cin- 




■iSilA-- 



The Ohio Mechanics Institute, 

Southwest Corner Sixth and 
Vine Streets. 



The Ohio Mechanics Institute. 389 

cinnati's business prosperit}-. In February, 1838, a Me- 
chanics' and Citizens' Ball was held at the National 
Theatre, and $2,400 was raised for the benefit of the 
school. In 1839 the institution purchased Mrs. Trol- 
lope's " Folly," as the bazaar had been styled : $10,000 
was the price. Again the institute was unable to hold 
its property, and in 1847 ^'""6 bazaar reverted. The 
present home of this grand old institution is over fifty 
years old, the corner-stone being laid on Julv 4, 1848. 

To recount the many important events with which 
this time-honored structure is associated would fill several 
volumes. It is the gift of many donors. From twenty- 
five cents, a day's labor, a load of lumber, a keg of nails, 
to the gifts of thousands of dollars made by Miles Green- 
wood and Marston Allen, ranged the contributions 
that finally cleared the indebtedness. Two years ago 
(1900) it was completely remodeled, two additional 
stories built upon its substantial walls and fitted up with 
every modern convenience. 

The purpose of the institute has been from its very 
beginning the education of the skilled workman. Since 
1856 technical class instruction has been carried on, so 
that more than 17,000 students have gone out to enrich 
this and other cities by their superior training. The 
present season has brought together a students' body of 
1,045, in departments which are of great practical ability 
in a city dependent so largely upon its manufacturing 
industries. Machine design, architectural drawing, trade 
designing of every description, technical chemistry, 
mathematics, physics and applied electricity, the modern 
languages, industrial economy, painting, wood-carving 
and modeling, manual training in a great variety of 
branches useful in our citv, together with the essentials 




ii!P"i'"M.w''"' 

John L. Shearer, Superintendent Ohio Mechanics Institute, ^3^;o) 



The Ohio Mechanics I.vstiti'te. 391 

of a good Encrlish high schcwl education, are taught by a 
corps of twenty-five eminent specialists. 

For many years the cUiss instruction of the insti- 
tution was limited to evening hours ; now day and 
evening departments are maintained. 

The Ohio Mechanics Institute founded the first 
public library in the city, and the present Public Library 
had its first home in the institute building. The Hoard 
of Education also occupied quarters at the institute for a 
time. The signal tower of the Fire Department was also 
located on the building for many years. 

In i8f,6 " The School of Design of the Ohio Me- 
chanics Institute " was founded, and it was so success- 
ful that it led to the introduction of drawing into the 
public schools. 

In 1893 Dr. James Leslie was elected president. 
The first president was John P. Foote ( i9years) ; second, 
Miles Greenwood (7 years); third, Charles F. Wilstach 
(17 years); fourth, Thomas Gilpin (17 years); fifth, 
James Allison (3 years). R. E. Champion was a noted 
superintendent. He died in London, England, in 1898, 
and in a few months the superintendency was filled by 
the election of John L. Shearer, the present incumbent. 

The officers for 1902-1903 are: President, James 
Leslie; vice-president, Walter Laidlaw ; secretary, John 
M. Hubbell; treasurer. H. E. Hannaford. Directors: 
Bert. L. Baldwin, P. G. March, William G. Fisher, Geo. 
Muenzenmaier, F'red. A. Feier, C. II. M Atkins, Ernst 
F. DuBrul. 



392 Schools of Cincinnati. 



CHAPTER LV. 

THE CINCINNATI COLLEGE OF DENTAL SURGERY. 

(Dental Department of Ohio University). 

IN eighteen hundred and ninety-three the conditions in 
Cincinnati seemed to indicate that a dental college, 
in addition to the one in existence, was necessary, so a 
number of professional men, business men, and educators 
got together for the purpose of organizing this institution. 

Those most deeply interested were: Francis B. 
James, O. VV. Martin, George B. Harte, Philip D. 
Fosdick, W. T. McLean, G. S. Junkerman, and others. 
The school was incorporated on the 17th day of April, 
1893. The following gentlemen were the incorporators : 
William T. McLean, Andrew G. Norman, George W. 
Boyce, Jonathan L. Cilley, George B. PLirte, and G. S. 
Junkerman. 

The corporation was duly organized and launched 
by the law firm of Jones & James, and a lease, with 
the privilege of purchase, was secured on the premises 
now occupied by the west half of the college building, 
known as 233 W. Court Street. One year later the in- 
stitution purchased the property then occupied by them, 
and still another year passed when they purchased the 
east half of the building, now occupied, giving them 
forty-three feet front on Court Street. The college ex- 
pended about $10,000 in remodeling the building, besides 
thoroughly equipping it with the most modern improve- 
ments known to the science of dentistry. The building 
was constructed especially for the purpose of affording 



The Cincinnati Coi>i.ege of Dental vSurgery. 393 

good, light and sanitation. During the first year of the 
school's'i career it had a class of 13 students. The 
greatest number it has ever had has been 109, and thus 
far about 200 have been graduated. These are practic- 
ing in the various parts of the United States, and are 
uniformlv successful. 

There are remaining in the faculty four of the origi- 
nal members : W. 
T. McLean, L. S. 
Colter, A. V. 
Phelps, and G. S. 
Junkerman. The 
college complies 
strictly w i t h the 
laws regulating in- 
stitutions of learn- 
ing. Its vested au- 
thority is to confer 
the degree of Doctor 
of Dental Surgery, 
and its diplomas are 
granted under its 
corporate seal. The 
regular term is seven 
months. Ten days 
are allowed after the 
opening of the term 
for students to ma- 
triculate, and an extra ten days are allowed in cases of 
illness. 

The officers and teachers concentrate their attention 
and expend their energ'es with one single end in view — 
to prepare students in their chosen profession, that they 




G. S. Junkerman, M. D., D D. S., 

Dean Cincinnati College of 
Dental Surgery. 




'TT^ 



""^ 




(.W4) The Cincinnati College of Dental Surgerv. 



The Cincinnati Coli.kcjk ok Dental .Suk(;ery. 391^ 

may practice in any state or country. Its trustees con- 
sider this an extraordinary advantage to students who 
contemplate the pursuit of dentistry as a profession. The 
professors of the college do the demonstrating in the clinic 
rooms and laboratories. These duties are not left to any 
new and inexperienced practitioners. 

The college equipments are most complete, each de- 
partment having the most modern and improved appur- 
tenances for practical operative procedures. The infirm- 
ary and laboratories are unequaled for all classes of 
work. Heat, light, and ventilation have been thoroughly 
arranged, so as to make the student comfortable while 
attending to his duties. Individual desks, electric and 
foot lathes are among the college ecjuipments. In the 
operating room are found all modern chairs. The finest 
discipline is maintained among the students. The 
rights of every student are respected, and in the presence 
of good order, makes it possible for a student to pursue 
his studies unmolested. 

Students contemplating entering this college need 
not have had any previous office experience, as this 
feature of their education is attended to in this institution. 
The careful training to equip every student to start into 
practice after graduation is provided for, therefore the 
trustees can safely say that a student may and will receive 
a full and complete dental education before being released 
as a graduate. 

The present faculty consists of the following : 

G. S. Junkerman, M. D., D. D. S. (dean of the 
faculty). 

A. V. Phelps, M. D. 

W. T. McLean, M. D., D. D. S. (vice-dean of 
faculty) . 

L. S. Colter, B. S., M. D. 



396 Schools of Cincinnati. 

W. H. Gensley, D. D. S. (secretary of faculty), 
F. A. Lush, B. S.. D. D. S. 
J. W. Rowe, B. A.. M. D. 
b. E. Sheehan, D. D. S. 




Dr. Louis Grossman, 

Rabbi Plum Street Temple; Prof, of Theology and 
Ethics in Hebrew Union College. 



The college has an advisory board of visitors com- 
posed of John A. Caldwell, Howard Ferris, Henry A. 
Morrill, Wm. Howard Neff, Wm. H. Anderson, Daniel 
T. Wright, Wm. H. Taft, Wm. O. vSproull, Rankin D. 
Jones, Joseph S. Peebles, J. C. Ernst, G. F. Junkerman 



TlIK CiVCINNATI COLLKCJK OK DeNTAI. SuK(iEKY. 397 

In June, 1902, this institution was made the Dental 
Department of Ohio University, of Athens, O. 
MIAMI dp:\tai. college. 

The Miami Dental College was established in 1896 
under a State charter, at the southeast corner of Elm 
and Shillito Place. In 1899 it was moved to No. 8 E. 
Seventh Street. Dr. Edwin B. Swift, dean. In 1899 
there were seven graduates, and in 1900 there was one, 
but the attendance increased. In 1900 the school closed 
for lack of support. 

AMERICAN health COLLEGE. 

The American Health College and Vitapathic Sani- 
tarium was organized in Cincinnati in 1876, and chart- 
ered in 1883. The society owns its own college building 
and sanitarium in Fairmount. To date 400 doctors have 
been licensed. John Bunyan Campbell, president and 
founder. This college objects to much medicine, and uses 
few drugs. Electricity plays a prominent part. 



CHAPTER LVI. 

THE NELSON BUSINESS COLLEGE. 

THE NELSON BUSINESS COLLEGE was found- 
ed in 1856 by the late Richard Nelson, who had 
been superintendent of the public schools of Wheeling, 
W. Va., just prior to coming to this city. 

The school prospered from the first, and is one of 
the substantial and staid institutions of the city, having 
probably educated inore business men than any other 
school of its kind here. 



39^ 



Schools of Cincennati. 



April 4, 1900, Mr. Nelson died, and his daughter, 
Miss Ella Nelson, became principal. She conducted the 
school successfully until January i, 1902, when she was 
succeeded by her brother, Richard J. Nelson (director 
from the incorporation in 1883, and president since Jan- 
uary I, 1903), for years principal of the Springfield, O., 
branch of the college. The school is incorporated as The 
Nelson Business College Com])anv, and capitalized at 




Richard j Nelson, 
President of The Nelson Business CoUeo^e Company. 

$50,000. Dr. J. P. Geppert is vice-president, and J. L. 
Mitchell secretary. 

The college is now located in that superb edifice, the 
Odd Fellows' Temple, vSeventh and Elm. It occupies the 
fourth floor (22,000 sq. ft). The school rooms are light 
and airv, and the location is not surpassed by that of any 
other school in this country. 



\\^ATTKKS Ik'SrXESS C<)LI.E(iE. 399 



CHAPTER LVll. 

WATTKKS lUTSINESS COLLEGE. 

WATTERvS BlISINESS COLLEGE was t\)unded 
in 1852 by the late James M. Watters, an expert 
and consulting accountant, who enjoyed the national 
reputation of being the best versed expert and authority 
on accounts in this country. 

During his 41 years' experience as a professional and 
practical accountant he wrote up and settled 537 sets of 
books for as niany different business houses. He worked 
hard to establish a school, and succeeded in bringing his 
college to the front. 

On the day of his death, January :;, 1891, he was 
succeeded in the management by his oldest son, J. ILirrv 
Watters, expert accountant. To this present time the 
school has had unusual success. 

The college is located in the Lincoln Club Building, 
southwest corner of Eighth and Race, in close prox- 
imity to the street cars, and but a short distance from the 
various railway stations. The beautiful Garfield Park is 
immediately in front, and the surroundings are very 
pleasant, being free from those places of resort and 
amusement ^yhich are calculated to distract the attention 
of students. 

Students receive imlividual attention from skilled 
instructors, who are expert book-keepers, accountants, 
and commercial educators. The aim of thg school is to 
teach how to keep books. Instruction is also given in 
shorthand, typewriting, penmanship, business arithme- 




J. Harry Watters, 
(400) President of The Watters Business College Co 



e 



Watters Business Colle(je. 401 

tic, and all those branches that are essential to a first- 
class business education. 

Prior to accepting the management of the business 
department of the college, J. Harry Watters was engaged 
as expert accountant by different merchants and banks 
He wa. the principal expert employed by the Goyernment 
in the ciyil and criminal trial of certain directors of th. 
late Fidelity National Bank. He was afterwards an ap- 
plicant tor the position of national bank examiner and 
receiyed many recommendations from persons of promi- 
nence. 

OTHER BUSINESS COLLEGES. 

The Bartlett Commercial College, 526 Walnut • or- 
ganized 1834; chartered 1847; incorporated 1800 'c 
M. Bartlett, president. 

Cincinnati School of Phonography ; Amy R. Camp- 
bell, principal ; College Building. 

Miss Littleford's Shorthand School, Pike Building 

Traub's Cincinnati Business College, Nos i vi^ E 
Fifth Street; Louis Traub, principal. 



CHAPTER LVni. 

SCHOOL JOURNALS. 

piNCINNATI has neyer been the home of successful 
\^ school journals. Many haye been started, but all 
sooner or later haye failed. Apparently those managing 
the papers made strenuous efforts to keep up, but the 
field did not appear profitable, and the publications 
ceased to appear. 

[26] 



403 



Schools of Cincinnati. 



The following extract is from " Ford's History of 
Cincinnati :" Educational journalism has had a varied 
existence in Cincinnati, as everywhere else, when pro- 
fessional ventures of this kind have been hazarded. So 
long since as July, 1831, very nearly half a century ago, 

the Academic 
P i n e e r ap- 
peared in this 
city, the pioneer, 
indeed, of all 
such journals, 
not only in Cin- 
cinnati, but in 
the State. It 
was a monthly 
magazine, con- 
ducted by a com- 
mittee under the 
auspices of the 
famous Western 
Academic Insti- 
tute, or College 
of Teachers. 
U n h a pp i 1 y, it 
did not survive 
its second num- 
ber, but then 
died for want of 
sustenance. Somebody, nevertheless, had the hardihood 
to start a Commo)i School Advocate here in 1837, and 
courageously maintained it until 1841. The Universal 
Advocate was also started in the former year; but by 
whom or how long it kept up the struggle for existence 
history says nothing. March of the same year, too, 




Publisher of a " Historj of the Schools 
of Cincinnati " (1900). 



vScHOOL JOUKNALS. .q^ 

Strange to say, considering the infancy of educational 
journalism, and the financial pressure of that time, saw 
the birth of still another school paper here, the W>s-/.vv/ 
Aca</e„^/r/aj;, edited by the well-known teacher, John 
W. Picket, and adopted as the organ of the Teachers' 
College. It lasted for a twelve-month. Then the next 




Joseph F. Meader, 
A Woodward Colleg^e Student in 1841. 

year, in July, came the first number of the Educational 
/^/.v.s^^w/y^rt'/,,;-, published for a time by S. Picket, Sr., 
and Dr. J. W. Picket, but soon discontinued. In' 1846 
stronger and more hopeful auspices, at least financially 
attended the birth of The School Friend, which was 
started in October by Messrs. W. B. Smith & Com- 
pany, the leading school-book publishers of the city. 



404 Schools of Cincinnati. 

Mr. Hazen White became editor of this in 1848; and at 
the beginning of 1850 the Ohio School Journal, which 
had been edited and published at Kirkland, and after- 
wards at Columbus, by Dr. Asa B. Lord, was consoli- 
dated with it, under the title of The School Frieiid and 
Ohio School yoiirnal. Dr. Lord was editor, assisted by 
Principal H. H. Barney, of the Cincinnati Central 
School, and Cyrus Knowlton ; but they all did not save 
the magazine from suspension in September, 1851. The 
Western School yonrnal, a monthly publication, devoted 
to the cause of education in the Mississippi Valley, was 
supported by W. H. Moore & Co., a part of the time 
without any paid subscription, from March, 1847, to 
1849. Subsequent ventures in the same direction were 
the Ohio Teacher, started in May, 1859. edited by 
Thomas Rainey, and published at Cincinnati, Columbus, 
and Cleveland, but not long; the Journal of Progress 
and Education, Social and Political Economy, and the 
Useful Arts, published from January, i860, to August, 
1861, by Elias Longley, with Superintendent John Han- 
cock, of the Cincinnati public schools as editor of the 
educational matter; The News and Educator, 1864 to 
1866, Nelson & Co., publishers, Superintendent Hancock 
and Richard Nelson, editors, succeeded in January, 1867, 
by the Educational Times; An American Monthly 
Magazi}ie of literature and education, of which Super- 
intendent Hancock edited the first number ; The Na- 
tional Normal, an organ of the Lebanon Normal School, 
started October, 1868, with Josiah Holbrook, at first, and 
Messrs. (jeorge E. Stevens & Co., of this city, after- 
wards, as publishers, and R. H. Holbrook and Sarah 
Porter as editors, the monthly surviving, at times quite 
prosperously, until October, 1874; and the Public 
School Journal, started in i860 and now published at 



School Journal. 405 

Mt, Washington, by Prof. F. E. Wilson, with an edi- 
torial and business office at No. 11 E. Fourth Street, Cin- 
cinnati. Meanwhile, considerable editorial work has 
been done by Cincinnati educators upon the Ohio yoiir- 
nal of Ediicatio]i . which was started at Columbus in 




John B. Shotwell, 

Compiler and Publisher of " Schools of Cincinnati" 

(1902), Editor of " School Life," October 3, 1899, 

to January 20, 1902. 

January, 1852, and still surviving in vigor, by Principal 
Barney in 1852, Cyrus Knowlton in 1853, Joseph Ray 
18^4 to 18^^, and Superintendent Hancock in 186^. The 
mathematical department in the yournal was for a time 
in charge of Dr. Ray, then a professor; F. VV. Hurtt, of 



4o6 Schools of Cincinnati. 

the Woodward High School, after the death of Dr. Ray. 
(Dr. E. E. White, superintendent of schools, should be 
added to this list of notable educators.) 

The Public School yournal is now published by The 
Public School Journal Co., of which John Butler is 
president ; William Dearness and Mr. Butler are the 
editors. The oflice is Room 37, Carlisle Building, Fourth 
and Walnut. The journal is monthly, $1 per year. 

October 3, 1899, a new paper appeared, published 
by John B. Shotwell, ex-second assistant in the First 
Intermediate School, and a teacher also in the night high 
school. The Journal was a weekly, and was styled a 
school newspaper. It suspended January 30, 1903, 
owing to failure to collect over $600 of subscriptions that 
were in arrears. The editor then turned his attention to 
preparing for publication "Schools of Cincinnati" 
(this volume), which has taken about eighteen months' 
continued application. 



CHAPTER LIX. 

CINCINNATI COLLEGE OF PHARMACY. 

(Department (if Pharmacy, Ohio University.) 

THE history of the Cincinnati College of Pharmacy 
may fairly be said to date from the act of incor- 
poration of March 23, 1850. 

At the very beginning of its career the institution 
took into careful consideration the existing conditions 
and needs of the practice of pharmacy and pharmaceuti- 
cal education. Fifty years ago the opportunities for the 
intercliange of thought were extremely limited, and con. 



Cincinnati Com.e(;e ok I'hakmacv 



407 



sequently the diffusion and cultivation of the science of 
pharmacy was slow. 

Notwithstanding the many difficulties encountered 
and the great obstacles to overcome, the institution had 
a steady and substantial p^rowth. Its career of useful- 




C. T. P. Fennel, Actuary College of Pharmacy 



ness and success has been remarkable. From its infancy 
it has been recognized as a prime factor in matters, per- 
taining to pharmacy, and to-day stands as the recognized 
leader in true pharmaceutical education. 



4o8 



Schools of Cincinnati. 



The early history of the American Pliarniaceutical 
Association clearly shows the important part played by 
the pioneers of pharmacy of Cincinnati. vSuch men as 

E. S. Wayne, Wm. B. Chapman, W. J. M. Gordon, 
J. A. Smith, Geo Eger, T. L. A. Greve, A. Fennel, J. 

F. Judge, Wm. H. Adderly, and Wm. Karrman saw to 

it that pharmaceuti- 
cal culture did not 
languish. The gal 
axy of shining lights 
could be increased al- 
most indefinitely, but 
their names have been 
recorded im perish- 
ably in the history 
not only of Cincin- 
nati's pharmacy, but 
of national pharmacy. 
The institution has 
been in the front rank 
for every ' measure 
seeking the elevation 
of pharmacy and its 
supporters. It is to- 
day the oldest phar- 
macy college west of 
the Alleghanies. 

The college 
building is located at 
614-616-618 W. Court vStreet. It is a well-built and im- 
posing structure, and is thoroughly equipped with labo- 
ratories, lecture halls, etc. 

The college confers four degrees, each degree in con- 




Dr. Julius H. Eichberg, 

Dean Colletre of Pharmacy; Prof. 

of Materia Medica and Thera 

peutics Miami Medical 

College. 



Cincinnati College ok Pharmacy. 409 

formity with the course pursued and the conditions re- 
quired : 

Bachelor of Pharmacy (Pliar. B.). 

Pharmaceutical Chemist (Phar. C). 

Master of Pharmacy (Phar. M.). 

Doctor of Pharmacy (Phar. D.). 

The degree of Ph. G. (Graduate of Pharmacy) is 
no longer given. 

Women are admitted on the same conditions as men. 

Students entering for a degree must have a prelimi- 
nary general education, at least equivalent to that re- 
quired for admission to a public high school. 

Following is the faculty : Dr. Julius H. Eichberg, 
Ph. G., dean; Chas. T. P. Fennef, Ph. G., Ph. D. ; 
A. O. Zwick, B. L. S., Ph. G. ; Otis L. Cameron, 
M. D. ; Chas. A. Apmeyer, Ph. G. ; Edward Hefner, 
Ph. B. ; Adolph Leue, A. M., Ph. D. 

In June, 1903, the College of Pharmacy became the 
department of pharmacy of the Ohio University, at 
Athens. 



CHAPTER LX. 

SCHOOL LIBRARIES. 
\V. C. Washburn. 

AFTER the free school system had been established in 
1829, those pupils who ranked highest in the an- 
nual examinations were rewarded by the Board of Trus- 
tees and Visitors with prizes of books, for which purpose 
one hundred dollars was appropriated by the City Council. 
This remained the practice for several years, in the hope 



4IO 



Schools of Cincinnati. 



that it would " have a salutary effect in inspiring a spirit 
of ambitious but generous emulation among the students."' 
These presentations were usually made by the mayor in 
public. 

In the annual report of the Trustees, for the year 
ending June 30, 1836, we learn that "juvenile libraries" 
had been formed, "by way of experiment," in some of 

the schools, by volun- 
t a r y contributions 
from the scholars and 
" the liberal assist- 
ance of the public ;" 
and it is suggested 
that the Apprentices' 
Library, " now under 
the care of the City 
Council," be made 
accessible to all the 
pupils of the schools. 
Two years later we 
are told " the pupils 
and teachers, in many 
of the districts, have 
succeeded in obtain- 
ing libraries, consist- 
ing, in some in- 
stances, of seven to 
eight hundred vol- 
umes;" and that " most of the schools have petitioned 
the Board to expend the sum (one hundred dollars) here- 
tofore appropriated for annual premiums to pupils, in 
books for their libraries." 

In his report, June, 1839, Elam P. Langdon, presi- 
dent of the Board, writes : " There is a library contain- 




JoHN P. Deuner, 

Member Board of Education, 

1884- 1886. 



School Libraries. 411 

ing a greater or less number of books in every school 
district. In some of the districts the citizens have con- 
tributed for this purpose from ,$30 to .$too." The Legis- 
lature, May 4, 1853, provided a tax of one-tenth of a mill 
for the purchase of libraries and apparatus for the schools 
" under direction of the State Commissioner of Common 
Schools." 

Sixteen of these libraries were supplied to the school 
districts of Cincinnati, each being a duplicate of the 
others. This method of disbursing the fund, however, 
was unsatisfactory to the Board of Education, because 
of the " wasteful multiplication of books;" and in a 
meeting of the Board, December 18, 1854, resolutions 
were adopted that there should be but one library (see 
page 365). 

Concerning the library thus founded, Rufus King 
reports in March 1855 : " As a beginning, some fifteen 
hundred volumes were selected, containing a wide choice 
of histories, etc., with a fair proportion of works of 
fiction, such, for example, as those of Miss Edgeworth, 
Scott, Cooper." He continues : "It is this latter de- 
partment of the library from w^hich the least good is to 
be hoped," and he advises that it be " watched with 
closest attention." At this time school children were 
not allowed to take out novels. 

About six years ago Superintendent Morgan en- 
couraged the principals to inaugurate plans to establish 
libraries in the schools over which they had charge. 
Public entertainments were given ; voluntary contri- 
butions were made by pupils, patrons and teachers ; sub- 
scriptions were solicited, and in many instances large 
sums of money were donated by public-spirited citizens. 

Many of the schools, therefore, possess libraries that 
merit special attention. In the Twenty-seventh District 



412 



Schools of Cincinnati. 



is the A. Howard Hinkle Library, named for the princi- 
pal donor, and showing in its printed catalogue about 
five hundred volumes. The North Fairmount School 
Library has a printed catalogue of about the same num- 
ber, purchased with contributions from teachers and 
friends of the school. The Fifteenth District has about 

three hundred vol- 
umes, obtained by 
teachers' donations 
and gifts from vari- 
ous sources. In 
the vSixth District 
is the Charles 
Fleischmann Li- 
brary, containing 
twelve hundred 
English and Ger- 
man works, estab- 
lished in i8g7 with 
money donated by 
the late Charles 
Fleischmann, 
whose heirs add to 
the sum annually. 
Another of the 
city's public-heart- 
ed German citi- 
z e n s , the late 
Christian M o e r- 
lein, bequeathed 
$i,ooo to found a library in the Webster School. The 
Nineteenth District has an excellent library of five hun- 
dred books, established in 1895 with money raised by an 
entertainment given by the schocJ. The Thirtieth 




Judge Fred. S. Spiegel, 

A Member of the Board of 
Education, April, 1880. 



School Libraries. 



413 



District has nine hundred volumes, purchased with the 
proceeds of two public entertainments. The Twenty- 
first District has also a well-stocked library. In the 
Windsor School a considerable amount has been raised 
to provide a library. The Eighth District has a valuable 




William Henry Davis, Jr., * 

Clerk of the University Board Since February iS, 1901. 



professional library in the office of the school for the 
teachers' use, and a pupils' library of appropriate books 
in each class-room. Teachers of the Whittier School have 
a small but good library, and are perfecting plans to add 



4^4 Schools of Cincinnati. 

largely to it. In the Tenth District is an English and 
German library of nearly seven hundred volumes for 
teachers' and pupils' use. 

The Hughes High School Library had its beginning 
in one of the sixteen duplicate libraries furnished to the 
city by the State, as told elsewhere in this sketch. It has 
now grown to twenty-seven hundred volumes. Many 
other schools have excellent nuclei of books, to which 
important additions will be made as results of plans and 
measures now in progress. 

" Old Woodward " High School is the proud pos- 
sessor of the largest of the school libraries, the foundation 
for which was a legacy from the old Woodward College, 
the collection thus dating from 1831, when the college 
was opened. Many valuable additions have since been 
made, until the library now comprises about four thousand 
volumes, among them being some rare treasures from the 
old college. 

In 1902 valuable collections of supplementary readers 
were furnished each school by the Board of Education. 



CHAPTER LXI. 

THE principals' ASSOCIATION. 

IN 1868, under the leadership of Superintendent John 
Hancock, G. A. Carnahan, J. E. Sherwood, and E. 
H. Prichard sent out an invitation to the principals of 
the Cincinnati schools to meet at the rooms of the Board 
of Education, for the organization of an association 
whose object should be the discussion of educational 
problems. 



The Principals' Association. 



415 



The principals responded, and it was decided to call 
the new society The Principals' Association of Cincin- 
nati, and to limit the membership to those who have 
supervision of the work of other teachers in the public 
schools of Cincinnati. A committee was appointed to 
frame a constitution and by-laws. The committee re- 
ported at the next meeting, and a permanent organi- 
zation was effected, 
with the following 
officers : President, 
Vice-President, Re- 
cording Secretary, 
Corresponding Secre- 
tary and Treasurer; 
These hold office for 
one year. The regu- 
lar election of officers 
is held the first week 
in September. 

Since September 
12, 1S96, annual dues 
have been ,$2. Meet- 
ings are held monthly, 
except in July and 
August. Occasional- 
ly special meetings 
are held. 

Some of the sub- 
jects discussed during the past ten years are : 

Personal and official duties of the principal. 

Individuality of the child. 

Individuality of the teacher. 

Character at the end of education. 




W. H. Remley, 

Principal of the Twenty-eighth 
District School. 



41 



6 Schools of Cincinnati, 



To what extent can correllation be profitably made 
to teach the subject given? 

Normal order of child-growth. 

Influence of mental fatigue upon the mentality of 
the child. 

The mental effects of physical exercise. 
The influence of manual training upon other parts 
of school work. 

Constructive instincts and activities of children. 
Moral training of school children. 
How shall the child study.? 
When and where shall the child study? 
Home influence in school work, or how to secure 
parental co-operation. 

How shall we instil the love of truth in the minds 
of our pupils? 

Arithmetic in the lower grades. 
Libraries, how to conduct and use them. 
The attitude of the American teacher. 
How to maintain dignity, personally, professionally, 
and intellectually. 
Thought period. 

Where should a principal's supervision be most con- 
stant ? 

Language and composition. 

How shall we teach geography inductively and ac- 
cording to present course of study? 

Descriptive appliances for teaching geography and 
history. 

What are the best incentives for study and charac- 
ter? 

The extra scholastic functions of the elementary 
school. 

Advance in education. 




Charles A. Miller, 
Member of the Board of Education, April, 1879. 

(4>7) 



[27 



4i8 Schools of Cincinnati. 

The extent and limits of educational discipline 
necessary to success in life. 

Literature in the primary grades. 

The preparation of the teacher. 

How shall the teacher instruct so that the pupil's 
interest in the acquisition of knowledge shall continue 
after he shall leave school.? 

Previous acquired knowledge as a factor in the pu- 
pil's further progress. 

How shall we develop self-helpfulness and self- 
reliance in the pupil.? 

In addition to the discussion of the above topics, a 
number of distinguished educators have appeared before 
the association. Superintendent Morgan in the 67th 
annual report says : " The Principals' Association has 
never done more useful or successful work than during 
the last four years of its history, and the enthusiasm 
aroused has urged it on to even better work in the years 
to come. It has grown to an organization of profes- 
sional, dignified, and pedagogical character, and its in- 
fluence is for good upon the ambition and the ethical in- 
tents of the subordinate teacher." 

The following is as complete a list of presidents as 
can be obtained from the records : 

1873-4, A- A. Gierke. 

1874-5, Johi"* ^- Peaslee. 

1875-6, James E. Sherwood. 

1876-7, H. H. Raschig. 

1877-80, J. S. Highlands. 

1 880- 1, N. K. Royse. 

1881-2, A. S. Reynolds. 

1882-5, C. H. Evans. 

1885-9, James E. Sherwood. 

1889-90, H, H. Raschig. 



Tmk Principals' Association. 419 

1890-2, J. S. Highlands. 
1892-3, E. H. Prichard. 
1893-4, Joim Akels. 

^^4-5' J- '^- Scheideinantle. 
1895-6, G. VV. Burns. 
1896-8, R. C. Yowell. 
1898-9, G. W. Oyler. 
1899-1900, Louis M. Scliiel. 
1 900- 1, A, B, Johnson. 

officers of 1901-2. 
President, C. J. O'Donnell. 
Vice-President, W. 11. Remley. 
Treasurer, M. F. Andrew. 
Secretary, Fred. W. Dearness. 
Cor. Secretary, Maximilian Braain. 



CHAPTER LXH. 

THE HOUSE OF REFIIGE. 

THE HOUSE OF REFUGE was opened i^or the re- 
ception of inmates October 7, 1850. It is situated 
about four miles northwest of the Post-office, on the east 
side of Colerain Avenue. 

The grounds belonging to the institution contain 
9! acres. The main building, which faces west, is a 
castellated edifice of rough blue limestone, with window 
caps, casings and portico of white Dayton stone, present- 
ing an imposing front of 277 feet. The north wing con- 
tains one hundred and twelve sleeping rooms for boys. 
The south wing is occupied exclusively by the girls, and 
contains seventy-two single sleeping rooms, one room 



430 



Schools of Cincinnati. 



large enough to contain twelve beds, two sewing rooms, 
one school room, two store-rooms, and hospital depart- 
ment. Twelve years ago a new building was erected 
for the kindergarten department, or first division girls. 
The Refuge will furnish accommodations for four hundred 
and fifty inmates, and the requisite number of officers for 

their care. 

The boys are 
divided into four, 
and the girls into 
three divisions, or 
families. Each 
of the seven fami- 
lies have separate 
school, sleeping 
apartments and 
dining rooms, work 
shops, recreation 
rooms, and play 
grounds. 

The school or- 
ganization consists 
of six divisions for 
boys, and three for 
girls, beginning 
with the - kinder- 
garten, the remain- 
der being classified 
as nearly as cir- 
cumstances will al- 
low according to the advancement of the pupils. With 
the limited time at their disposal, no attempt to give a 
superficial instruction in a large number of studies is 
made, but the aim is to impart a thorough knowledge 
of a few necessary branches. 




James Allison, 

Superintendent House of Refuge 
Since May 26, 1895. 



n 



H ;? 




Er S 




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?dP 




£. f/3 




C O" 




en? o 




fC ^ 


K 


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c 



o ^ 



a Q 



00 as 



W 




422 Schools of Cincinnati. 

Instruction is given in reading, writing, spelling, 
geography, mental and written arithmetic, and general 
instruction in morals and manners. Scholars are pro- 
moted from grade to grade as advancement in studies 
appear to justify, and are incited in this and other ways 
to exert themselves to their own improvement. Each 
class comes under the immediate tuition of the teacher, 
and is a heart-to-heart work, little independence being 
placed in any monitorial system of instruction. The 
results obtained compare favorably with those of similar 
grades inany of our public schools. An exhibit of school 
work is on permanent exhibition in the building, and 
open for inspection at all times. Every inmate is required 
to attend school; there is no such thing as "playing 
hookey." The small children in the kindergarten and 
primary grades attend both morning arid afternoon 
classes; the boys of working age, one-half of each day, 
the remaining half day being devoted to instruction in 
our manual training departments learning some useful 
trade. The girls, in addition to their school work, are 
taught plain sewing and receive practical instruction in 
general domestic service in every department of the house. 

The chief aim of the Refuge is to train its inmates 
to habits of industry and obedience to law, by imbuing 
their minds with principles of morality and religion, by 
furnishing them means to earn an honest living, and, 
above all, by separating them from the corrupting influ- 
ences of vice, old associates, and bad environment. 

Printing, carpentry and joinery, cabinet-making, 
wood-turning, wood-carving and engraving, painting, 
shoemaking, tailoring, brick-laying, and sloyd are taught. 

Average number of children during the year (1901) 
was 428. Number of inmates admitted since the opening 
of the house, October 7, 1850, 12,929. Of this number 



The House ok Refuge. 



423 



10,524 were boys and 2,40'"; girls. Established in perma- 
nent country homes, 1,340, 

Of(r Conipaiiio)i is printed monthly. All the work 
is done by the boys. 

After the death of Superintendent Fulton, the boartl. 
May 26, 1895, fortunately secured the services of one of 
their former members, James Allison, Esq.. to assume the 
duties of the superin- 
tendency. Mr. Allison 
was well acquainted 
with the ojeneral con- 
duct of the house and 
much of the details, 
and in the discharge 
of his duties has hap- 
pily given satisfaction 
to those who promoted 
him to the most hon- 
orable position in their 
power to give. Mr. 
Allison enjovs a large 
acquaintance among 
the leading business 
men and officials of 
the city. His experi- 
ence among his fellow- 
men as an executive is 
testimony sufficient as to his (|ualiHcations ; and with a 
heart full of sympathy for the children and forceful 
courtesy in directing his assistants, he has already ac- 
complished many necessary changes, besides suggesting 
such improvements as will increase the efficiency of reform 
measures, and place the Refuge on more advanced grounds. 

In 189:^-3 Mr. Allison was chief of the department 




Alex Matthews, 

Member Board of Education, 
1894-1903. 




(434) Attorney-at-Law; Principal Mt. Healthy Schools, 1884-88. 



The HoirsK of Reku(;e. 425 

of manufactures at the World's Fair (Chicaf^o). For 
three years he was president of The Ohio Mechanics' In- 
stitute. In his younger days Mr, Allison taught coun- 
try schools in Jefferson County, Indiana. 

Officers — Superintendent and Secretary, James 
Allison; Assistant Superintendent, P. R. Costello ; 
Book-keeper, J. B. Jackson; Physician, Wm. H. Tay- 
lor; Matron, Mrs. Mary Devinney. 

Directors for the year ending December 31, 1901 — 
Henry Behrens, president; John Webb, Jr., James Dal- 
ton, Lawrence Poland, Wm. B. Carpenter, Guy W. 
Mallon, Robert S. Fulton, Thos. ]. Peale. 



CHAPTER LXIII. 

THE TEACHERS CLUB. 

ON February 18, 1892, a numbc" of teachers and 
others interested in the cause of education convened 
at the Normal School in response to an invitation. Col, 
D. W, McClung was elected temporary chairman, and 
Arthur O, Jones temporary secretary. 

Upon request of the chair, Mr. Sherwood and Miss 
Sullivan stated the object of the meeting to be to organ- 
ize a club composed of teachers and ex-teachers for social 
and literary advancement of the profession. It was de- 
cided to hold the next meeting in the lecture room of the 
Y. M. C. A., February 25th. 

On February 25th a large number assembled at the 
Y. M. C. A,, and the report of the committee on consti- 
tution was received and adopted. 



426 



Schools ok Cincinnati. 



On April 7th Messrs. Akels, vSands, and Freeman 
were appointed to draw up the by-laws of the club. 
They were afterwards adopted with few exceptions as 
read by the committee. Miss Sullivan and Messrs. 
Mumper, O'Donnell, Sherwood, and Booth were ap- 



^^1 


^^^^^^^^^^^^B> ilk.. ^^^^^^^^^^^H 







G. W. Burns, 
Principal of the Eigliteenth District School, 

pointed a committee to secure a charter, and on Novem- 
ber loth the articles of incorporation of the club were 
handed to the president, the thanks of the club bein^ 
voted to Judge A. H. Bode for his assistance in the mat- 



428 Schools of Cincinnati, 

ter. On March i, 1894, a committee, consisting of 
Messrs, Booth, Freeman, Harper, presented a set of by- 
laws for governingr the Board of Managers. 

A board of fifteen directors in addition to the ot^- 
cers constitutes the Board of Managers. The Board of 
Managers is, by virtue of the by-laws, made the execu- 
tive body of the club, to originate, perfect, and carry 
into execution all such plans as are essential to the well- 
being and success of the club. Regular meetings of the 
Board of Managers are held on the first Wednesday of 
each month, except June, July, and August. 

There are seven standing committees of the Board 
of Managers, appointed by the president, of each of 
which he is cx-officio a member, viz : (i) Committee on 
Lectures and Entertainment, consisting of ten members ; 
(2) Committee on Temporary and Permanent Qiiarters, 
five members; (3) Committee on Auditing and Finance, 
three members; (4) Committee on Elections and Mem- 
bership, five members ; (5) Committee on Publication, 
five members ; (6) Committee on Rules and Regulations, 
five members ; Conference Committee of Education and 
Special Study, five members. 

The duties of each of the standing committees are 
very clearly defined in the by-laws of the Board of Mana- 
gers, and at the meeting of the Board of Managers next 
preceding the annual meeting of the club for the election 
of officers, each committee furnishes the president of the 
club a written report of its work, signed by a majority of 
its members. For the transaction of business, twenty 
members constitute a quorum of the club, and ten mem- 
bers a quorum of the Board of Managers. The annual 
dues are two dollars for each member, payable on or be- 
fore the annual meeting in March. Each person pro- 
posed for membership must have the endorsement of 



The Teachers Club. 



439 



three members, and shall be voted upon at the next meet- 
ing of the Board of Managers. There are two regular 
meetings of the club ; one is held on the first Saturday 
after the first Wednesday in March, at 2 p. m., at which 
time the officers are elected ; the second meeting is held 
on the first Saturday after the first Wednesday in Octo- 
ber, at 3 p. M. 

Beginning 
January i, i<^97i 
the club leased for 
a few years rooms 
in the Odd Fellows' 
Temple. These 
were handsomely 
furnished, and on 
February 5th were 
opened with a re- 
ception, the Com- 
mittee on Enter- 
tainment providing 
good music, addres- 
ses, and light re- 
freshments. Later 
the" club removed 
to the vacant 
Second Interme- 
diate school house, on Ninth Street, near Main, into 
rooms provided by the Board of Education. Scarcely a 
day passes by in which the doors of the club's rooms are 
not opened for some educational purpose. 

The rooms are well provided with periodicals, with 
libraries, and all the modern equipments and conveni- 
ences, and they have been animportant factor in securing 
a better acquaintanceship among the teachers, in arous- 




Hezekiah B. Baily, 
Woodward College Graduate, June, 1850. 



430 Schools of Cincinnati. 

ing an interest in all educational questions, in promoting 
harmony of feeling and action, and in insuring a hearty 
co-operation in all things pertaining to the best interests 
of the schools. 

The idea of the pension law originated with the Aid 
and Annuity Society. Convinced of the inability of the 
society to secure suflicient pension, Messrs. Morgan, Coy, 
Raschig, SprouU, Sands, and others most zealously ad- 
vocated the enactment of a new la\v. The Teachers 
Club appointed a committee, of which Mr. Raschig was 
the chairman, and the law was formed and enacted. 
Later it was found unconstitutional, and in 1903 another 
law, optional with the teachers, was passed. 

For several vears the club gave an annual banquet 
at the leading hotels, but this practice was finally aban- 
doned, and now there is usually a mid-winter reception 
at Odd Fellows' Temple and a summer outing (see page 
266). The membership is about 1,000. The club has a 
winter lecture course (at the Odeon) that always brings 
out a fine audience. 

The following is a partial list of the lecturers who 
have appeared before the club at the Odeon : 

Francis W. Parker, Chicago, 111. 

President Harper, Chicago University. 

President Adams, Wisconsin University. 

President Scliurman, Cornell University. 

Dr. Dan Millikin, Hamilton, O. 

Mrs. Mary Wright Sewall. 

President Canfield, State University, Columbus, O. 

Prof.T. C. Mendenhall, The Bering Sea Controversy. 

Chas. F. Underbill, reading, Shakespeare's Midsum- 
mer Night's Dream. 

Prof. P. V. X. Myers, The Under World as a Fac- 
tor in History. 



The Teachers Ci.uu. 



43 = 



J. DeWitt Miller, Three-thirds of a Man. 

Leon H. Vincent, Emerson. 

Symposium, The Government of Cities. 

J. DeWitt Miller, Uses of Ugliness. 

Mrs. Alice Freeman Palmer, Personal Recollections 
of Whittier, Holmes, and Philip Brooks. 

Fred Hovey Allen. An Illustrated Lecture on Cathe- 
drals. 

Harvey J. Hunlin. In the Foosteps of .Stonewall 
Jackson. 

Prof. S. H. Clark. The Meanin<r and Purposes of 
Tragedy. 

Anna S. Peck, Mexico. Including the Ascent of 
PopocateptI and Orizaba. 

P!{ ESI DENTS. 

1892-3, W. H. Venable. 
1893-6, Prof. W. O. .Sproull. 
1896-8, E. W. Coy. 
1898-9, Geo. W. Harper, 
1899-1900, J. P. Cummings. 
1900-1901, G. W- Burns. 
1901-1903, R. C. Yowell. 



CHAPTER LXIV. 

THE BAKTHOLO.MEW-CLTFTON SCHOOI,. 

(For Girls.) 

TWO years ago the Bartholomew English and Classi- 
cal School for Girls, which had for twenty-five 
years been one of the best-known of our educational 
institutions, was moved to Clifton, and consolidated 



432 



Schools o¥ Cincinnati, 



with the Clifton School, of which Miss E. Antoinette 
Ely was principal. 

Miss Ely is a Cincinnati woman, who, after gradu- 
ating from the University of Cincinnati, studied in Ger- 
many at the University of Leipsic. Upon the opening 
of the University of Chicago, in 1893, she was appointed 
to a fellowship in Latin in its graduate school. Here 




The Bartholomew-Clifton School. 

(For Girls.) 



she studied two years. After receiving her Master's de- 
gree from the University of Cincinnati, Miss Ely taught 
in several of the best preparatory schools of this city, and 
has for years made a study of school methods in tiiis 
country and abroad. 

With Dr. George K. Bartholomew as regent, Miss 
E. Antoinette Ely, A. M., principal. Miss Mary F. 



The Bartholomew-Clifton School. 433 

Smith, associate principal, and a large corps of teachers, 
this school is unusually well equipped for good work. 

Situated at Evanswood, Clifton, one of the old fam- 
ily estates of Cincinnati's most beautiful suburb, and 
easily reached by three street railway lines, the school 
offers the advantages to be gained from close proximity 
to the city, combined with the fresh air, light, and free- 
dom of the country-. 

The special aim is to provide a sensible, thorough, 
and well-ordered training for girls. The work is divided 
into two departments, the lower and the upper school. 
Throughout the eight forms of the lower school an effort 
is made to lead the children through the necessary drill 
in the fundamental English studies, with French or Ger- 
man, and with lessons in nature study, familiar science, 
drawing, music, physical culture, and sewing. 
The upper school has two regular courses : 
The general academic course is recommended for 
girls not intending to go to college. This course is 
strong in English, literature, and history, includes 
modern languages, familiar science, current "events, the 
history of art, and substitutes, for those who desire, a 
training in business forms and simple accounts, and work 
in modern languages and literature for higher mathe- 
matics and advanced classics. 

The college preparatory course fits girls for admis- 
sion into any of the colleges open to women. Students 
who are sufficiently advanced in the elementary studies 
are received for elective courses. Classes for advanced 
work in languages, history, literature, and science are 
open to those who have completed the general academic 
course and to others of mature years. 

A high standard is maintained throughout the school. 
[28] 



434 Schools of Cincinnati. 

Each pupil is permitted only so many studies as she can 
accomplish with the zest that comes from work done with 
honesty, understanding, and thoroughness. 

A limited number of pupils who desire the advan- 
tages of a quiet, well-ordered home life are offered resi- 
dence in the school. 



CHAPTER LXV. 

CINCINNATI TEACHERS ASSOCIATION. 

IN October, 1893, the following notice was sent to 
male teachers : 

" The suggestion has been made that an association 
of the male teachers of Cincinnati would be of advantage. 

"The undersigned have decided to ask their fellow 
assistant teachers to meet on October 19th, at 4 o'clock, 
at the Y. M. C. A., Seventh and Walnut, to consider 
the advisability of forming such an association, its proper 
aims, and other aspects of the matter. 

" The superintendent of schools (Mr. Morgan) heart- 
ily favors the project. 

" Will you not come to the meeting, whether you feel 
inclined toward the idea or not? 

"A. F. KUERSTEINER, 

J. Remsen Bishop, 
Alan Sanders, 
O. W. Martin." 
Qiiite a number of teachers responded to this invi- 
tation, and W. H. Venable was chosen president pro 
tern. It was decided to form an association of male 
teachers. A committee of three, J. Remsen Bishop, 



Cincinnati Teachkrs Association. 



435 



secretary; and J. C. 



M. Braam, and E. M. Sawyer, was appointed to draft 
constitution and by-laws. The committee reported at 
the next meeting, and the first election followed as fol- 
lows : J. R. Bishop, president ; E. M. Sawyer, vice- 
president; Maximilian Braam, 
Heywood, treasurer. 

At the meeting 
of the association, 
November lo, 1894, 
the name was changed 
from Cincinnati Male 
Teachers Association 
to the Cincinnati 
Teachers Associa- 

tion. Meetings are 
held the second 
Wednesday of each 
school month, at 4 p. 
M., in the hall of the 
Sixth District School. 
Subjects discus- 
sed, mostly by teach- 
ers : Relations of the 
teachers to the super- 
i n t e n d e n t, J. R. 
Bishop. School 
Management, Ex- 
Superintendent J. B. Peaslee. Report of committee of 
ten, E. W. Wilkinson. History in public schools, W. 
S. Strickland and G. A. Carnahan. Magic lantern in 
geography teaching, F. P. Goodwin. Drawing, its 
grammar and expression, Miss Christine Sullivan. The 
use and abuse of memory in education, W. H. Venable 
Arithmetic, H. H. Brader. Some hints to teachers, Geo 




Dr. Joseph Ray, 

The Mathematician; First Principal 
of Woodward High School. 



436 Schools of Cincinnati. 

F. Sands. Study of the natural sciences, (jeo. W. Har- 
per. What and how, C. C. Long. Committee of fif- 
teen on geography, F. P. Goodwin. The historical 
sense in children, F. M. Youmans. Mistakes of the 
teacher, W. S. Strickland. Why teachers should be 
members of teachers' organizations. Superintendent W. 
H.Morgan. Life certificates, John A. Heizer. A "roll- 
ing stone gathers no moss," Hon. J. H. Bromwell. The 
voice in the school room, Dr. Max Thorner. Ethical 
training, Miss Clara B. Jordon and Miss Amanda Kuer- 
steiner. Mental and physical hygiene. Dr. Elizabeth 
Campbell. Vacation schools, Mrs. C. N. Lathrop, Miss 
M. L. Armstrong, and F. M. Youmans. Civics, Mayor 
Julius Fleischmann. 

PRESIDENTS. 

1893-5, J* Remsen Bishop. 
1895-6, Maximilian Braam. 
1896-7, Fred M. Youmans. 
1897-8, W. S. Strickland. 
1898-9, John A. Heizer. 
1899-1900, E. W. Wilkinson. 
1900-1901, John S. Hauer. 
1901-1903, C. H. Porter. 



CHAPTER LXVL 

MATHESIS. 

TWENTY-NINE teachers met at the Ninth Street 
District building, February 20, 1894, in response to 
a request from Superintendent Morgan that each school 
should send a delegate to represent it in the movement 



Matiiesis. 



437 



to organize a society composed of the lady teacliers. 
Mrs. Jennie H. Jones was elected temporary chairman, 
and Miss Ida J. Boyer secretary. 

Miss Christine Sullivan explained the object of the 
meeting to be to organize a lady teachers' society for • 

I. The promotion of agreeable and useful relations 
among teachers. 

3. The discussion of pedagogical, literary, artistic 
and scientiiic subjects 
relating to the profes- 
sional work of the teach- 
ers. 

3. The dissemina- 
tion of principles and 
facts which promise to 
exert a salutary intiuence 
on women teachers of 
our schools, and through 
them on the schools. 

4. T h e establish- 
ment of an order which 
shall render the women 
teachers of our schools 
helpful to each other. 

The subjects, place, 
time and frequency, 
dues and initiation- fees, were discussed with the follow- 
ing results : The society shall meet at 4 p. m. on the first 
Tuesday of each month, except July, August, and Sep- 
tember. Dues shall be one dollar per annum, and no 
initiation fee prior to September i, 1894; subsequently 
an initiation fee of one dollar shall be exacted. 

At each meeting a president and secretary shall be 
chosen to preside at the following meeting, but thetreas- 




James M. Brandt, 

Winner of the Oratorical Prize 
Cincinnati Law School, 1896. 



438 



Schools of Cincinnati. 



urer shall be chosen for one year. For the next meeting 
the following officers were elected : 
President, Ida J. Boyer. 
Secretary, Sue Armstrong. 
Permanent treasurer, Addie Boyd. 
The name, " Mathesis," desire of lea?-ning,w3i?, 

chosen as the title of 
the association. 

By a provision of 
the constitution the 
permanent officers of 
the society are elected 
on the last Tuesday 
in February, to serve 
for one year. They 
are president, first 
vice-president, second 
vice-president, re- 
cording secretary, 
corresponding secre- 
tary, assistant corre- 
sponding secretary, 
and treasurer, and an 
executive committee 
of five. 

From April 2, 
1895, to April 6, 
1897, the society held meetings in the Library Hall at 
the invitation of the Library Board of Managers, after 
which meetings were held in the Teachers' Club Rooms, 
Odd Fellows' Temple, for a few years. The Sixth Dis- 
trict Hall is now the monthly meeting place. 

At the regular meeting in June, a social is held. 
These socials are largely attended and greatly enjoyed. 




Samuel T. Logan, 

Principal of the First District 
School. 



Mathesis. 



439 



The rooms are decorated with flowers, refreshments are 
served, a fine orchestra renders music, and some pleas- 
ing literary exercises are given. The membership is 




First District School, 

Liberty, near Broadway; Erected 1867; Cost $76,313; 

21 Rooms, Seats 1,134 Pupils; Samuel T. Logan, 

Principal; Charles Weidner, Jr., Trustee. 

about 150. Up to the time of her death, Aliss Christine 
Sullivan was the leading spirit. 

The following is a partial list of the speakers and 



440 ^ Schools of Cincinnati. 

the papers read since the organization of the society : 

Science teaching in the lower grades, effects of alco- 
hol and cigarettes upon young people, Miss Patrick. 

A practical lesson on the use of the molding board, 
Miss Magurk. 

Thought period, Misses Doerner, Hermes and Brown, 

Illustrated composition, illustrated lessons, etc.. 
Miss Sullivan. 

Composition, the written expression of thought, pa- 
triotism and national songs, etc.. Miss MacAvoy. 

The report of the committee of ten, J. R. Bishop. 

What.? how.? heredity and environment, C. C. Long. 

Nature studies, Miss Burnet. 

The woman teacher, Margaret Sutherland. 

Thou shalt not. Dr. DanMillikin. 

Art spirit in the public schools, W. W. Taylor. 

The brain the organ of the mind ; divisions of the 
mind, Dr. R. H. Whallon. 

Acquisition of ^'oluntary power. Miss McGowan. 

Idiosyncrasies, Mrs Carrie N. Lathrop. 

The normal child, how to detect aberrations, S. T. 
Logan. 

Well-directed efl'ort, Miss Janet Knox. 

Control of the thoughts and feelings. Miss Rothe. 

Actions arise from motives. Miss Bohlander. 

Our native song birds, Louis M. Schiel. 

Messengers of Spring, Miss Selma Wood. 

PRESIDENTS. 

Temporary, Ida J. Boyer. 
1895-7, Christine Sullivan. 
1897-8, Susie Rennick. 
1898-1900, Christine Sullivan. 
1900-1901, Ella A. Rothe. 
1901-1903, Mary McGowan. 




JOW 



7^1 

Ip-iMJlfJvJ, 
m'jn 






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sr -«JI HT, 


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Ti^ j: ii3 






44^ Schools of Cincinnati, 

st. xavier college. 

This institution, known at present as St. Xavier 
College, was established October 17, 1831, by the Right 
Rev. Edward D. Fenwick, D. D., first bishop of Cin- 
cinnati, under the name of " Atheiuviiiny In 1840 it 
was transferred, by the Most Rev. Archbishop J. B. 
Purcell, D. D., to the Fathers of the Society of Jesus, 
who have conducted it ever since under the title first 
mentioned. It was incorporated by the General Assem- 
bly of the State in 1843. In 1869 an act was passed 
which secures to the institution a perpetual charter and 
all the privileges usually granted to universities. 

The course of study embraces the doctrine and evi- 
dences of the Catholic religion, logic, metaphysics, 
ethics, astronomy, natural philosophy', chemistry, mathe- 
matics, rhetoric, composition, elocution, history, geogra- 
phy, arithmetic, penmanship, book-keeping, actual busi- 
ness, commercial law, the Latin, Greek, English, Ger- 
man, and French languages. The college is provided 
with suitable collection of mineralogical and geological 
specimens. In the department of chemistry extensive 
improvements have been made, both in point of a large 
stock of apparatus and of excellent facilities for work. 



CHAPTER LXVII. 

THE BIBLE. 

SEPTEMBER 6, 1869, the following was introduced 
into the Board of Education : 
" Whereas. There is a desire on the part of various 
members of the Catholic Church to unite certain schools 



The Bible. 



443 



under the control of the cinirch with the public schools, 
and to place such schools under the control of the Board 
of Education ; therefore : 

'■'Resolved, That a Committee of Conference, con- 
sisting of 5, be appointed by the chair, who shall report 
at an early day to this board upon the basis said schools 
can be consolidated with the public schools, also : 

''Resolved, That the president and vice-president be 
added to this committee." 
At this point Samuel A. 
Miller moved to amend by 
adding the following : 

''Resolved, That re- 
ligious instruction and the 
reading of religious books, 
including the Holy Bible, 
are prohibited in the com- 
mon schools of Cincinnati, 
it being the true object and 
intent of this rule to allow 
the children of the parents, 
of all sects and opinions in 
matters of faith and wor- W. R. Benedict, 

ship, to enjoy alike the Professor of Philosophy, Uni- 
benefits of the common versitj of Cincinnati, 

school fund : 

"■ Resolved , T^hsit so much of the regulations on the 
course of study and text-books in the intermediate and 
district schools as reads as follows, ' The opening exer- 
cises in every department shall commence by reading a 
portion of the Bible, by or under the direction of the 
teacher, and appropriate singing by the pupils,' be re- 
pealed." 

Discussion waxed warm, citizens held public meet- 




444 



Schools of Cincinnati. 



ings, and the matter was thoroughly debated. On Novem- 
ber I St the resolutions were adopted by a vote of 22 to 
16; ot the 2Z, ten were Catholics and a majority were 
foreign born, and this lead to considerably of a cry that 
Catholics had been gotten on the board for the express 
purpose of ousting the Bible, as for many years no more 
than 2 or 3 of that faith had ever been on the board at 
one time. It was urged by some that, the Bible out of 
the way, the Catholic parochial schools would unite with 
the public schools. Others claimed that the Catholics 

wanted the school funds divided 
with them, etc. 

In support of the talked of 
union of the public and parochial 
schools, the following was cited : 
" The entire government of 
public schools in which Catholic 
youths are educated can not be 
given to the civil power. 

" We, as Catholics, can not 
approve of that system of edu- 
cation for youth which is apart 
from instruction in the Catholic 
faith, and the teaching of the 
church. If the School Board 
can offer anything in conformity 
with these principles, as has 
been done in England, France, Canada, Prussia, and 
other countries where the rights of conscience in the 
matter of education have been fully recognized, I am 
prepared to give it respectful consideration. 
"John B, Purcell, 

Archbishop of Cincinnati. 
"Cincinnati, Sept. 18, 1869." 




Mervvin Sherman 

TURRILL, 

For 29 Years Principal of 

the 26th District School 

(Now the Salmon P. 

Chase), Cumminsville. 



The Bible 



445 



The day following the adoption of the resolutions, 
that is, November 2, 1869, John D. Minor etal. brought 
suit to overthrow the action of the Board of Education. 
A temporary restraining order was granted, and so Bible 
reading continued while the case was being tried, and 
up to December, 1872, when the Supreme Court of Ohio 
held that the Board 
of Education was 
right in ousting the 
Bible. The t r i a 1 
started before a full 
bench, that is, the 
Superior Court in 
general term, on 
Monday, November 
30, 1869, Judges 
Bellamy S t o r e r , 
Hagans, a n d Al- 
phonso Taft were on 
the bench. Attor- 
neys for the plain- 
tiffs (those in favor 
of the Bible reading) 
were : Sage and 
Hinkle, Wm. M. 
Ramsey and King, 
Thompson and 

Avery. Opposing counsel were : Walker and Conner, 
solicitors for the city; Stanley and S. R.Matthews, 
George Hoadly, and Stallo and Kittredge. 

The principal arguments were made by Stanley 
Matthews, George Hoadly, J. B, Stallo, T^dge 
Sage, Wm. M. Ramsey, and Rufus King. February 
15th following, the Court gave its decision, two for and 




Edward Hefner, 

Instructor in Latin, College 
of Pharmacy. 



44^ ScHooi.s OF- Cincinnati. 

one against the reading. This made the injunction per- 
petual. Judges Storer and Hagans upheld the Bible, 
while Judge Taft held that the Board of Education 
could do as it saw fit. This decision of course was a 
Bible victory, and the reading continued. The case 
was taken to the Supreme Court direct, and in De- 
cember. 1873, that body sustained the opinion of Judge 
Taft, that the Board of education was supreme in school 
matters. Upon this the daily reading of the Scriptures 
ceased, and has never been resumed. 

The reading of the Scriptures in the schools began 
simultaneously with their establishment, viz., in 1829. 
No notes or comments were made by the teachers. In 
1843 it was made a rule "that no pupil should be 
required to read the Testament or Bible against the 
wishes of parents or guardians." It is said the reading 
went unchallenged until that time when Bishop Pur- 
cell, then a city school examiner, made an objection ; 
hence the new rule. In 1853 it was ruled that "the 
opening exercises in every department shall commence 
by reading a portion of the Bible, etc. 

In his finding, Judge Welch says : 

" United with government, religion never rises 
above the merest superstition ; united with religion, 
government never rises above the merest despotism ; 
and all history shows us that the more widely and 
completely they are separated, the better it is for 
both." The Court also held that McGuffey's readers, 
which contained selections from the Bible, v/ere not 
included in the resolutions, or decisions. 



The Colored Schools. 447 



CHAPTER LXVIII. 



THE COLORED SCHOOLS. 



IN the minutes of the Board of Trustees and Visitors 
of April 5, 1830, O. M. Spencer reported the fol- 
lowing : 

" The pec-ple of colour in the First Ward pray that a 
school may be opened in it for the benefit of their chil- 
dren." 

This would seem to indicate that colored children 
were not taken special cognizance of by the authorities in 
1839, when the public school system was established. 
It is, however, recorded that in the private schools of 
those years there was no distinction on account of color. 
Indeed, colored children of a light hue were received into 
private schools as late as 1835, when Mr. Funk kept such 
a school at the southeast corner of Sixth and Vine. 

According to John I. Gaines, the first school organ- 
ized for colored people was in 1825, b}' Henry Collins, 
a colored man, who began in an old pork house (some 
say carpenter shop) on the south side of Seventh Street, 
between Broadway and Deer Creek. The school did 
not last a year. The colored population of Cincinnati 
at that time was about 250. 

In a one-story frame building known as "King's 
Church," on the brink of Sixth Street Hill, looking down 
into Deer Creek, a colored man from Virginia, named 
Owen T. B. Nickens, opened the first successful colored 
school, in 1834. The charge for tuition was one dollar 



448 



Schools ok Cincinnati, 



per month, when he could get it, and though many paid 
in unredeemed promises, none were turned away for lack 
of payment. 

In 1836 Mr. Nickens' school removed to New Street, 
near Broadway, where he was succeeded a few years 

later by John Mc- 
Micken, a natural son 
of Charles McMicken, 
the founder of the 
University of Cincin- 
nati. The latter was 
urged to do something 
for the education of 
colored youth. He 
responded by paying 
for a tract of land 
containing 10,000 
acres, lying north of 
Liberia, between that 
republic and Sierra 
Leone, called it "Ohio 
in Africa," and told 
them to go there and 
settle. 

(Baker Jones was 
summoned to Cincin- 
nati, and efforts were 
made to induce him to lead such a colony. He was 
willing to go, but being refused what he demanded in 
the way of preparation, he went back to Mercer County, 
his home. Peter H. Clark was then selected to go as an 
explorer to this "Ohio in Africa." But when he reached 
New Orleans he refused to embark in the dirty lumber 




John I. Gaines, 

After Whom Gaines High School 
was Named ; He died Novem- 
ber 27, 1859; aged 38. 



The Colored Schools. 449 

schooner that had been chartered to carry him and one 
hundred and nineteen other persons. The others started. 
Before getting out of the Gulf of Mexico the un- 
fortunate emigrants were attacked by smallpox. The 
captain finally put into Charleston, S. C, for medical 
help. Here all the well ones were put into jail for com- 
ing into the State in contravention of law. After linger- 
ing there three months they were freed and set out again 
on their journey. In less than six months ninety per 
cent, of them were dead. 

Having done so much, Mr. McMicken inserted a 
clause in his will prohibiting colored youth from sharing 
in the benefits of any educational facilities he might pro- 
vide for the youth of the Qiieen City.) 

In 1834 the faculty of Lane Seminary, alarmed by 
the threats of Kentucky mobbists, forbade their students 
to discuss the slavery question. A large number of stu- 
dents rebelled. Some went to Oberlin, which, with 
doors open for the discussion of all questions and for the 
education of all races and sexes, was at that time found- 
ed, and for the special benefit of these seceders. Some of 
the students came down to the city and established 
schools for the education of colored youth. 

Three of these teachers, August Wattles and the 
Misses Mathews and Bishop, found employment in the 
East End. The ladies were in after years succeeded by 
Misses Lowe, Rakestraw, and Merrill. One teacher, 
Mr. Fairchild, found pupils in the West End of the city. 
It was no easy thing to secure a place in which these 
schools could assemble, for the mob spirit was so ram- 
pant and so powerful that there was danger of the de- 
struction of any building so occupied, hence considerable 
difficulty was experienced by those determined to have 

[29I 



450 



Schools of Cincinnati. 



schools. John O. Wattles, a white man, describes a 
scene of which he was an eye witness. It was enacted 
at the Baptist Church, on Western Row, the site of the 




Peter H. Clark, 

Ex-Superintendent of Colored Schools, 
Ex-Principal of Gaines High School. 

Central Union Depot. "The howling of the rowdies 
around the church, chiming with the rattling of the win- 
dow shutters and the whistling of the winter winds 



The Colored Schools. 451 

through the vacant panes and the cracks of the door, the 
rattle of the stones and brickbats against the house, 
while the little ones within would gather up close to the 
teacher, and huddle closer together, trembling with fear 
and knowing not what to do, whether to stay and await 
the fire of the assailants, or rush out and brave the curses 
of the drunken rabble.*' 

There was a determination not to allow the blacks 
to be taught, and all sorts of indignities were heaped 
upon teachers, who found their goods set upon sidewalks, 
and themselves forced to go from place to place for food 
and lodging. 

A room for the girls of the East End was found in 
the Deer Creek Methodist Church, which was afterwards 
known as New Street Chapel. The approach to it, at 
that time, was by way of an alle}^ opening into Sixth 
Street. Baker Jones allowed the use of two of his houses 
on Sixth Street, just east of Broadway (on "The 
Green"). In one of these Mr. Wattles taught an ad- 
vanced class of boys, and in the other Miss Bishop taught 
the primary classes of the same sex. Mr. Jones is worthy 
of honorable mention in this connection. He was a man 
of considerable wealth for that dav ; also a man of intel- 
ligence and advanced ideas. 

Prof. Fairchild, who taught in the colored schools 
here, became eminent in educational and theological 
work. He was for a time a professor at Oberlin College, 
and afterwards president of Berea College, Kentucky. 

An association, the history of which has never been 
written, aided much in the establishment and mainte- 
nance of schools. Under its influence schools were es- 
tablished in Columbus, Chillicothe, Circleville, Zanes- 
ville, Dayton, and other places. The famous Liberty 
School House was one of their structures. Mrs. Sarah 
Bella Garrard, afterwards Mrs. vSarah Bella McLean, 



452 



Schools of Cincinnati. 



was president, and Rev. Walter Yancey agent to collect 
funds. 

Still mob violence frequently kept the scholars from 
attending school, and prejudice was so intense the white 
teachers were refused accommodation in boarding houses, 
and were obliged to rent a house and board themselves. 




A. J. DeHart, 

Principal of the Douglass School, the only Colored 
School in the City (1902). 



Colored men heartily co-operated in their work, and en- 
couraged both teachers and scholars in their efforts. 
In 1841 Messrs. Goodwin and Denham opened a school 
in Baker Street Church. This was the largest of all the 
colored schools, having an enrollment of two or three 



The Colored Schools. 453 

hundred pupils. These schools continued with varying 
success for several years, some of them flourishing and 
others barely hanging on the ragged edge of existence. 

THE CINCINNATI HIGH SCHOOL, 

As Gilmore's school was called, was established in 
1844 by the Rev. Hiram S. Gilmore, a philanthropic 
gentleman of considerable wealth, who purchased a lot 
at the east end of Harrison Street, and erected thereon 
a building of five commodious rooms and a chapel. In 
the yard he placed a complete set of physical apparatus 
for gvmnastic exercises. 

While the building and outfit were the property of 
Mr. Gilmore, he was assisted in the maintenance of the 
school by the tuition paid by some pupils, the contri- 
butions of white friends, and by the society hitherto 
alluded to. 

No expense was spared to make this school a success. 
Good teachers were employed, and besides the coniinon 
branches of an English course, Latin. Greek, music, and 
drawing were taught. 

Mr. Gilmore acted as principal, doing no teaching, 
and for a considerable time his brother-in-law, Joseph 
Moore, taught the advanced classes. Pupils were pre- 
pared for college, and quite a fair proportion of them 
went from this school to Oberlin and such colleges as 
drew no color line on matriculation. 

While the enrollment reached several hundred, the 
receipts never equaled the expenses. Under the direc- 
tion of Dr. A. L. Childs and Prof. W. F. Colburn, re- 
spectively, the departments of elocution and music reached 
a high state of efficiency. Regularly during vacation the 
classes, under direction of the principal, journeyed 
through Ohio, New York and Canada, giving concerts 




W. H. Parham, 

Superintendent of Colored Schools 1866- 1S76. Prin- 
^454) cipal Gaines High School 1887-1890. 



The Colored Schools. 455 

and exhibitions, the profits of which were devoted to 
furnishing clothing and books and otherwise assisting 
indigent students. 

The inspiration given to colored youth for the bet- 
terment of their individual condition and the elevation of 
their race, by Gilmore's school, was of almost incalcula- 
ble benefit to the people. From its ranks came P. B, S. 
Pinchback, ex-governor and U. S. senator-elect (refused 
admission) of Louisiana; John M. Langston, ex-dean 
of Howard University Law School (Washington. D. C), 
also congressman from Virginia and minister to Hayti ; 
Thomas C. Ball, the artist; Peter H. Clark, ex-princi- 
pal Gaines High Scliool ; Monroe Trotter, Ex-United 
States recorder of deeds under President Cleveland ; 
John L Gaines, the Nestor of public school advocates ; 
br. C. F. Buckner, M. D., of this city; Rev. Philip 
Tolliver, presiding elder of the A. M. E. Church ; Joseph 
H. Perkins, the great orator of the Ohio Valley; and a 
host of others. 

PUBLIC SCHOOLS. 

In 1849 there was a tie in the Ohio Legislature be- 
tween the Whigs and the Democrats, a handful of Free 
Soilers holding the balance of power. These Free Soil- 
ers made this proposition to the two parties : (a) Re- 
peal the black laws; (b) establish free schools for col- 
ored children ; (c) elect Salmon P. Chase to the United 
States Senate, and we will vote with you in the organi- 
zation of the legislature and the distribution of State 
offices. 

The Democrats accepted the offer, and the promised 
legislation was enacted. But the school and city author- 
ities of Cincinnati held that the clause of the act which 
authorized colored men to elect their school directors was 



456 ScHOOi-s OF Cincinnati. 

unconstitutional, and therefore they refused to pay over 
the money necessary to maintain the schools. 

Six trustees ^vere elected, teachers appointed, and 
houses rented, but no money was forthcoming. Led by 
John I. Gaines, Wm. Benkley, Richard Phillips, Dennis 
Hills, Jno. Woodson, Wallace Shelton, L. C. Flewellan, 
and others, the colored people came together in public 
and resolved to raise money, employ counsel, and sue the 
city. The city was divided into Eastern and Western 
Districts, with Walnut Street as the dividing line (later 
changed to Vine Street) ; teachers were employed and 
salaries fixed. 

After serving three months, bills were presented to 
the council for the teachers' pay and expenses, and, as 
expected, payment was refused. Flamen Ball, law part- 
ner of Salmon P, Chase, w^as first in charge of the case, 
and he at once began action by asking the court for a 
writ of mandamus. The proceedings were begun in 
1851, but a decision was not had till early in 1852. The 
decision affirmed the constitutionality of the act, and re- 
quired the setting aside of a pro rata share of the funds, 
and the placing of those funds at the command of a board 
elected by the colored people. The delayed salaries were 
ordered paid, and the schools set in working order. 
Peter H. Clark, one of the teachers employed for that 
trial term, turned over his salary of one hundred and five 
dollars to the fund for defraying the expense incurred in 
the suit against the city. At first Mr. Clark was the 
only teacher in the Western District, but later he was as- 
sisted by Mr. Tolbert, a white man. 

For the Eastern District, Owen T. B. Nickens and 
Miss Mary J. Hallam were employed. Miss Hallam 
taught the girls in a church which stood on North Street, 
between Sixth and New Streets. The schools were 



TifE Colored Schools. 457 

therefore fully established in 1853, under their own 
board of six trustees (later made nine when the Walnut 
Hills District was added), and with their own superinten- 
dent, Stephen L. Massey, a white man. Peter H. Clark 
succeeded Superintendent Massey after a brief interval ; 
W. H. Parham succeeded Mr. Clark in 1866. 

In the legislative session of 1852-3 the control of the 
schools was taken away from the colored people and ves- 
ted in the white Board of Education. Soon that body 
tired of the change, and consented to the re-transfer. Then 
they remained under the colored board until 1874, when 
the management was again placed in the Board of Edu- 
cation. 

The Eastern District school house on Seventh Street, 
east of Broadway, was erected in 1858. By a contract 
made with Nicholas Longworth in February, i8r,8, he 
covenanted to build a house on condition that he be paid 
6% on the value of the house and lot, which was 
$12,979.49. 

Five school houses composed the entire property of 
the colored board. Colored men could vote only for 
members of their board, this limited exercise of the fran- 
chise being all they had up to 1870, when Article 15 U. 
S. Const, was adopted. Whites did not vote for the 
colored board. 

John Isom Gaines, after whom Gaines High School 
was named, was born in Cincinnati. He was for years 
clerk of the colored board. He died on Thanksgiv- 
ing Day, November 27, 1859. The remains were first 
buried in the Colored American Graveyard, Avondale, 
and in 1884 were removed to the Colored American 
Graveyard at Oakley, near Madisonville, O. In 1859 
the colored people of Cincinnati and vicinity erected a 
monument over the grave. Mr. Gaines was a remarkable 
man in many respects. He was engaged in supplying 



45^ Schools of Cincinnati. 

provisions for steamboats, and his store on the river front, 
just east of Broadway, was known from Pittsburg to New 
Orleans. Most boats had colored stewards in those ante 
bellum days, and these made their purchases of Mr. 
Gaines, who dealt in fruits, vegetables, canned goods, etc. 
His home was at 415 New Street, where a daughter, 
Arabella E. Gaines, still resides. Mr. Gaines was a 
Whig and Republican sympathizer, and made speeches 
for the parties, although he had no right to vote. His 
son, Maurice Gaines, is now (1902) in London, England, 
manager of a theatrical troup of which he was himself 
some years ago the leading song and dance artist. 

The inscription on Mr. Gaines' monument is as fol- 
lows : 

" Erected by the colored citizens of Cincinnati, in 
commemoration of the invaluableservicesof John I. Gaines 
in the cause of education, and his untiring eflForts to ele- 
vate his race. ( Opposite side) John Isom Gaines. Born 
in Cincinnati, Nov. 6, 1821. Died Nov. 37, 1859. 
Aged 38 years and 21 days." 

For a number of years Peter H. Clark (now in Sum- 
ner High School, vSt. Louis, Mo.) labored, after school 
hours, instructing advanced classes of young people and 
preparing teachers to maintain the supply demanded by 
the colored schools within a large radius of Cincinnati. 
In fact, it is safe to say that from 1859 to 1895 not a 
teacher in the colored schools but had been trained by 
him. No one realized, as he did, the pressing need of a 
high school for colored youth, and in 1865 he began to 
advocate its establishment. Always timid and appre- 
hensive of its cost, a majority of the Board opposed the 
idea, but in July, 1866, the measure received a majority 
of one vote, and in September the school was opened 
under the title of Gaines High School, with the follow- 



The Colored vSchooi.s. 459 

ing faculty : Peter H. Clark, principal; L. D. Easton ; 
Alice V. Carter ; R. Dempker, drawing ; J, C. Christine, 
German ; W. Schiele, music. Four years later. June, 
1870, the first class of six was graduated. The following 
studies comprised the curriculum of the school : Algebra, 
geometry, trigonometry, astronomy, higher arithmetic, 
book-keeping, physics, physiology, botany, chemistry, 
geology, history, literature, rhetoric, mensuration, Latin, 
German, drawing, and music. The sessions were held 
in the Court (near John) Street building, known at first 
as the Western District School, and later as the Gaines 
and Western School. 

For more than twenty years the colored people had 
an abiding faith in the school and its progress. The 
number of young persons it was instrumental in estab- 
lishing in good positions in life was its greatest recom- 
mendation to favor in their eyes, and the demand for 
Gaines High School students as teachers became so 
urgent that it was for a time difficult to hold them until 
graduation, so eager were parents to have them accept 
places. 

In 1874 the colored board was abolished never to 
be re-established. Two years later the superintendency 
of "colored schools, held by W. H. Parham, was abolished, 
and in 1887, when the Arnelt law went into force, 
separate colored schools as a class were abolished, for 
the law now permitted colored children to attend schools 
for whites ; the inspiring influence of Gaines High 
School, Peter H. Clark, was removed. All the colored 
schools were, under rule 109, placed upon a plane of 
suffrance that is both humiliating and galling, alike to 
teachers and pupils. The result need hardly be told. 
Gaines High School enrollment fell, in three years, from 
one hundred and thirty to a beggarly five pupils, and of 



460 Schools of Cincinnati. 

course was abolished. With the exception of Douglass 
School and a one-roomed colony, all the otKers have 
been closed, and it is thought the time is near when 
there will be no separate schools for the colored children. 

In 1866 Wm. H. Parham was elected superintendent 
of colored schools, which position he filled until 1876 
when the office was abolished as related above, allcolored 
schools passing by law under the care of superinten- 
dent, John B. Peaslee. Mr. Parham was then made 
principal of all the colored district schools, and in 1887 
he succeeded Peter H. Clark as principal of Gaines High 
School, and continued there until 1890, when he resigned 
and entered upon the practice of law. Mr. Parham be- 
gan teaching in this city in i860. In 1863 he became 
principal of the Eastern District, succeeding John G. 
Mitchell, who resigned to become president of Wilber- 
force University, Xenia, O. Mr. Parham was the first 
colored graduate of the Cincinnati Law School (1874). 
He was also the first colored man to become a notary in 
Ohio, and he was the first colored man to be nominated 
for the Ohio Legislature, etc. Noted men members of 
the colored board were : Peter F. Fossett, who had been 
a slave of Thomas Jefferson ; Wallace Sheldon, " father 
of the colored Baptists of Ohio; Col. Robert Harlan, 
race horse man, politician, and special agent of the 
Treasury under Gen. Grant ; Hartwell Parham, tobacco 
man, father of W. H. Parham ; Marshall Jones, who pre- 
sented a sword and fiag to Col, Wm. M. Dickson of the 
"Black Brigade;" Joseph C. Corbin, state school com- 
missioner of Arkansas during reconstruction days; 
Robert Gordon, the coal man, the wealthiest colored man 
ever in Cincinnati, and father-in-law of George H. 
Jackson, the attorney. 

The picture of John B, Peaslee shown on page 43 of 



The Colored Schools. 461 

this book was photographed by A. S. Thomas, the noted 
colored artist, as was the picture of Peter H. Clark. 



CHAPTER LXIX. 

MEDALS AND PRIZES. 

ALL medals in the schools were abolished October 3, 
1901. The following letter explains their origin : 

Cincinnati, Dec. 31, 1855. 
To the Union Board of High Schools : 

In accordance with the wishes of my late father, I 
propose founding a mathematical prize for the Wood- 
ward High School and for the Hughes High School. 
I will give $50 every year to the pupil who shall pass the 
best examination in mathematics in each of these respec- 
tive schools, the prize so bestowed to be in money or a 
medal, as the Union Board may deem best, to be called 
"The Joseph Ray Mathematical Prize." The first 
award to be made at the close of the examination in July 
next. Respectfully yours, 

Daniel G. Ray." 

April 14, 1856, the offer was accepted, medals being 
chosen. i\.n award was not made at once. Peter S. 
Michie, of Woodward, received the first ; this was in 
1857 (Mr. Michie went to West Point, and later became 
a professor there). 

Mr. Ray's gift was changed later, two gold and two 
silver medals being given. These medals were ordered 
by the Union Board, which sent the bill to Mr. Rav for 
liquidation. After 1872-3 the Ray medals were given 
for general scholarship. In 1881 Mr. Ray died, and the 
" Ray " medals ceased. However, David Sinton, on 
April 21, 1883, offered to continue them, and the " David 



46^ 



Schools ov Cincinnati. 



Sinton" medals were thereafter given. These were also 
for general scholarship. 

When the Walnut Hills High School was started, 
there were no medals for general scholarship, so Charles 
P. Taft, son-in-law of David Sinton, donated the neces- 
sary funds for two general scholarship medals. 

Aside from the 
above were the " un- 
known " medals for 
girls, medals given by 
teachers, graduates, 
and by the Alumnal 
Associations as well. 

Harry M. Levy 
gave the " Jordan " 
medals (gold and sil- 
ver) for excellence in 
Latin. These medals 
were in honor of 
Clara B. J o r d o n, 
teacher of Latin at 
Hughes, and were for 
Hughes pupils only. 

Mrs. E. Cort 
Williams gave a gold 
medal to Walnut Hills 
for the best oration. 
This medal was in 
honor of her husband's memory. The Christian Boss 
medal (gold) was given at the same school for excellence 
in German. It was in honor of Christian Boss. For 
several years Francis B. James gave gold medals for the 
best orations at Woodward. 

At various times other public-spirited citizens gave 




D. L. RUNYAN, 

Principal of the Salmon P. Chase 

School, North Side, 

Cumminsville. 




John M. Walden, D. D., L. L. D., 
Bishop M. E. Church; Member Board of Education in 186=;. 



(463) 



4% Schools of Cincinnati, 

medals for excellence in different subjects, such as litera- 
ture, science, etc. For quite a period H. H. Tatem, 
Rankin D. Jones, and Louis D. Marks gave the alum- 
nal medals for Hughes. 

About 1875 Timothy C. Day, ex-congressman and 
attorney, left by will an amount of property to the Young 
Men's Mercantile Library Association, in trust, the in- 
come to be applied to the distribution of tickets to the 
Association Library. This distribution occurs annually, 
children from the intermediate and high schools being 
beneficiaries. These tickets are now (1903) the only 
prizes awarded in the Cincinnati schools to individual 
pupils. One year John R. McLean, proprietor of the 
Enquirer, a morning daily paper in Cincinnati, gave 
.$300 in gold to various pupils. Gen. A. Hickenlooper, 
of the Cincinnati Gas & Electric Company, usually gives 
prizes to the cooking school, as does Mayor Fleischmann, 
who is president of a yeast manufacturing company. 

The reasons given for the abolishing of medals are : 
(i) Medals engender too much hard feeling and excite 
unnatural competition. (2) There have been too many 
quarrels over the awards. (3) And most pronounced : 
the teachers are opposed to medals owing to the immense 
amount of detail required to be kept in the records, to 
prevent mistakes and misunderstandings. 

The giving of alumnal medals started at Woodward, 
when a balance of the Woodward Monument Fund was 
turned over to the LTnion Board. 

MEDALS ABOLISHED. 

Medals abolished : Hughes, seven. 4 gold and 3 sil- 
ver ; Woodward, four, 3 gold, i silver; Walnut Hills, 
six, 5 gold, I silver; a total of 17, 12 gold and 5 silver. 
The last medals were given at the commencement of 
June 7i 1901. 



TiiK Fi.oKAi, I'akadks. 465 



CHAPTER LXX. 



THE FLORAL PARADES. 



THE public schools participated in two floral parades : 
one on Friday, September 28, 1900, and the other on 
Monday, September 16, 1901. Both parades were great 
successes. The second was more striking in some re- 
spects than the first, but interest in it was not so general, 
probably on account of the prevailing excitement. 

President McKinley had been shot at Buffalo, N. Y., 
Saturday, September 7th, and, as he died on the mor- 
ning of the 14th following, the city was in mourning 
when the second Fall Festival was held. Indeed the re- 
mains of the President were in transit from Buffalo to 
Washington while the parade was moving. The occa- 
sion was thus a memorial. Floats and carriages gaily 
decorated were draped in black, making a scene never 
to be forgotten. Church hymns and patriotic airs took 
the place of the popular "ragtime" and other lively airs 
which had made up the musical program. The greatest 
respect was paid the dead President on every side. 

Speakingof the first floral parade, the judges report- 
ed to the Committee on Awards : " The judges regret 
that they were not permitted to consider the various dis-i 
plays made by the public schools, which, in their judg- 
ment, were of remarkable beauty, taste, and variety of 
design, which made that particular feature a striking and 
memorable success." 

The decoration of the school carriages and floats was 
[30] 



The Fj.okai. Pai{Ades. 467 

done chiefly by teachers and pupils. Many schools spent 
as high as $300 and $300 for paper flowers and material, 
while from two to three weeks of regular school time was 
spent in preparation. John L. vShuff (see page 143) 
was chairman of the floral parade committees. 




Harry L. Gordon, 

Chairman of the Nifjht Pageant Committees, P'all Festivals 

1901-2; Appointed Lieutenant-Governor of Ohio, June 

26, 1902, to Succeed Carl L. Nippert, Resigned. 

The lloral parades were only part of a general series 
of civic demonstrations "for the honor and glory of 
Cincinnati." Cleveland, for years the second city in 
Ohio, had forged to the front, and Cincinnati business 



468 vScHooi.s f)F Cincinnati. 

men felt it necessary to advertise. For some years there 
had been no annual festival or exposition, hence the Fall 
Festivals of 1900 and 1901. Great crowds of visitors 
were attracted to the city, and both affairs were phe- 
nomenal successes. To this success no one contributed 
more than did the public schools by their showings in 
the parades and by the children's choruses at Music Hall. 
The order of I-Tan-Nic-Nic was organized in 1901, and 
Harry L. Gordon was the " Great Itan " of the occasion. 
June 36, 1902, Mr. Gordon (who was a State sena- 
tor) was appointed Lieutenant-Governor to succeed Carl 
L. Nippert (appointed to the probate judgship). Men- 
tion should be made also of the displays of the parochial 
schools. These were in keeping with the rest of the dis- 
plays, and assisted materially in the success of the 
demonstration. 



CHAPTER LXXI. 

COLLEGE OF MUSIC. 

(See Page 369.) 

THE COLLEGE OF MUSIC OF CINCINNATI, 
a national school of music and dramatic art, rests 
upon the May Festival scheme, as that in turn rests upon 
the Saengerfest of 1869. 

In the summer of 1869 the North American Saeng- 
erbund, which was organized in Cincinnati in 1849, 
gave a festival, which was very successful. 

This Saengerfest was housed in a modest but com- 
modious structure, a mere summer shed, at the southwest 
corner of Elm and Fourteenth Streets, where Music Hall 




Fraxk Vander Stucken, 

Honorary Dean College of Music ; Conductor Cincinnati 

Symphony Orchestra. 



(469) 



47^ Scifoohs OK Cincinnati. 

now stands. It occurrpd to those of the English-speaking 
element that grand concerts might be given without 
that lavish resort to stimulants which was an offence to 
the more religiously-inclined people. Thus arose the far- 
famed May Festivals in furtherance of this view. 

The first festival was held in 1873, the director being 
then, as ever since, the Nestor of orchestral leaders, 
Theodore Thomas. The first two May Festivals were 
given in the hollow-sounding shed, and so successful 
were they that it was proposed to build a solid structure, 
which might be an eternal monument to the glory of this 
city, and be a fountain head of ennobling influences to 
the entire nation. In May, 1878, the Music Hall was 
completed and dedicated with a festival which, in the 
matter of monetary magnificence, has never been equaled, 
the gross receipts being $78,000. The success of this 
enterprise was larg'^ly due to the philanthropy of one 
prominent citizen, Reuben R. Springer. This worthy 
man, who had from the humblest beginnings, by patient 
industry and commercial instinct, amassed a fortune of 
.|2, 000, 000, offered to give half of the necessary funds for 
the permanent Music Hall, provided the citizens at large 
would contribute the other half. This generous oft'er 
was accepted by the public, and was at once acted upon. 
Large and small sums came rolling. The various trades 
unions of the city took a hand, and the money was soon 
raised. In the very truest and best sense, Music Hall is 
the temple of Cincinnati. Mr. Springer died in 1884; 
memorial services were held in the great hall that he had 
made possible. 

The success of the May Festivals made the starting 
of the College of Music a comparatively easy matter — so 
easy in fact that a school was begun before there were 
adequate provisions for such an establishment. The col- 




Miss Jennie Mannheimer, 

Monologue Recitals; Director of the School of Expression, 

College of Music. (47r) 



472 Schools ok Cincinnati. 

lege was opened October 14, 1878, in the rooms which 
surrounded Music Hall, and these were but poorly adap- 
ted to the purpose. The first president was Col. George 
Ward Nichols, and the first music director, Theodore 
Thomas. Each of these men was great in his way, and 
each filled an important place in the founding of the 
college, yet they did not long remain in amicable rela- 
tions. 

After a year and a half Mr. Thomas resigned, alleg- 
ing the failure to fulfil certain expressed conditions of 
his removal to Cincinnati from New York. These 
claims were in reference to the establishment of a perma- 
nent orchestra. After his return to New York in the 
early spring of 1880, the college went on as before and 
vindicated its right to exist most thoroughly ; for, despite 
much foolish and heated talk and many resignations, 
the school's prosperity continued to be so great that all 
cavilling was silenced. 

Col. Nichols died September 18, 1885. He was a 
man of remarkable powers. He had marched with Sher- 
man through Georgia, and had written the most success- 
ful book of the year concerning it. He then came West, 
and, having allied himself in marriage to one of the 
oldest families in Cincinnati, he gave himself unselfishly 
to the promotion of all good things in the city. He was 
once art critic on the Evening Post, the paper of Will- 
iam Cullen Bryant, and that poet urged him, when he 
was on the eve of his departure for Cincinnati, always to 
live for the best interests of the ideal side of life and the 
real good of the community in which he lived. This he 
most certainly did. 

Mr, Peter Rudolph Neff, retired iron merchant, suc- 
ceeded to the presidency, retaining the management up 



Cot.lkcjh; ok Music. 



473 



to January 15, 1897, when Hon. Julius Flcisclnnann 
became president. 

When the movement to establish a permanent 
orchestra was consummated, and Mr. Frank Vander 
Stucken was engaged as director, his valuable services as 
orchestral and choral director were added to the work of 
the college. The office of dean of the musical faculty was 
held by Mr. Vander 
Stucken for six years. 
\V. S. Sterling is now 
dean, Vander Stucken 
honorary dean. 

AN ELEEMOSYNARY 
INSTITUTION. 

It was the ideal 
of both Mr. Springer 
and Col, Nichols, who 
were the joint crea- 
tors of the college, 
that it should be a per- 
petual boon to the tal- 
ented and ambitious 
youth of the whole 
country, and to this 
end it was made an 
eleemosynary institu- 
tion, /. c, an uiitaxa- 
ble establishment like 

a ciiurch. Mr. Springer provided it not alone with com 
modious buildings, especially erected to fit its uses, but 
also gave it a fund of railway bonds to secure running 
expenses. Furtliermore, the stock holders are not per- 
mitted to derive dividends. Thus the institution is 




Thomas H. Darhy, 

Professor of Law in Y. M. C. A. 
x^ight Law School. 



474 Schools ov Cinctnxati. 

enabled to i>ut its tuition down to a grade of modesty 
which would be utterly out of the question for the work 
of such masters as are in its faculty were it a commercial 
enterprise. May 1900, J. G. Schmidlapp, provided 
!j550,ooo for the handsome dormitory just erected on 
Elm Street. In addition to the dormitory, are the 
Odeon (1,200 seating capacity) and the Lyceum, which 
accommodates an audience of 400. 

Board of Trustees. 
Julius Fleischmann, president. R. H. Galbreath. 
,Frank B. Wiborg, vice-president. N. Longworth. 
Leopold Markbreit, secretary. Peter Rudolph Neff. 

J. G. Schmidlapp, treasurer. I. Burnet Resor. 

:W. P. Deppe. Harry M, Levy. 

Larz Anderson (deceased). C. B. Alatthews. 

H. S. Feehheimer. Louis E. Voorheis. 

J. A. Church (resigned). 
Managemejit. 

W. S. vSterling Dean of the Faculty. 

A. J. Gantvoort Business Manager. 

Wm. Howard Neff Cashier and Assistant Treasurer. 

(Adapted from J. vS. Van Cleve's historical sketch of 
the college, printed in the Courier.) 

MUSIC HALL. 

Cincinnati, O., May i, 1900. 
To the Stock Holders of the Ciiirhniati Music Hall 

Associatio)i. 

Gentlemen — Twenty-five years ago this way, Mr 
Reuben R. Springer, in a letter to Mr. John Shillito* 
agreed to give towards a music hall the sum of $131^,000 
provided a like amount was given by the citizens of Cin 
cinnati for the same object. The condition for the sub 
scription, as stated by him, was, " that the music hal 



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47^ Schools of Cincinnati. 

building slioiikl be capable of being used for exposition 
purposes, in connection witb suitable buildings that may 
be constructed on the north and south to the limits of the 
lot. The suggestion came to Mr. Springer, undoubtedly, 
because of the great success of the Exposition of 1874, 
and, second, especially of the Musical Festival of 1875, 
held in the old Saengerfest Hall, and the desire for better 
accomodations for them in the future. It might be well 
to remind you of the amount of Mr. Springer's great lib- 
erality. His endowment of Music Hall and donations 
towards the buildings amounted to about $335,000; his 
indirect contributions to about $25,000 more ; add to this 
his endowment and contributions to the College of Music, 
and you have a grand total of over half a million dol- 
lars given by him to foster musical and industrial art in 
our city. 

Very respectfully submitted, 

A. Howard Hinkle, President. 

It should be borne in mind that Music Hall and the 
College of Music are two different corporations, each hav- 
ing its own board of managers, separate funds, etc. The 
tendency of the public is to confound the two, probably 
because Reuben R. Springer endowed both, and because 
the buildings join. 

The following items are of interest : 

Cost of Music Hall, $300,963.78; cost of Exposition 
Wings, $150,331.51 ; cost of remodeling hall, $118,330.41 ; 
value of organ, donated by the Cincinnati Music Hall 
Organ Association, $32,695. 

Samuel Hannaford was architect. 

April 3, 1876, the city agreed to forever keep the 
Music Hall property free of taxes. 

THE ORCHESTRA ASSOCIATION. 

The Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra Association in 
1901-2 entered upon its eighth season. Frank Vander 
Stucken, of the College of Music, is conductor. 



Colle(;e ok Mi^sic. 477 

BOARD OF DIRECTORS. 

Mrs. C. R. Holmes, president; Mrs. R. A. Koehler, 
ist V. p. ; Mrs. Clifford Wright, 3d v, p. ; Mrs, L. N. 
Stix, rec. sec'y; Mrs. Joseph Wilby, cor. sec'y; Miss 
Surah H. WooUey, fin. sec'y; Mrs. Frank D. Jamison, 
treasurer; Mrs. Fred H. Alms, Miss E. L. Roedter, Mrs. 
Chas. P. Taft, Mrs. J. Walter Freiberg, Mrs. Frederick 
Eckstein, Jr., Miss Krippendorf, Miss Lunkenheimer, 
Mrs. L. F. Phipps. 



CHAPTER LXXH. 

THE OSCAR J. EHRGOTT VOCAI. SCHOOL. 

THE OSCAR J. EHRGOTT VOCAL SCHOOL, 
219 W. Seventh Street, is a complete vocal 
school, embracing all the branches and departments of 
voice culture, from the rudimentary lessons to the fin- 
ishing touches for the choir, oratorio, concert, and 
operatic stage. 

The aim of director and faculty is to accomplish 
the best possible artistic results with a view to perma- 
nent success and preferment in the emulations of social 
and professional life. The trend of modern musical 
development is in the direction of a greater demand 
for dramatic action, and in this connection the Oscar 
Ehrgott Vocal School will meet the most exacting re- 
quirements. A special department of dramatic action 
and of languages has been established, where, besides 
the English language, German, French, and Italian 
are taught by competent instructors, 

Mr. Ehrgott, director, is kn(^wn as one of the most 



478 



Schools ok Cincinnati. 



successful concert and oratorio singers before the Ameri- 
can public, and his teaching ability has grown apace 
until it is now recognized far and wide. Associated 
with him in the duties of teaching, as accompanist, is 
Mrs. Ehrgott, the well-known organist. Able assistants, 




Oscar J Ehrgott. 

who owe their entire musical training to Mr. Ehrgott, 
emphasize the unification and consistency of the curric- 
ulum. 

The public school music class is of great benefit to 
teachers and supervisors of music. The instruction is 
based on the natural music course, which has been 



The Oscar J. Ehhgott Vocai. Scfiool. 47^ 

adopted in the schools of many of the larger c.'ties. 
Methods are presented and discussed suitable to all con- 
ations of school life. Particular attention is paid to 
the chi d voice, its care, training, and developn.ent. 
Ihe subject ot vocal music is not only presented to the 
men.bers of the class as it is taught to children/but 
opportunity is given pupils to take charge of the work 
from tm.e to time, thus enabling them to obtain prac- 
t.ca experience in teaching and a chance to test the 
•nethods advanced. A special course in the proper use 
ot the voice is given for the benefit of ministers and 
school teachers. Members of both these professions 
often sufter from hoarseness and fatigue because they 
do not understand the scientific principles governing 
speech. Ihis course is invaluable to ministers and 
teachers who, by reason of their calling, are obli<red 
to put their voices to a long and severe strain. " 
MISS sattler's school. 
Miss Alma Sattler's Private Day School for Girls 
and Boys was established by Miss Sattler in 1804 
It IS situated on Eden Avenue, Mt. Auburn, in one of 
the healthiest and highest localities on the hill and is 
within easy reach of five different lines of cars 

Miss Sattler was the first to introduce adjustable 
turniture, vertical writing, systematic physical training 
manual work (sloyd), and other innovations in con- 
formity with scientific principles. In geography for 
instance, the mode of illustration consists, in addition 
to the general course of instruction, of sand and clay 
modeling, relief maps, and the use of the magic Ian 
tern Daily weather reports are kept by the children 
whde practical nature work (the growing of plants,' 
etc.) stimulates them to closer observation. 



480 



Schools of Cincinnatt. 



The school consists of four departments : Kinder- 
garten, primary, intermediate, and advanced. Boys are 
admitted to the primary department and kindergarten. 
The number of pupils is limited, the average in all de- 
partments per year being 75. 

The school is conducted under the direction of 
Miss vSattler and a corps of twelve teachers. 

THE NEUROLOCil- 




Fred'k L. Hoffmann, 

Professor of Law, Y. M. C. A. 
Night Law School. 



CAi. society. 
The N e u r o- 
logical Society of 
Cincinnati was or- 
ganized in June, 
1902, to meet the 
llrst Thursdav in 
each month. The 
m e m be r sh i p in- 
cludes several 
prominent physi- 
cians. 

OFFICERS. 

President, Dr. 
Philip Zenner. 

Secretary, Dr. 
D. I. Wolfstein. 

Treasurer, Dr. 
H. H. Hoppe. 



THE CINCINNATI SCHOOL OF EXPRESSION. 

The Cincinnati School of Expression was organized 
by Miss Jennie Mannheimer in the season of 1893-4, ^'^ 
the Y. M. C. A. Building. In 1894-5 a C. S. E. Dra- 
matic Club was organized. 



Cai.vin E. Stowe's Report. 481 



CHAPTER LXXIII. 

CALVIN E. stowe's REPORT. 

THE following was passed in 1836 : 
'■'Resolved , by the General Assembly of the State of 
Ohio, that C. E. Stowe, professor in one of the literary 
institutions of this State, be requested to collect during 
the progress of his contemplated tour in Europe, such 
facts and information as he may deem useful to the State 
in relation to the various systems of public instruction and 
education which have been adopted in the several 
countries through which he may pass, and make report 
thereof with such practical observations as he may think 
proper to the next General Assembly. 

"•Resolved, That His Excellency, the Governor, be re- 
quested to transmit a certified copy of the foregoing 
proceedings to Professor Stowe." 

Prof. Stowe who was thus honored by the State of 
Ohio was at Lane Seminary. He was the husband of 
Harriett Beecher Stowe and son-in-law of Rev. Lyman 
Beecher, whose declaration, "'We must educate or we 
must perish by our own posterity," has been accepted as 
gospel by the educational world. Prof. Stowe was thus 
fortified by environment to undertake the task assigned 
him. He was a young man, only 33 years of age, highly 
educated and intensely enthusiastic. He writes that the 
above resolutions sent him by Gov. Lucas was a ready 
introduction and afforded him the opportunities he 
wanted. 

"In the progress of my tour I visited England, Scot- 

[31] 



482 



Schools of Cincinnati. 



land, France, Prussia, and the different States of Germany, 
and I saw the celebrated universities of Cambridge, Ox- 
ford, Edinburg, Glasgow, Paris, Berlin, Halle, Leipsic, 
Heidelberg, and some others." Prof. Stowe also visited 
district and high schools, secured all the information he 
could, and on returning made his report to the 36th 
General Assembly, December 18, 1837. 




Nathan Guilford, 
Superintendent 1850-2. 



Joseph Merrill, 
Superintendent 1852-3. 



The report was styled, " On Elementary Public Insti- 
tution in Europe." and the Ohio system of education of 
to-day is largely based upon it. Prof. Stowe seemed 
especially pleased with the Prussian schools, the rigid econ- 
omy, love of order, strict discipline, and the habits of neat- 
ness, etc., inculcated. He says of these : "I know of 
nothing that can benefit us more than the introduction of 
such oft-repeated lessons on carefulness and frugality into 



Cai.vin E. Stowk's Repoht. 



^83 



all our educated establishments ; for the contrary habits 
of carelessness and wastefulness, notwithstanding all the 
advantages we enjoy, have already done us immense mis- 
chief. Very many of our families waste and throw away 
nearly as much as they use, and one-third of the expenses 
of housekeeping might be saved by system and frugality. 
It is true we have such an abundance of everything that 
this enormous waste is 
not so sensibly felt as 
it would be in a more 
densely populated 
region, but it is not 
always to be so with 
us. The productions 
of our country for 
years past have by no 
means kept pace with 
the increase of con- 
sumption, and many 
an American family 
during the past season 
has felt a hard pres- 
sure where they never 
expected to feel one ; 
especially should this 
be made a brapch of 
female education, and 
studied faithfully and 

perseveringly by all who are to be wives and mothers and 
havethecareof families. "Prof. Stowe advocated strongly 
moral instruction, and he says that discipline does not 
break the spirits of the children. He advocated the use 
of the Bible, and, in fact, seemed to accept the Prussian 
system as the best in Europe. In a separate commiini- 




JosuaLindahl, Ph. D.,off. d'Ac. 

Director Cincinnati Society of 
Natural History. 



484 



Schools of Cincinnati. 



cation to Gov. Lucas, made in 1838, he sends an article on 
the Prussian system and its applicability to the United 
States. This article was prepared originally for teachers, 
and had been read in Columbus. It attracted attention 
and was transmitted to the General Assembly. Brief 
abstracts from below will show that many of the so-called 
"modern" ideas on education came from Prof. Stowe's 
writings. 




John Hancock, 
Superintendent, 1867-74. 



A. J RiCKOFF, 

Superintendent, 1854- 



To these principles our attention will now be turned. 
"First, the placing of school duty in the same ground with 
military duty is a sound principle, and ought to be uni- 
versally acted upon. By this I do not mean that our 
school system should be regulated by martial law, but 
that the same considerations of public good and of public 
safety which makes it every man's duty to bear his pro- 



Calvin E. Stowe's Report. 485 

portion in the making and repairing of roads and sus- 
taining the necessary expenses of the Government, and 
oblige him to give his personal services for the defense 
ol his country when invaded, also impose upon him the 
obligation to educate his children. 

"If a regard to the public safety makes it right for the 
Government to compel the citizens to do military duty 
when the country is invaded, the same reason authorizes 
the Government to provide for the education of their 
children, for no foes are so much to be dreaded by a 
republic as ignorance and vice. A man has no more 
right to endanger the State by throwing upon it a family 
of ignorant and vicious children than he has to give 
admission to the spies of an invading army. If he be 
unable to educate his children, the State should assist him ; 
if unwilling, it should compel him. General education 
is a much more certain and much less expensive means of 
defense than military array, etc. * * * Military operations 
at best are but a dangerous attempt to cure a disease 
already contracted, but general education on right princi- 
ples operates as a preventation of evil. Popular educa- 
tion is not so much a 'want' as a 'duty.' 

Second, the care for the supply and support of 
teachers in the Prussian system is well worthy of adop- 
tion in our country. Teaching should be a profession ; 
the wants of the country can never be adequately supplied 
till it is so. Biit how can men of competent talents 
venture to make teaching their profession at the present 
low rate of wages and uncertainty of support? [Wages 
then were $15 to $20 per month. Support seems to have 
been as uncertain then as it is now. — Ed.] How can they 
engage in an occupation so laborious, and the securities of 
which so often bring in premature old age, and a pittance 
which gives them but a bare subsistence from day to day 



486 



Schools of Cincinnati. 



and leaves them no provision for sickness and years of 
debility? [Teaching in Ohio is not a profession ; pensions 
were granted, but are uncertain and constantly subject to 
attack. See subject of pensions in another part of this 
book. — Ed.] 

"Third, uniformity of language should be infused in 
all schools. Whatever may be the popular dialect of the 

district, the language 
of the nation and the 
government must be 
taught in the schools ; 
not, indeed, to the ex- 
clusion of the vulgar 
tongue, but in connec- 
tion with it. If for- 
eign emigrants who 
are among us chose to 
retain their native 
language among 
themselves, it is worse 
for them to do so, but 
let them not prevent 
their children learn- 
ing English and be- 
coming qualified for 
American citizens. 
Children can learn two 
languages as easily 
and as rapidly as one, 
and as Charles V. said : 'So many languages as a 
man learns, so many times is he a man.' 

"Fourth, the Prussian regulations to secure universality 
and uniformity of attendance on the schools, and to secure 
the completion of the prescribed course of study, is worthy 
of universal adoption. 




James E. Sherwood, 

Principal of the Windsor School, 
Walnut Hills. 



Calvin E. Stowe's Report. 487 

"Fifth, the extensive and thorough instruction 
required by the Prussian system ought to be required of 
us. It has been seen that the teachers of common schools ; 
in addition to the elementary branches of science ; are 
required to give instruction in music, drawing, gardening, 
mechanics, and the very useful arts. By this means all 
the talent born in the nation of every kind is called 
fourth and early developed, and every child has the oppor- 
tunity of discovering his peculiar capabilities and making 
the most of himself. In this way a vast amount of talent 
and attainment is secured to the nation which would 
otherwise have been forever unknown. [If Ohio teachers 
had pensions and were free from political intrigues, they 
could carry out this plan admirably. But so long as a 
teacher is compelled to be his own watch-dog he cannot 
fully apply himself to his work. This is one of the evils 
of our system of schools. — Ed. | 

"Sixth, another failure of the Prussian system of 
universal utility is the constant responsibility of teachers 
and superintendents and their regular official reports. 
Nothing is ever well done without responsibility ; and 
constant responsibility cannot be secured without regular 
official inquiry into the manner in which duties have 
been performed. 

"Seventh, the religious spirit which pervades the 
whole of the Prussian system is greatly needed among 
ourselves. Without religion, and, indeed, without the 
religion of the Bible, there can be no efficient discipline. 
No such thing existed in the institutions of Greece and 
Rome, if we except the stern military institutions of 
Sparta, and it first commenced in the schools of the 
Christian Church. The experience of Germany and 
France has shown that in Christian communities school 
government cannot be maintained without religious in- 




U88) 



Carnegie Library, Newport, Ky. 

Opened June 25, 1902; Cost $30,000; Gift of Andrew Carnegie: 
Werner & Adkins, Architects 



Calvin E. Stowe's Report. 489 

fluences, and all the experiments in our own country lead 
to the same result. [Prof. Stowe wrote this in 1837. In 
1872 the Bible was eliminated from the public schools of 
this city, and to-day most Bible adherants are satisfied 
that the abolition was a wise move. — Ed.] 

"Eighth, as an improvement on the Prussian system, 
I would establish in all our school districts, district 
libraries for the use of pupils as well as teachers. [On 
this matter Prof. Stowe's recommendation was almost 
immediately taken. The collection of sixteen of these 
early district libraries formed the nucleus of the present 
Public Library. — Ed.] People value what they pay for, 
and it is altogether desirous that they should feel the 
expense of their public schools, provided their burden is 
not too heavy. The amount of taxation in this country 
is so small as to be scarcely felt, and is as nothing 
when compared with the taxation of every other existing 
government." 



CHAPTER LXXIV. 

THE COLLEGE OF TEACHERS. 

THE COLLEGE OF TEACHERS was perhaps the 
most important of the early educational movements 
in Cincinnati, as it tried to organize so as to make 
teaching a profession. Prominent in its organization were 
Albert Picket and Alex. Kinmont, and Cincinnati was 
the center. The college was a congress of educators, 
which existed for about 14 years and left 7 published 
volumes of its "Transactions." 

The College of Teachers grew out of an association of 
teachers organized in 1829, under the name "Western 



490 



Schools of Cincinnati. 



Literary Institute and Board of Education." Tliis body 
numbered about 20 persons, including Albert Picket, 
Alexander Kinniont, Caleb Kemper, C. B. McKee, 
C. Davenport, Thos. J. Matthews, John L. and David 
Talbot. Rev. Elijah Slack was the first president. Rev. 
Slack was president of Cincinnati College. Milo G. 




L. M. HosEA, 

Professor of Law in Y. M. C. A. 
Night Law School. 

Williams was corresponding secretary. Monthly meetings 
for discussions were held. In June, 1830, a resolution 
was offered to convene teachers of the West and South in 
a general congress. This was done, and a convention in 
this city, October, 1832, was the result. The object was 
to promote the interests of education and to secure the 



The College of Teachers. 491 

co-operation of parents and the friends of science in the 
aid of schohistic institutions, whether of a public or private 
character. The meeting commenced October 3d and con- 
tinued four days. A permanent organization was eflfected, 
known as "The Western Literary Institute and College 
of Professional Teachers." The ultimate object aimed 
at was the elevation of the teacher. The " Transactions " 
include proceedings from 1834 to 1840. Annual meetings 
were held for some years after 1840. The sessions of 
1843 and 1844 were held in Louisville, Ky. r)elegates 
were present from Pennsylvania, Ohio, Kentucky, 
Tennessee, Virginia, Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, Michi- 
gan, Mississippi, Louisiana, Georgia, North and South 
Carolina, Florida, Iowa, and Wisconsin. (The two 
latter where then Territories.) The people of Cincinnati 
crowded to the sessions here. These were held in the largest 
churches and were models of dignity. The movement was 
a "Renaissance" in the history of education. It awak- 
ened general interest and formulated public opinion. 
Albert Picket was president of the annual sessions and 
opened each with a formal address. Among those who 
took part in the debates were : Lyman Beecher, Calvin 
E. Stowe, Joshua Wilson, Alexander Campbell, Arch- 
bishop Purcell, David Drake, E. D. Mansfield, vSamuel 
Lewis, and Nathan Guilford. The College encouraged 
formation of adjunct societies, being in fact the mother 
of the present Western system of associations and insti- 
tutes. It helped organize in 1841 "The Cincinnati 
Society for the Promotion of Useful Knowledge." 

CHAPTER LXXV. 

CINCINNATI WESLEYAN FEMALE COLLEGE, 

THE organization of the Cincinnati Wesleyan Female 
College is thus recorded by Lucy Herron Parker in the 
Alumna^ the souvenir published in 1901 by the alumnae. 




(492) 



Rev. Wm. K. Brown, A. M., D. D., 

President of the Cincinnati Wesiejan Female 
College, 1882-1892, 



Cincinnati Wesleyan Female College. 



4^)3 



This city was early the literary center of the West 
and its choicest talent was organized into an association 
called the College of Teachers, although gentlemen of all 




Mrs. M. McClellan Brown, Ph. J)., L. L. D., 

Vice President of the College, 1882-1892; 
Educator, Lecturer, Reformer. 

professions took an active part in its debates, addresses 
and reports. 

At its annual .session in 1838 the subject of female 
education was the theme of earnest discussion. Dr 
McGuflFey, who was then president of the first Cincinnati 



494 Schools of Cincinnati. 

College, offered resolutions in favor of a more liberal 
education for women, which met with approval, but no 
decisive steps were taken till May 4, 1842, when Dr. 
Charles Elliott, then editor of the Westerfi Christian 
Advocate, called a meeting of Methodist ministers in 
his office, of which Rev. L. L. Hamline (afterward 
bishop) was made chairman. Dr. Elliott stated the 
object of the meeting, which was "to consult on the 
expediency of taking measures to establish in this city a 
female collegiate institute of the highest possible 
grade." Resolutions were passed, and a committee ap- 
pointed to report a plan. This committee met May i ith, 
and arranged for a public meeting in Wesley Chapel 
May 20th, at which time the plan reported was adopted, 
and a Board of Trustees organized. The action continued 
to be so prompt and energetic that Rev. Perlee B. Wilber 
"was engaged, and the school opened in September of the 
same year ( 1842). 

At this time the liberal education of women was 
largely an experiment, and so it remained for Methodists 
to open the college doors. The importance of this 
movement grows on contemplation. "No university had 
opened its doors to her, nor proposed a side annex for 
the talented and ambitious girl student. There was no 
Vassar, nor Wellesley, nor Smith College. Clara Barton 
and her Red Cross were unknown, and Florence Night- 
ingale had not yet started to relieve the suffering soldiers. 
There were no Protestant sisterhoods or deaconesses with 
their training schools, their systematic visitation among 
the poor, the sick, the prisoner, and the outcast, with 
helpful deeds and hopeful words, diffusing warmth and 
comfort, causing hope to spring up, and the weak tendrils 
of faith to lay hold on the divine support. 

"The Catholic Sisters of Charity occupied this field 




r- C 

■B w 



cq c 



Z J= c 



C3 O. 

:S P 



496 



Schools of Cincinnati. 



alone — thanks to them for an example which we ought to 
have followed long ago. The Romish Church owes 
more to these Sisters than it does to infallible popes and 
robed priests, and upon their deeds of self-sacrifice that 
Church depends to make the world forget the bloody 
record of the Inquisition," 

For many years the college flourished in the Vine 
Street building now occupied by the Enquirer as com- 
posing rooms. The new building on Wesleyan Avenue 

was opened Sept., 
1868. About this 
time a falling off in 
attendance was 
noticed. The 
school was in debt, 
but there are rea- 
sons other than fi- 
nancial that might 
seem to account for 
the decline of the 
college as an edu- 
cational necessity. 
In its years of 
greatest prosperity 
the roll numbered 
450 to 500 pupils. 
For reasons readily understood, after the Civil War 
the college never recovered its extensive Southern 
patronage. 

Another cause was the exodus of citizens to the 
suburbs. The natural course of demand and supply had 
given rise to a high class of private suburban schools. 
Scarcely any suburb of the city but boasted its school 
for girls. 




Cincinnati Wesleyan Female 
College, 

Wesle}an Avenue (Erected 1868.), now 
the Elizabeth Gamble Deaconess Home 



Cincinnati Wesleyan Female College. 497 

Another influence operating against the continued 
successful career of the college is the co-.existent fact of 
the depletion of private resources after the war and the 
rise in quantity and character of the free public schools. 
The last quarter of a century has produced a marked 
change of sentiment regarding the public schools among 
the best class of our citizens — best in the sense of wealth 
and education. These schools are no longer considered 
for the poorer classes, who are unable to pay for the 
privilege of private tuition, but are looked upon as the 
proper training-ground of rich and poor alike. 

Another cumulation of forces against which no one 
school could easily cope is in the fact that, in the short 
period of twenty years after the war, the four women's 
colleges which are richest in endowments and students of 
any in the world were founded and set in motion : Vassar 
in '65, Wellesley and Smith in '75, and Bryn Mawr in '85. 

The college having become deeply involved by debt, 
in 1882, Dr. W, K. Brown raised $70,000, which in three 
years was all paid ; but other involvements understood 
to have been provided for came in, and its doors were 
closed October, 1892. The building was sold later at 
sheriff's sale, which is still contested in the courts No 
debt or other obligations for conducting the college were 
made during the last ten years before its closing. 

James N. Gamble, having bought up the old obliga- 
tions, became the purchaser at sheriff's sale, and is now 
using the building as a deaconess training school. It was 
dedicated to this work Feb. 8, 1898, 
Presidents. 

There have been seven presidents : 

Rev. Perlee C. Wilber, from the first Monday in 
September, 1842, to June 11, 1829 (when he died). 

[32] 



498 Schools of Cincinnati. 

Rev. Robert Allyn, from September i , 1859, to June, 
1864. 

Rev. Richard S. Rust, September, 1864, to June, 
1866 (the last to occupy the Enquirer Building). 




R. C. Phillips, 

Member Board of Education, Carthaee, 

for Sixteen Years, Beginning in 1867. 

President Most of the Time. 

Rev. Lucius H. Bugbee, September, 1868, to June 
10, 1875. 

Rev. David H. Moore, June, 1875, to June, 1880. 



Cincinnati Wesleyan Female College. 



499 



Rev. Richard H. Rust (son of R. S. Rust, preceding) , 
September 22, 1880, to June 17, 1882. 

Rev. William K. Brown, September, 1882, to Oct., 
1892, when the doors closed. 

Ever since the closing the property has been subject 
to litigation and there are many who still expect to see 
the school reopen. 
For the fifty years of 
its existence the Wes- 
leyan exerted a great 
influence. It was the 
first chartered college 
of collegiate degree 
for women in the Uni- 
ted States, if not in 
the world. 

Mrs. Mary C. Wil- 
ber did wonderful 
work with her pen in 
behalf of opening 
higher schools for 
women. She was, in 
fact, one of the pio- 
neers. 

The Alumnalofthe 
Wesleyan was the 
first organization in 

the world exclusively for women. Says a graduate : "The 
classic Latin tongue made no provision for a feminine 
alumnus ; therefore we coined a word which accords 
with the rules of the language, and is hence correct, but, 
nevertheless, original, and which has since been adopted 
by all other colleges for women. 

"In 1853 the name 'Alumnae' was coined, and if 




W. P. Gault, 

Who Retired as Principal of the 
Twelfth District in 1901. 



500 Schools of Cincinnati. 

our assertion that we are the first chartered college for 
women has been challenored, we can at least substantiate 
our claim to having supplied tlie term by which all gradu- 
ates of our institutions of learning for women have since 
been designated." 

December 30, 1853, an "alumna" of '50 was married 
to Rutherford B. Hayes, and so Lucy Webb Hayes became 
in 1877 the first lady of the land. Another alumna was 
Susan Evans Cunningham, whose husband gave Cunning- 
ham Hall to the University of Cincinnati. 

The eldest daughter of Mrs. Katharine Clark MuUi- 
kin, '63, a pupil of Wesleyan, was one of the besieged 
in Pekin during the summer months of horror of 1900. 



CHAPTER LXXVI. 

THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR. 

THE Spanish-American War was an incident that 
should not go unnoticed. President McKinley 
signed the ultimatum at 10 :22, Wednesday morning, 
April 20, 1898, and a few minutes later a pandemonium 
of noise reigned in Cincinnati, and most of the schools 
were in confusion. 

The telephone company was responsible for the 
speedy receipt of the news. By means of the long dis- 
tance 'phone, the word was received from Washington, 
and then instantly every subscriber in the city was rung 
up and told the startling state of affairs. Factories at 
once began to blow whistles, as did steamboats, railroad 
locomotives, fire and church bells rang. In fact every- 
body made as much noise as possible. 



The Spanish-American War, 



501 



The schools, not having the telephone service then, 
were the last to hear the news. The writer was in his 
school room when the noise was heard. Judging that 
something extraordinary had happened, he went out into 

the streets and learned the facts. On returning, the pupils 

were informed. The efl'ect upon these was as varied as 

child nature. Some 

of the boys and girls 

cried, others laughed, 

most were defiant. 

All lessons were prac- 
tically suspended, and 

the day was spent in 

discussing the situa- 
tion. Few of the 

children really feared 

war. Most wanted it, 

but by degrees the 

gravity of the affair 

was made plain. In 
some schools women 
teachers fainted, and 
for days many teach- 
ers were so nervous 
they would drop 
books, pencils, o r 
anything they , hap- 
pened to have in their 
hands when whistles would blow. 

War was declared by Congress on April 25th, though 
actual operations began the 21st. On the evening of the 
20th the Spanish minister, Polo, left Washing'ton for 
Canada, having been sent his passports. During the 
progress of the war, daily attention was given to it. On 




Frank R. Gusweilkr, 

Practicing Attorney at Cincinnati 

Bar. Winner of First Honors 

Y. M. C. A. LawScliool 

Class of 1901. 



502 Schools of Cincinnati. 

the morning of Wednesday, February i6th, when the 
news came that the Maine had been destroyed the evening 
before in Havana Harbor, Cuba, nearly every school 
room was supplied with the morning papers. The brief 
accounts were read and reread. As every indication was 
for war, teachers seized upon this occasion to inculcate 
lessons in patriotism. That their efforts were successful 
is evinced by the enthusiasm that prevailed when the war 
did break out. 

At Fort Thomas, across the riv^er, was stationed the 
Sixth Infantry, U. S. A., and when that left for the seat 
of war the soldiers marched through the streets. Schools 
were dismissed for the day, and all the children turnedout. 
So crowded were the streets, and so eagerly did everybody 
press foreward, that the passing of the regiment 
was impeded. The soldiers pushed along as best they 
could. The greatest enthusiasm prevailed, and there was 
the best of order. The soldiers looked grave and thought- 
ful. There was very little levity, and the scene of actual 
preparation for war made a profound impression upon 
the people. Dewey's victory in Manila Bay, on May ist, 
created the greatest enthusiasm. Thousands of the hero's 
pictures were secured by the children, and nearly every 
school-room had a large picture of him framed and hung 
on the wall. Dewey was voted tlie most popular man in 
the United States. Strange to say. Col. Roosevelt, now 
President, was hardly known to the children except as a 
writer of bear stories. 

During the war Cincinnati furnished ten companies 
of the First Regiment, Ohio National Guards, under Col. 
C. B. Hunt. Hamilton furnished another company, and 
Middletown one, making twelve companies in all frc.m 
this section of the State. On being mustered into actual 
service, the regiment became the First Ohio Infantry, 




Printing Office of W. L. Anderson, Eighth and Plum, the only Enter- 
prise of its Kind in Ohio. The Proprietor is Shown at the Telephone. 
Mr. Anderson is the Only Colored Member of the International Typo- 
graphical Union in Ohio. 



?3 fa 
■O - 



£ ^ 



o a. 



?3 3 



ft t"' 




504 Schools of Cincinnati. 

U. S. V, It saw no service except camp life at Camp 
Washington, Columbus, O., and at Tampa, Florida. 
The members of the regiment were greviously disap- 
pointed at not having an opportunity to participate in 
hostilities. 

GLEXDALE COLLEGE. 

Glendale College, now almost entirely a boarding 
school for young women, was founded by Rev. John 
Covert, A. M., September, 1854, and named by him 
" The American Female College." Rev. Covert had 
just left the Ohio Female College, at College Hall. 

In April, 1856, the school was transfered to Rev. J. 
G. Monfort, D.D., Rev. S. S. Potter, and Rev. L. D. 
Potter. They changed the name to " Glendale Female 
College," and Rev. Monfort became president. 

Rev. S. S. Potter left in i860, and Rev. J. G. Mon- 
fort (senior editor of the Herald and Presbyter^ ^ in 
1866, sold his interest to Dr. L. D. Potter, who became 
president and served until his death, September 27, 1900. 

President Potter aimed to carry out the plans form- 
ulated with those who began with him, and his thor- 
oughness as an educator, his justice as a disciplinarian, 
influenced every pupil, giving cause for thankfulness 
that Glendale College had been the school of her choice. 
Miss R. J. DeVore, who assumed the presidency July i, 
1901, was graduated from this college. She was a mem- 
ber of its faculty for four years. She has had a large 
experience as a teacher. (Dean of Oxford College, 
Oxford, O., 5 years, and president of Pennsylvania Col- 
lege for Women, Pittsburg, Pa., 6 years.) 

The college buildings are all well suited for a school. 
The grounds comprise about fourteen acres, and contain, 
besides the main building and chapel, two other build- 



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5. Q o 

;; £, a. 



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5o6 Schools of Cincinnati. 

ings, with lawn and about seven acres of garden 
pasture for cows, etc., being an ideal country home 
Although nonsectarian, this school has always been 
strongly Presbyterian. Rev. Monfort is still living 
( 1902) , aged 91. 

THE CINCINNATI COLLEGE OF MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 

The Cincinnati College of Medicine and Surgery 
was incorporated March 25, 1851, by Stanley Mathews, 
O. M. Spencer, Peter Outcalt, and others. The first 
faculty was composed of Dr. A. H. Baker (reallv the 
founder). Dr. D. S. Lavvson, Dr. Edwin Meade, Dr. C. 
W. Wright, Dr. James Graham, Dr. J. Sidney Skinner, 
and R. A. Spencer. April 13, 1852, a woman was ad- 
mitted to the college, although a resolution adopted held 
that "females are to a greater or less degree incapaci- 
tated for the practice of medicine and surgery." 

January 22, 1859, Dr. Thad. A. Reamy was ap- 
pointed a lecturer. The college in 1876 became a char- 
ter member of the American Medical Association. In 
1895 the school became co-educational. Connected with 
the school have been Daniel Vaughn, C. G. Comegys, 
Max Thorner, P. S. Conner, W. W. Dawson, John H. 
Tate, Charles A. L. Reed, president of the American 
Medical Association (Dr. Reed was a graduate) ; George 
W. Harper, president of the Board of Trustees, etc. 

Under date of August 7, 1902 appeared in the daily 
press this item : 

"After a half century existence the Cincinnati Col- 
lege of Medicine and Surgery has ceased to be. At a 
meeting held at the office of Dr. T. V. Fitzpatrick yester- 
day afternoon the conclusion was reached that to con- 
tinue the college under the present adverse conditions 
would not be feasible. The decision to suspend was 
hastened by the fact that the arrangements made by the 




George W. Hays, 
Crier U. S. Circuit and District Courts Since iSyr ; 

Member of tlie 75th Ohio General Assembly. ' (507) 



508 Schools ok Cincinnati. 

college faculty and the Cincinnati College of Pharmacy, 
by which the latter's building on West Court Street could 
be used in common, could not be consummated to the 
satisfaction of all parties. But that which of all gave 
the death blow to one of the most famous medical col- 
leges of its day is the stringency of the State laws gov- 
erning students. Owing to the exacting provisions, the 
attendance at the Ohio and Miami Colleges has fallen off 
and the Cincinnati College, which aimed to give poor 
students an opportunity for the study of medicine, suf- 
fered most of all. Its faculty was composed of some of 
the most eminent physicians in the city, and was equal to 
that of any college in the State. For a long time, when 
the inevitable could be foreseen, these gentlemen, from 
personal pride, kept the college alive with their own 
private means. Even now some of them believe that, 
when the present laws are modified, the institution they 
helped to rear and foster will be re-established." 

The college has had several locations. The first 
habitation was at Longworth and Central Avenue, then 
next in the old Maxwell School Building on George Street, 
and for the last 10 years in the Kaufmann residence, 1625 
^"ine Street, above Liberty. 

Dr. T. V. Fitzpatrick was dean at the time of sus- 
pension, having served in that capacity for many years. 
Dr. W. E. Lewis, now of the Miami, was for years 
secretary. 

PULTE MEDICAI. COLLEGE AND HOSPITAL. 

The Pulte Medical College and Hospital (co-edu- 
cational). Seventh and Mound, is the only homeopathic 
school in this city. It was organized in 1872, and was 
named after Dr. Joseph Pulte, who left quite a sum of 
money for it, most of which was lost in litigation. In 
1902 the college added a story to its already commodi- 
ous quarters, making four stories now occupied. In 
July, I90i,the building came near being entirely de- 



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5IO Schools of Cincinnati. 

stroyed by fire. Dr. J. D, Buck, dean, Dr, Thomas 
M. Stewart, secretary. 

MISS butler's school for girls. 
Miss Butler's School, now in its eleventh year, is loca- 
ted at 724 Oak Street, WalnutHills, inabuildingspecially 
designed for its use. The regular course embraces the 
primary, intermediate, and collegiate departments, each 
under a corps of able teachers. The school is fully 
equipped in all branches for carrying on modern, pro- 
gressive educational work in accordance with the high- 
est standards. 



CHAPTER LXXVII. 

CHRISTINE G. SULLIVAN, A, M., PH. D. 
C. T. Webber. 

TO write of those who by their life labors have sought 
to connect their fellow-men with the best and 
purest that nature holds, is always a pleasure, particularly 
when we have had the good fortune to know them. 
The subject of this sketch, the late Miss Christine G. 
Sullivan, was surely one of these. As woman and 
teacher, her influence was always inspiring and uplifting. 
Her chosen life-work was the teaching of art to the 
masses. In this field she attained the highest distinction 
in the educational world. Her preference for this work 
declared itself early, and her preparation was commenced 
while she was still a child. From her tenth year she 
received instruction in modeling, painting, mechanical 
drawing, and decorative design, and after her appoint- 



Christine G. Sullivax, A. M., Ph. D. 511 

ment to the drawinor department in 1874 she spent her 
leisure for several years in the studio of Jacquier, an able 
French sculptor then resident in Cincinnati, and her 
summer vacations in Boston, painting under Fuller. In 




Christine G. Sullivan, 

Superintendent of Drawing from October, 1884, 
to September, 1899. 

1879 she was appointed assistant superintendent, and in 
1884 superintendent of drawing. This position she 
filled most successful for fifteen years, bringing the 
drawing of the Cincinnati schools into national promi- 
nence. 



c^i2 Schools of Cincinnati. 

With a constantly growing idea of the scope of her 
work, she labored diligently to perfect herself in every 
branch that bears upon her specialty. She studied pf<y- 
chology, pedagogy, history and philosophy of art, and the 
natural sciences under the best masters of our college 
summer schools. The influence of this study may be 
traced in the national methods that characterized all her 
teaching. While still in the early twenties, she became 
an authority on art teaching, her services being greatly 
in demand, both as lecturer and writer. 

In 1882 she published her first work, " Elements of 
Perspective." In 1 884 she completed the " Eclectic System 
of Drawing, — Freehand and Mechanical." The success 
of this work was immediate, it being adopted not only 
for the Cincinnati schools, but also for the schools of 
several other leading cities. Through the exhibits of 
Cincinnati work at our national exhibitions, at which 
our schools always received the highest awards, it soon 
found its way abroad. An elaborate display of the Cin- 
cinnati school children's drawing, showing the unfold- 
ing of the Eclectic System, holds a conspicuous position 
in the Permanent Pedagogical Museum of Paris, France. 
" Elements of Mechanical Drawing," published in 1890, 
" High School Manual and Normal School Manual" 
published in 1892, completed the list of her works on 
art education. 

That her methods were intelligently planned is at- 
tested by the marvelous results, as shown in the exhibits 
of the Cincinnati pupils' work in various cities through- 
out our own country and abroad ; by the high apprecia- 
tion in which some of the greatest artists, such, for in- 
stance, as Augustus St. Gaudens, have held her work and 
influence ; as well as by the distinction attained in paint- 
ing and architecture by several who went far in their 




W. p. Deppe, 

Trustee of the College of Music, Assistant General Passenger 
Agent of the Big Four Railroad. (513^ 

l33] 



514 Schools of Cincinnati. 

career under the influence of her teaching and inspiration. 
While a profound reverence for art in its greatest 
phases was constantly inculcated, and is still a prominent 
object on the part of the talented teachers, once her pu- 
pils, whom she has left in the schools, the form of art 
which is adaptable to ordinary utility, ornament, and 
illustration, was an important feature of her system. Out 
of that teaching have come many of our best mechanics, 
decorators, and designers. I know a silversmith who 
can design and mould a better vase, knife, or spoon ; a 
carpenter who can build a better house; a blacksmith 
who can fashion a shoe with a better curve and bevel to 
fit the horse's foot ; all on account of the fine training ob- 
tained in the public schools, under the advanced methods 
of Miss Sullivan. One of the most interesting features 
of her work was the private classes in which she gave 
free instruction in industrial art to boys and girls who 
expected to enter the trades before completing their school 
course. How many are now in advanced positions in 
the industrial world who owe their success to this help — 
that best help, which never lowers the self-respect of the 
recipient — the help that enables one to help himself ! 

She cared more for the betterment of the cause in 
which she was enlisted than for the gratification of any 
selfish vanity or desire for gain. For this reason she had 
not the opportunity to express herself in painting and 
sculpture that her talents deserved. However, she found 
time to execute some exquisite paintings and bas-reliefs. 
These were invariably donated to benevolent enterprises. 
Since her death, a committee, composed of her former 
pupils, have collected several of her bas-reliefs, including 
portraits of prominent American authors and ideal heads, 
and, in response to requests, intend to place reproductions 
in several prominent educational institutions. 



Christine G. Suli^ivan, A. A[., Pn. D. z,ie 

As a result of her collegiate studies and her original 
work in the cause of education, she received in 1890 the 
degree of A. M., and two years later that of Ph. D. 
She was made Associate Commissioner of Education of 
the Cincinnati Expositions of 1886 and 1888. In recog- 
nition of her services in creating an instructive and at- 
tractive department, she was presented by the commission- 
ers with a handsome testimonial, executed by Grafton. 
From the Board of Lady 
Managers of the World's 
Fair she received a di- 
ploma o f honorable 
mention as an educator 
and designer. The Art 
Department of the At- 
lanta Exposition, be- 
sides giving an award 
to the public school ex- 
hibit, gave Miss Sulli- 
van a medal of the high- 
est degree, in recognition 
of the educational value 
of her system of art edu 
cation. Her work in 
the National Educa- 
tional Association, of 
which she was an' active member since 1884, was recog- 
nized by her election to the presidency of the Art Depart- 
ment for the years 1893 and 1894. Her paper, read be- 
fore this body in the latter year, urging the claims of art 
in popular education brought her fresh laurels, being 
copied widely in the educational journals throughout the 
country. 




Dr. S. B. Marvin, 

Member Board of Education since 

October, 1899; Also of Union 

Board of High Schools since 

October, 1901. 



5^6 ScHooi-s OP' Cincinnati, 

Her devotion to her profession found further expres- 
sion in a desire to better, both intellectually and materi- 
ally, the condition of her fellow teachers. To this end 
she was an active worker in the founding of the various 
teachers' clubs and the establishment of the Teachers' 
vVnnuity and Aid Association. To the advancement of 
the latter, she gave so generously of her time and talents, 
and was so successful in raising funds and in populariz- 
ing the project, that we may say she was virtually its 

founder. In the words of the 
tribute offered by this society 
after her death, " No greater 
monument will ever be reared 
to her memorv than this asso- 
ciation, which gives teachers 
an opportunity to be mutually 
helpful. Her unceasing toil 
makes it possible for us to 

George F. Sands, ^""y^ ' ^^^^_ '^^^h labored, and 

w'e enter into her labors. She 
Principal of the Third , , , , , , 

,. , „ , , doth rest, and her works do 

Intermediate School. 

follow her.' " 
Teacher, artist, poet, it needed not that beautiful 
re-construction of "Cinderella," with its musical verse, its 
magnificent restoration of the Greek chorus, its exquis- 
ite groupings and color composition, to stamp her as a 
poet of high order; for poems of exquisite beauty of 
thought and cadence had already come from her busy pen. 
Prose of commanding merit, both in story and essay, she 
gave the world. Her last work, written when the tools 
of labor were falling from her hands, was a call, through 
the columns of tlie Couiwercial Trihioie, to the little 
children to learn to appreciate and love all helpless things, 
particularly the beautiful birds. 




Christine G. Sullivan, A. M., Ph. D. -17 

But her extraordinary labors became at last too lieavy 
tor even her magnificent physique. For vears she had 
Ignored the warning of her physician. She felt herself 
needed in the many worthy causes for which she was 
iabonng, and her sympathetic spirit would not permit 
her to withdraw the helping hand. A derangement of 
the action of the heart was the f^rst symptom of acute 
disease. "Over- 
work" was the phy- 
sician's verdict, and 
"perfect rest" was 
ordered. But she had 
never rested. Even 
during the vacations 
her busy pen and pen- 
cil were ever active 
in the cause of her 
life's aim : the per- 
fection of the methods 
of education — t h a t 
goal towards which 
all true educators are 
striving. When at 
last she succumbed, 
complications had de- 
veloped that defied 
the physician's skill. 
Even when confined 

to her bed, she still handed out her blessings of help 
Ataost the last ti„,e Isaw her alive, she ^Jn...^^; 
to ma,l that was to procure a position for a „,an who was 
n great need. She thought no. of herself ; the strugglTng 
man or the dependent wontan utust have her sy„fp!.thy 
and help to the last. ^ ' 'y 




Earl C. Trjsler, 

Assistant Principal Third Inter- 
mediate School. 



518 Schools of Cincinnati. 

The end came September i, 1899. No, not the end, 
for the uplifting influence of her thought and work is a 
growing force. " She lived the life that never dies." 
The widespread grief for her death found expression in 
tributes from all the educational bodies with which she 
was connected, and in a project to place her bust in mar- 
ble in the Cincinnati Art Museum as a memorial of her 
work and character. The fund was rapidly raised, the 
list of subscribers including members of the National 
Educational Association, the Ohio Teachers' Association, 
the teaching body of the city, former pupils and citizens 
who appreciated her services to the city. The bust, now 
nearly completed, will soon be put in place. 

She refused flattering offers for her libretto of " Cin- 
derella," which under her management realized handsome 
sums for the Teachers' Annuity and Childrens' Carnival 
Funds It was her wish that it should not be sold, but 
used only for the realizing of money for the relief of the 
poor children of Cincinnati. Also, it was her wish that 
a large per cent, from the sale of her other literary works, 
including two librettoes and several short stories, be de- 
voted to the same cause. These works are in course of 
preparation for publication, and her literary executors 
will carry out her benevolent intentions. 



CHAPTER LXXVIII. 

THE NATIONAL EDUCATIONAL ASSOCIATION. 

THE NATIONAL EDUCATIONAL ASSOCIA- 
TION was organized in the "Athajneum" Build- 
ing, Philadelphia, Pa., August 26, 1857, as "The Na- 
tional Teachers' Association." 



The National Educational Association. 519 



The first annual meeting was held in Cincinnati on the 
" second Wednesday of August, 1858." A.J, Rickoff 
was chairman of the local committee. Only five mem- 
bers attended the Cincinnati meeting, which was wel- 
comed by a " very large audience, who were then and 
have always been in blissful ignorance of the small repre- 
sentation of actual 
members." However, 
s e V e n t y - fi V e new 
members joined -the 
first day, Horace 
Mann read one of the 
papers. The elec- 
tion of officers resul- 
ted of course in a Cin- 
cinnati man. Super- 
intendent A. J. Ric- 
koff, being made 
president, and the 
second annual meet- 
ing was at Washing- 
ton, D. C. 

The present name 
was assumed in 1870 
at the annual meeting 
in Cleveland, O., 
when a combination was made with " The American 
Normal Association" (organized in 1864) and "The 
National Superintendents' Association" (organized in 
1865). The constitution was amended, allowing various 
departments to organize. Up to 1870 all topics were 
discussed before the whole body. 

In 1870 " The Department of Higher Instruction" 
and " The Department of Primary or Elementary In- 




Maximilian Braam, 
Principal of the McKinlej School. 



520 



Schools of Cincinnati. 



struction" were organized. In 1875 the "Industrial De- 
partment" was started. In 1880 "The National Coun- 
cil of Education " was added. In 1884 Thomas W. 
Bicknell, of Massachusetts, was president of the Madison 
(Wis.) meeting, which was such a success that the N. E. 
A. is " forever assured against financial embarrassment." 
In 1884 three departments were added, viz. : "Froebel 

or Kindergarten," 
the "Art," and 
"Music." In 18S5 
the "Department of 
Secondary E d u c a - 
tion" was added. 

Additional d e- 
partments are : lousi- 
ness. Child Study, 
Physical Training, 
Science, School Ad- 
ministration, Library, 
Deaf, Blind, etc., 
Indian Instruction. 

In 1903 Cincin- 
nati was represented 
by these officers : Ex. 
Com. Nat. Counsel, 
R. G. Boone ; Prest. 
Secondary Education 
Music Dept., A. J. 




William Kaefer, 
Principal of the Linwood School. 



Dept., J. Remsen Bishop; Prest 

Gantvoort. 

February 24, 1886, the N. E. A. was incorporated 
at Washington, D. C. Since 1870 the proceedings have 
been printed in a bound volume. The department of 
superintendents is scheduled to meet in] this city, Feb- 
ruary 24-27, of next year. 



The National EDircAxioNAL Association. 521 

Meeting places of the N. E. A. have been as follows : 
857, Philadelphia, Pa. (organization). 

859, Cincinnati, O. (first annual meeting). 

860, Wasliington, D. C. 1861-62, no sessions. 
863, Chicago, 111. 1864, Ogdensbury, N. Y. 
865, Harrisburg, Pa. 1866, Indianapolis, Ind. 
867, no session. 1S68, Nashville, Tenn. 
869, Trenton, N. J. 1870, Cleveland, C). 
871, St. Louis, Mo. 1872, Boston, Mass. 
873, Elmira, N. Y. 1874, Detroit, Mich. 
875, Minneapolis, Minn. 1876, Baltimore, Md. 
S77, Louisville, Ky. 1878, no session. 

879, Philadelpliia, Pa. 1880, Chautauqua, N. Y. 

SSi, Atlanta, Ga. 1882. Saratoga Sprs., N. Y. 

883, Saratoga Sprs,, N.Y. 1884, Madison, Wis. 
885, Saratoga vSprs., N. Y. 1886, Topeka, Kan. 
887, Chicago, 111. 1888, San Francisco, Cal. 

889, Nashville, Tenn. 1890, St. Paul, Minn. 

891, Toronto, Ontario. 1892, Saratoga Sprs., N. Y. 

893, Chicago. 111. (International Congress of Education, 
Worlds' Fair.) 1894, Asbury Park, N. J. 

895, Denver, Col. 1896, Buffalo, N. Y. 

897, Milwaukee, Wis. 1898, Washington, D. C. 

899, Los Angeles, Cal, 1900, Charleston, S, C, 

901, Detroit, Mich. 1902, Minneapolis, Minn. 

THE TELEPHONE. 

November 15. 1900, the Board of Education was 
notified b}' Captain George N. Stone, president and gen- 
eral manager of the City and Suburban Telephone Asso- 
ciation, that the public schools would be provided with 
free telephones. The offer was accepted, and each of the 
52 buildings was equipped before the end cf the year. 



522 Schools of Cincinnati. 

As service is unlimited, this means a bona fide gift to the 
schools of over $5,000 per annum. 

PUBLIC school statistics, 

(From report of 1901-2.) 

No. of school houses ... 52 

No. of school rooms (about) 886 

No. of school teachers (male).. 153 

No. of school teachers (female) 795 

Total schoolteachers 948 




Tenth District School House, 

Elm and Canal; Erected 1889; Cost of Building $78,100, Lot 

$62,500; 18 Rooms; Seats 1,080 Pupils; H. H. Raschig, 

Principal; H. W. Albers, Trustee. 



Enrollment, all schools 44,458 

No. of seats 41,348 

Average daily attendance .^4j979 

Average daily attendence (high) 2,000 

Total daily attendance 36,979 



Public School Statistics. 523 

Population of city (1900) 325,000 

Children of school age (6 to 21) 128,177 

Children in parochial and private schools 25,354 

Averag'e monthly salary. 

Special teachers in music, 10 $150 

" " '• writing, 5 120 

" " " drawing. 5 ... 85 

** " " physical training, 5 98 

Min. Max. 

Teachers' salaries, in district schools .'|!4oo $700 

" " " intermediate schools 800 

" " " high schools 900 1,200 

Principals' " " district (full) 1,600 1.900 

" " " intermediate school 1,700 2,100 

'• " " district school (small). iiS^o 

Value of houses, grounds, furniture apparatus, li- 
braries etc $4,300,000 

Total salaries paid 807,318 

Total expenditures (1901-2) 1,184,701 

Night schools 9 

Nights in sessi n 72 

Teachers (male), 30; (female) 32 

Average attendance i»45i 

THE CINCIN.VATI COLLEGE OF EMBALMING. 

The Cincinnati College of Embalming (the oldest 
instittition of its kind in the world) was established 
March 13, 1882, with C. M. Lnkens, M. D., principal; 
J. H. Clark, lecttirer and demonstrator; and C. M, Ep- 
ply, assistant demonstrator. At the end of the first year 
Mr. Epply resigned, and C. M. Lukens and J. H. Clark 
conducted the college in a successful manner for many 
years 

In October, 1901, it was decided to establish a per- 
manent college, with continuous sessions, wliere the sub- 



524 Schools of Cincinnati. 

jects of embalming, sanitation, and disinfection could be 
taught in a thorough and exhaustive manner. This ven- 
ture proved so successful that the faculty found they were 




William A. Hopkins, 

Ex-Member Board of Education; Superintendent 
Branch Libraries, Public Library. 

compelled to seek larger quarters in order to accommo- 
date the ever-increasing number of students. 

After careful examination of numerous buildings, 
one at Sixth and Park was selected. This building has 



The Cincinnati College of Embalming. 525 

been refinished throughout, and neither hibor or expense 
has been spared in making it a perfect institution. 
Lecture, class, study, demonstrating, toilet, and bath 
rooms and offices have been handsomely furnished 
Nothing but the latest and most modern appliances are 
used in teaching the art. 

Instructors: J. H. Clark, bacteriology, sanitation, 
disinfection, antiseptic chemistry, demonstrator. Joseph 
Freiberg, specific treatments of diseases, funeral etiquette, 
the conduct of an undertaking establishment in general, 
demonstrator. H. R. Leffel, general and visceral anat- 
omy, physiology, hygiene. C. H. Clark, secretary. 
B. O. M. DeBeck, book-keeper. 



CHAPTER LXXIX. 



early chronicles. 



THE precise location of the first school house in Cin- 
cinnati cannot be given except in general terms ; 
that it was near Fort Washington. Some say a room in the 
fort was the first school house. At any rate, the presence 
of Indians caused the school to be located where it could 
be watched. 

Tradition says Congress and Lawrence was the first 
site; also that a school house stood just back of 312 
Broadway (the Natural History Society Building) ; still 
another report says on Main Street, near the Public Land- 
ing. Judge Burnet says : "On the north side of Fourth 
Street, opposite where St. Paul's Church now stands, 
there stood a frame school house, enclosed but unfinished. 



526 Schools of Cincinnati. 

in which the children of the village were instructed." 
This latter statement is authentic, the school house being 
near the spot now occupied by the First Presbyterian 
Church, Fourth and Main. The church originally faced 
Main Street, and school was held in it until a building 




H. H. FicK, Assistant Superintendent of 
Public Schools. 

was erected (1794) a few rods west and facing Fourth 
Street. 

The First Presbyterian Church established a school 
in 179-5 ill charge of Caleb Kemper, at the foot of Syca- 
more Street, which was removed to the church on Fourtli 
and Main. 

John Riley opened a school at Columbia, Latin being 



Early Chronicles. 



527 



one of the studies, which he carried on for several years. 
After the great flood, the settlers at Columbia removed 
to Cincinnati, where a school had been opened in 1792. 
E. D. Mansfield says he attended a school (1811) 
opposite the House of Refuge, and one day, afteraspell- 




M. F. Andrew, Assistant Superintendent 
OF Public Schools. 



ing match, the teacher marched the pupils to a tavern 
and treated them to a cherry bounce. 

March, 1800, Robert Stubbs, " Philom," opened a 
school in Newport, Ky., and in Columbia, this city, is 
reported the school kept by John Riley, etc. Oliver 
C. B. Stewart opened a school ni the year iSii, as 



528 Schools of Cincinnati. 

did James White. Edward Hannagan had a school in 
the fort. In 1805 it is said an aged couple named Car- 
penter kept a boarding school in a single-roomed log 
cabin, fifteen feet square. This was in Sedamsville. 

Henry B. Fearon, an English teacher, in 1817 writes 
of Cincinnati : 

" The school house (Lancastrian Institute), when the 
whole plan is completed, will be a fine and extensive 
structure. In the first apartment on the ground floor the 
Lancastrian plan is already in successful operation. I 
counted 150 scholars, among whom were children of the 
most respectable persons in the town, or, to use an Ameri- 
can phrase, ' of the first standing.' This school house 
is like most establishments in the country, a joint stock 
concern. The terms for education in the Lancastrian 
department are : to shareholders, 11 shillings and 3 pence 
per quarter; others, 13 shillings and 6 pence. There are 
in the same building 3 other departments (not Lancas- 
trian) : two for instruction in history, geography, and 
the classics, and the superior department for teaching 
languages. Males and females are taught in the same 
room, but sit on opposite sides. The terms for the his- 
torical, etc., departments are : to shareholders, 32 shillings 
and 6 pence a quarter; others, 27 shillings. There were 
present 21 males and 19 females. In the department of 
languages, the charge is to shareholders 36 shillings per 
quarter, others 45 shillings. Teachers are paid a yearly 
salary by the ccfmpany. These men are, I believe, New 
Englanders, as are the schoolmasters in the Western 
country generally. I also visited a poor half-starved 
civil schoolmaster. He has two miserable rooms, for 
which he pays 22 shillings and 6 pence per month. 
The number of scholars, both male and female, is 28 ; 
terms for all branches, 13 shillings and 6 pence per quar- 



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530 Schools ok Cincinnati. 

ter. He complains of great difficulty in getting paid, 
and also of the untameable insubordination of his schol- 
ars. The superintendent of the Lancastrian School in- 
forms me that they could not attempt to put into practice 
the greater part of the punishment (see page 265) as di- 
rected by the founder of the system." 

Harriet Martineau visited Cincinnati in 1835. Writ- 
ing later she says : 

"The morning of the 19th (probably August) 
shown brightly down on the festival of the day. It was 
the anniversary of the opening of the common schools. 
Some of the schools passed our windows in processions, 
their banners dressed with garlands, and the children 
gay with flowers and ribbons. A lady who was with me 
remarked: ' This is our populace.' The children were 
neatly and tastefully dressed. I never saw such graceful 
children as the little boys of America, at least in their 
summer dress; they are slight, active, and free; several 
were barefooted, etc. We set out for the church as soon 
as the procession had passed, and arrived before the doors 
were opened. A platform had been erected below the 
pulpit, and on it were seated the mayor and principal 
gentlemen of the city. The two thousand children then 
filed in. The report was read, and proved satisfactory. 
Several boys gave specimens of elocution, which were 
highly amusing, etc. Many prizes of books were dis- 
tributed, and an address from the pulpit was given, 
etc." 

NOTES. 

" The first proprietor of the site of Cincinnati was 
John Cleves Symmes ; at the time he made the purchase 
of a million of acres, between the Miamies, a member of 



Early Chronicles. 



531 



Congress. At an earlier period of his life he had been a 
teacher." — Schools of Cinchniati , by John P. Foote 

(1855)- ' 



"The college (Cincinnati) is tolerably built, but is 
not likely to be well attended until better regulations are 
established. I was present at a lecture and was shocked 
at the want of deco- 
rum exhibited by the 
students, who sat 
down in their plaids 
and cloaks, and were 
constantly spitting 
tobacco juice about 
the room." — Note of 
an English traveler, 
1833. 

Feb. 12, 1800. 
" A good schoolmas- 
ter wanted on the 
Great Miami. One 
with a family will be 
preferred." — Adver- 
tisement. 




Dr. Giles S. Mitchell, 

March iS, 1800. Member Board of Education from 
"An academy, etc., July 5, 1898, to April 9, 1900. 

the elementary studies 

at .$8 per annum ; the higher branches at one pound, 267 
cents per quarter." — Advertisement. 



Dec. 27, 1800. "Those gentlemen and ladies who 
feel disposed to patronize a Singing School will please 
to convene at the court house to-morrow night, as it is 



532 Schools of Cincinnati. 

proposed to have singing. They will please bring their 
books with them." — Advertisement. 



" Levi McLean advertises his singing school, .|i for 
thirteen nights, or $2 per quarter; subscribers to find 
their own wood and candles." — 1801. 



" Notice • The public in general, and my former 
subscribers in particular, are respectfully informed that 
I propose to commence school again on the ist day of 
January, 1805. I shall teach reading, writing, arithme- 
tic, and English grammar indiscriminately, for ,|2 per 
quarter." — Advertisement, 1804. 



In 1835-6-7, and longer, E. P. Langdon maintained 
a free reading room on Third Street, in the rear of the 
post office ; newspapers, magazines, etc., were kept on 
file. 

"In the years 1810-11-12, I recollect only three or 
four small schools. A Mr. Thomas H, Wright kept one 
in the second story of a frame building on the southwest 
corner of Main and Sixth Streets. John Hilton had his 
school on the east side of Main, between Fifth and Sixth 
Streets, over a cabinet maker's shop. David Cathcart, 
on the West side of walnut Street near Fourth. The 
scholars at each school probably averaged about forty." 
— S. S. L'Hommedieu. 

CINCINNATI UNIVERSITY. 

" In the year 1806 a school association was formed 
in this place, and in 1807 it was incorporated. Its en- 
dowments were not exactly correspondent to its elerated 
title, consisting only of moderate contributions; and an 
application was made to the Legislature for permission 



Early Chronici.es. 



533 



to ra,se money by a lottery, which was granted A 
scheme was formed, and a great part of the tickets sold 
Ihey have, however, not been drawn, and but little of 
the money they brought refunded. On Sunday, 38th of 
May 1809, the school house erected by the corporation 
was blown down, since which it has become extinct." 
Urake s Picture of Cincinnati," 1815. 
In 1829 L. C. 
Levin had a school at 
the southeast corner 
of Sixth and Vine, 
near where the Hul- 
bert Building now 
stands. This school 
house, or one right 
near it, was the first 
building erected on 
that land. W. p, 
Hulbert, who after- 
wards owned this 
land, was a pupil 
there. The entrance 
to the school house 
wason Sixth Street, 
"and the floor was 
constructed like that 
of a theater, rising 
from the south end to the north." 

He dild" Z'l^ '"'t'' ''' "'^"'^' ^"^^ ^"^'^ ^he house. 
Wh H '" "" ""'"""^ ^°"''"-d t'- institution 

When the pubhc school system opened, George Graham 

cToor^y^V^^T^' "'^ '"^^^'"^ '^' ^'- S--^^ ^Vard 
school. Mr. Graham, writing of his times (he was ex- 




Charles J. Brooks, 
Principal of the Avondale School. 



534 Schools of Cincinnati. 

aminer), says: "The schools were not popular, the word 
'common' being distasteful to many." 

THE FIRST BEQJJEST FOR EDUCATION. 

In 1818 John Kidd, a wealthy baker, bequeathed 
$1,000 per annum for the "Education of poor children 
and youth of Cincinnati." The rents came from Kidd's 
store property at the southwest corner of Main and 
Front Streets. In 1819 the fund was paid to the Cin- 
cinnati College, and between October, 1819, and Octo- 
ber, 1825, the sum of $6,000 was received, and from 75 
to 100 children educated upon the Lancastrian plan. 
For the succeeding two and a half years, 375 children 
were educated on the money, tuition having been re- 
duced. In 1825 an adverse claim against the property 
was made, the rent was enjoined, and finally the land re- 
verted and the city lost the bequest. This bequest is the 
first on record for Cincinnati. 



CHAPTER LXXIX. 

OHIO CONSERVATORY OF MUSIC. 

THE Ohio Conservatory of Music is one of the great 
musical institutions of Cincinnati. Its location, its 
buildings, its facilities, its faculty, and its management, 
under the direction of Mr. Chas. A. Graninger, furnishes 
a cumulative proof of its pre-eminence. It was organ- 
ized several years ago as the Auditorium School of Music, 
by Chas. A. Graninger, the present musical director, 
and its success from the beginning was so substantial and 
wholesome that it soon outgrew the dimensions of its 
house, and new quarters had to be sought for its expand 



536 



Schools of Cincinnati. 



ing growth. The opportunity came in the selection of 
the present niagnificient conservatory at the corner of 
Fourth and Lawrence Streets, in September, 1903, which 
was furnished with all the most modern improvements, 
including a new steam-heating plant, at a cost of nearly 
$10,000. A beautiful new recital hall was fitted up for 
the benefit of the students. Freshly painted inside and 
out, and handsomely 
decorated, the Ohio 
Conservatory of 
Music buildings pre- 
sent an entirely new 
appearance, and it 
would be difficult to 
find anywhere else 
a house for the music 
students quite so in- 
viting and so favor- 
able in its surround- 
ings to the congenial 
and serious progress 
of the music student. 
Situated in one of the 
oldest and most aris- 
tocratic portions of 
the eastern part of 
the city, there is 
an abundance of fresh 

air and delightful breezes are wafted from la belle riviere. 
The Ohio Conservatory of Music is breathing the purest 
and best of atmospheres, free from all contaminating in. 
fluence^, where quiet and peace at all times reign su- 
preme. Such a place is particularly inviting to the hun- 




Dr. H. W. Albers, 

Member of the Board of Education 
Since April, 1891. 



Ohio Conservatory ov Music. 537 

dreds of students who come from abroad to seek and find 
the best musical education within its walls. To them the 
the conservatory is a substitute for home, as far as this 
can be done by home comforts and home influences under 
the personal care and direct attention of Mrs. Chas. 
Graninger. 

The Ohio Conservatory of Music was founded on the 
basis that American music schools can be made to reach 
as high a standard of excellence in all their departments 
as the great conservatories of Europe, and it has been the 
aim of the conservatory to realize this ideal in the art-life 
of its American students. 

The Ohio Conservatory presents to the student all the 
departments of music besides those branches of study 
with which the subject of music may be attiliated. such 
as languages, elocution, and dramatic art. In all these 
departments and branches the aim has been to furnish 
only such teachers as enjoyed a reputation of acknowl- 
edged authority and tested success in the art and science 
of teaching. 

Certificates and diplomas are awarded at the close 
of each academic year to those students who have passed 
satisfactory examinations for these distinctions. A high 
standard has been set for these examinations, so that 
those who secure the courted prize have reason to know 
that it was not an easy honor, but the reward of attain- 
ment and proficiencv, that means a place in the musical 
race of the world. 




'.538) 



Twenty-third District School, 

Vine Street, Corryville; Erected, 1878-85 ; 15 Rooms; Seats 912 Pupils ; 
Louis M. Schiel, Principal; F. H. Ballman, Trustee. 



Institutions Now Closed. 



539 



CHAPTER LXXX. 

INSTITUTIONS NOW CLOSKD. 

PREPARATORY School for Boys, conducted by 
X Eugene F. Bliss (see page 385). 

Brooks Classical School (see page 385). 

Herron's Seminary for Boys, founded 184s by Joseph 

Herron once a teacher in the public schools, and ; meln- 

7 J ^"'^ "^ Education. Mr. Herron died March 

v' ^ ^; . J ,^ seminary was on Seventh Street, between 

\ me and Walnut, and occupied its own building. 

Cincinnati Adelphi Seminary (very early) : Thomas 
li. Guinan, principal. 



Ci 



ncinnati Academy, John L. Talbott (early). 



manui t ^^ .'^'"'^--' ^^-^ate School (early), advocated 
manual training. Mr. Williams later founded the Aca- 
demic and Manual Labor Institute at Day,on, O., one of 
the hrst technical schools in the West. 



Elizabeth Haven Appleton's Private School, estab- 
hshed 1855 and continued to 1S75, was patronized by 
the elite of the city. ^ 



540 



Schools of Cincinnati. 



Institute of Science and Languages, established 1830 
by Prof. O. M. Mitchell, the noted astronomist, soldier, 

etc. 

Harding's Female Seminary, south side Fifth, be- 
tween Vine and Race. Was once so prosperous that it 
was considered a permanent institution. Mr. Harding, 
however, became superintendent of public schools. He 

once taught in tlie 
Cincinnati College. 




The Cincinnati 
Female Seminary, 
Seventh and Mound, 
was conducted by T. 
Burrows, and later by 
Rev. George W. Max- 
well, D. D. ; ultimate- 
ly sold to Pulte Medi- 
cal College. 



St. John's Col- 
lege; Dr. Colton, 
principal, later 
Charles Matthews, of 
n^r^t^r-r^u T.r-vo^xT old Woodward Col- 

(jEORGE H. JACKSON, 

lege. 
Practicing Attorney; Ex-Teacher ° 

and Ex-Member of the Ohio 

Legislature. 

tablished in 1859, at Ninth and 
RickoflF, after he retired from the 

public scliools. 

Dodd Classical High School, Rev. T. J. Dodd, prin- 
cipal, started in 1886, for boys. 



English and 

Classical School, es- 

Elm, by Andrew J. 

superintendency of the 



Institutions now Ci>osed. 541 

Professor W. M. Eisele's School, started in 1885. 



In 1802 a girl's school was started by a Miss Will- 
iam, who advertised that she "intended opening a school 
in the house of M. Newman, saddler, for young ladies, 
on the following terms : reading, .$2.50; reading and 
sewing, $3; reading, sewing, and writing, $3.50 per 
quarter." 

Female Boarding School, kept on Broadway, between 
Market and Columbia (old names), by the Misses Bailey 
(1827). ^ _ 

McKee's Classical Academy, on Third Street, near 
the post ofhce. Rev. C. B. McKee, principal, 1827. 



The Eclectic Academy of Music was organized the 
spring of 1834 and chartered in 1835. Its object was "to 
promote knowledge and correct taste in music ; especial- 
ly such as are adapted to inoral and religious purposes." 
It was in existence in 1841, when it had about 100 mem- 
bers, a library, and an orchestra of 24 pieces ; Jacob Bur- 
net, president. 

Mrs. Lloyd's Seminary for girls (1851). 



R. & H. H. Young's School for Boys (1851). A 
high school on Plum, between Seventh and Eighth, 



Cincinnati Female Seminary, established in 1843 by 
Miss M. Coxe. Prosperous in 1851. M. Coxe and J. 
C. Zochos, principals. In 185 1 seminary removed to 
Dayton, O., as part of the Cooper Female Institute. 



Locke's Female Academy, organized in 1823 by Dr. 
John Locke, flourishing for some years, and was patron- 
ized by the best families. It was located on Walnut 



542 Schools of Cincinnati. 

Street, between Third and Fourth. Gold medals were 
awarded for prizes. 



Picket's Cincinnati Female School, organized about 
1825 by Albert Picket, Sr. Rooms in the Cincinnati 




Chas. H. Stephens, 

Member Union Board of High Schools Since 

November 18, 1867 ; Served also on 

the Board of Education. 

College Building. In 1830 his school awarded eleven 
gold medals. Author of "American School Class 
Books," a series on the common branches. 



Institutions now Closed. 5^3 

Kinmont's Academy of Classics and Mathematics 
was started about 18.7 by Alexander Kinmont, a noted 
Scotchman o great independence. It was on Race, 
between Fifth and Longworth. Kinmont declined a 
professorship in Cincinnati College, at $2,000 per year 
a remarkable salary for those days), in this language- 
\ our college will be under the control of a faculty I 
wish to be not directed by a faculty or by trustees. 
Think of my being told how to teach school by a set of 
professional donkeys." 

Western Female InsT^ founded about 1833 by 
Catherine Beecher and her sister Harriett, later Mrs' 
Stowe. The author of - Uncle Tom's C^abin " was for 
years teacher in this private school. Miss Mary Dutton, 
of Hartord, Conn., succeeded the Misses ' Beecher 
whose school was located on the site afterwards occu^ 
pied by St. John's Hospital. 

Mrs. Caroline Lee Hentz~vho conducted a private 
school in the 30's, was the author of several novels 
The school was a fashionable one, on Third, near Broad- 
way. Prof. Hentz, the husband, assisted. 

Gooch's Female Seminary was established in the thir- 
ds, in Avondale, then quite a distance out of town 
I was a polite school of learning. Mr. Gooch tried 
chicken raising on a large scale, but failed. His tall 
brick chicken yards are still (1902) remembered by some' 
of the oldest inhabitants. ' 

Bartholomew EnglisITnT Classical School was es- 
tablished September 2:, 1875, by Mr. and Mrs. Geo K 
Bartholomew. For years it was located at Third and 
Lawrence (see page 431). 



544 



Schools of Cincinnati. 



Cincinnati Business College, Miami Building ; princi- 
pal, C. W. McGee. Suspended about 1895, on the 
death of Mr. McGee 



OHIO FEMALE COLLEGE. 

The corner-stone of the Ohio Female College, Col- 
lege Hill, was laid September 21, 1848, and the school 

opened in the fall of 
1849. By 1851 it was 
so successful that a State 
charter was secured. 
The patronage was ex- 
tensive, especially from 
the South. Rev. John 
Covert was the first 
president, and really the 
founder. After the war, 
the school declined, and 
James C. C. Hollin- 
shade, a wealthy citizen, 
bought it, determined 
to make it a great insti- 
tution, but the enter- 
prise failed, and in 1874 
the doors were closed. 
In 1875 the property was 
sold to the Cincinnati 
Sanitarium, which has occupied it for the twenty-seven 
vears that have elapsed. In 1893 the main building was 
destroyed by fire, but it has been rebuilt. 

Miss Nourse's English and French Family and Day 
School, Walnut Hills, was located at 804 Gilbert Ave. 
(old number). Closed in 1902. 




Wm. L. Dickson, 

Lectureron Medical Jurisprudence 
Eclectic Medical Institute. 



Institutions now Closkd. 545 

Miss Armstrong's School for Girls, established 1875 
by Sarah J. Armstrong, a teacher in the Normal .School 
of Oswego, N. Y., opened at 180 Elm (old number), 
then removed to the Reakert homestead, Mt. Auburn, 
in 1877. In 1888 removed to the H. F. West residence, 
Reading Road and Linden Avenue, Avondale. The 
school suspended in 1901. 



The Cincinnati Society for the Promotion of Use- 
ful Knowledge was organized about 1840 as The Edu- 
cational Society of Hamilton County, and its sole object 
was to promote the interests of education. Lyman 
Beecher addressed its first meeting. It failed for lack 
of funds. 

THE \VESTERN MUSEUM. 

June 10, 1820, The Western Museum was opened at 
Main and Second. Natural history specimens were pre- 
served, and lectures delivered. The museum records the 
ownership of an organ. John J. Audubon was one of 
the curators. The records speak of Mr. Audubon's 
interesting collection of animals, fishes, etc. The mu- 
seuin finally merged into the Western Academy of Nat- 
ural Sciences (organized 1835, incorporated 1838), 
which, in turn (see page 347), came under the manage- 
ment of its successor, the Cincinnati Society of Natural 
History. 



Mrs. Ryland's School for Girls was established 
about 1820. 



In the directory of 1831 are the following acade- 
mies : Academy of Medicine, Center (Opera Place), 
near Race ; A. Treusdell's ; Picket's, Fourth and Wal- 
nut; Kinmont's, Race, between Fifth and Center; 



546 



Schools of Cincinnati. 



McKee's ; Nixon's Logierian Musical, Fourth and Main ; 
Findley's Classical; Nash's Musical, Fifth, between 
Main and Sycamore. 



CHICKERING CLASSICAL AND SCIENTIFIC INSTITUTE. 

Chickering Institute was opened September 3, 
1855, as a "select school for boys," in the hall of the 

George Street engine 
house, between Cen- 
tral Ave, and Plum. 
Josiah Boutelle Chick- 
ering, a man of great 
energy, was the prin- 
cipal. In 1859 a lot 
on George Street, be- 
tween John and 
Smith, was secured, 
and a two-story brick 
building was erected 
and occupied until 
June, 1 886, when the 
school closed. Mr. 
Chickering died De- 
cember 5, 1 88 1, and 
on February 6th of 
the year following the school was purchased by VV. H. 
Venable, who conducted it until it closed. Over 250 
students were graduated, and among these were mostly 
the sons of prominent people. Special attention was 
paid to the classics, and to preparing young men for 
college. Mr. Chickering was one of the most stalwart 
educators the city has ever had, and the name of his 
school is as famous to-day as it was when the founder 
was at its head. Through the kindness of Mr. P. J. 




J. B. Chickering. 



Institutions now Closed. 



547 



Cadwalader, the portrait of Mr. Chickering is here 
reproduced. Miles Greenwood, the iron manufacturer, 
was'Mr. Chickering's patron, and under his auspices a 
school was first started, on a small scale, in Avondale. 




Benjamin H. Cox, 
Member Board of Education, 1875. 



RELIGIOUS. 

May, 1850, The Cincinnati Theological Seminary 
(old school Presbyterians) was organized, with two pro- 
fessors and twelve students. No building was ever 



548 Schools of Cincinnati. 

ej-ected, the professors lecturing in their churches, one 
of which was the Central Presbyterian, on Fifth Street, 
near Smith. The students " boarded around," and no 
general plan was carried out. The school ceased in 
1856. It was intended to oppose Lane Seminary, but 
could not. The old school Presbyterians supported it. 
Rev. Rice, Rev. Hoge, and Rev. Lord were the pro- 
moters. There were several graduates. 



THE FAIRMOUNT BAPTIST THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY. 

Baptists of the Mississippi Valley early determined to 
establish a seminary in or near Cincinnati. In 1833 they 
organized the Western Baptist Education Society, and 
in 1835 incorporated it. In 1845 the Western Baptist 
Theological Institute was opened in Covington, Ky., but 
abandoned when the pro-slavery element captured the 
organizatiou. 

June 22, 1848, a new seminary was proposed, and in 
July 178 acres of land in Fairmount were purchased. 
This tract faced Mill Creek, and was a fine location. 
Thirty acres were set aside for the seminary, and Rev. 
O. N. Sage was made financial agent. ,$50,000 was voted 
to carry out the plans. June 10, 185 1, the corner-stone 
of a four-story Gothic structure of brick was laid. The 
school opened October 27, 1853, and received the Cov- 
ington Library (the Covington building is now used as 
a Roman Catholic hospital). From all reports the semi- 
nary closed in 1857 after a struggle of four years. The 
lots were subdivided and sold. The seminary building 
was sold by the sheriff to pay debts. It was bought by a 
German, and for years, until destroyed by fire, was con- 
ducted as a shooting park and beer garden. The fine 
library was transferred to Denison University, Gran- 



Institutions now Closed. 



549 



ville, O. The seminary failed because the land bought 
did not increase in value as fast as expected. 



The Protestant University of the United States 
was incorporated in 1845, to locate ''in or near Cincin- 
nati." The school was not to be sectarian, "good moral 
character" being the 
only requisite for en- 
trance. The "whole 
Protestant world," so 
it is said, was interest- 
ed in the university, 
but nothing came of 
the matter. Up to 
1859, accordingto Cist 
nothing had been ac- 
complished. There 
seems to be no record 
of the ending. 

MEDICAL. 

Cincinnati Medi- 
cal College ; started 
1834; merged into Jabez M. Waters, 

Medical College of n -j ,. ^ ^ <• -cj *• 

'^ President Board of Education, 

Ohio, 1846. July 4 1871, to July 2, 1872. 




The Physio Medical College, formerly the Cincin- 
nati Literary and Scientific Institute ; organized in 1836 ; 
graduated classes up to about 1880; once located in 
Madam Trollope's Bazaar. 



Botanico Medical College of Ohio ; chartered 1838 ; 
extinct 1880; once located in Trollope's Bazaar. 



550 Schools of Cincinnati. 

Eclectic College of Medicine; started 1856; merged 
into Eclectic Medical Institute in 1859. 



Physio Medical Institute; organized 1859; became 
extinct in 1885 ; located at northwest corner of Seventh 
and Cutter. 



American Eclectic Medical College of Ohio. There 
have been two of this name. The first was founded (ap- 
parently) in 1853 by Prof. L. E. Jones, and existed for 
about four years, when it seems to have merged into the 
Eclectic Medical Institute. The second was organized 
in 1883, and existed to 1896. 



Medical University of Ohio; incorporated in 1883. 



Ohio College of Obstetrics, Medicine, and Mid- 
wifery; chartered under Ohio laws in 1889. 



Hygeia Medical College; organized 1893; gradu- 
ated a class in 1895; Dr. G. C. Kolb, secretary; once 
located at northeast corner of Seventh and Plum. 



The Eclectic College of Medicine was chartered 
December 23, 1856. In December, 1859, it merged 
with the Eclectic Medical Institute. J. R. Buchanan 
was dean. 



American Eclectic Medical College of Ohio ; ex- 
isted about 1879-82. 



Physio-Eclectic Medical College; organized 1876; 
changed name in 1879 to American Eclectic Medical 
College. 



Miscellaneous. 55,1 



CHAPTER LXXXI. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

On the death of Gustavus H. Wald, dean of the 
Cincinnati Law School, June 28, 1903, Harlan Cleve- 
land (Ex-U. S. Dist. Attorney, 1894-1898), who had 
been connected with the law school as a professor since 
1897, was elected to the vacancy. He served only until 
a successor could be found ; that was from July 2d until 
September 10, 1902, when William P. Rogers was 
elected. 

Mr, Rogers is a native of Indiana. For ten years 
he practiced his profession at Bloomington, Ind., and 
for an equal period he was professor of law in the Indi- 
ana State University, at Bloomington, the last six years 
serving as dean. Mr. Rogers graduated at the Indiana 
State University, and was given the degrees of A. B. 
and L. L. B. He also attended the Columbia Law 
School, New York. He took charge of the deanship 
hereon October i, 1902, and assumed the work form- 
erly done by Mr. Wald. 



THE Y. M. C. A. 

The Young Men's Christian Association was form- 
ally organized November 6, 1865. In order to attract 
members, a drawing class was started the first season. 
Next came a vocal music class, but no attempt was made 
to carry out the plans now followed until 1898, when 
The McDonald Educational Institute of the Y, M. C. A. 
was started. 



552 



Schools of Cincinnati, 



Alexander McDonald was president at the time, 
and was instrumental in launching the various depart- 
ments. Classes are held in the evening, and the attend- 
ance is large, the enrollment for 1901 being 423. Good 
instructors are employed, and the range of subjects 
given is quite extensive, the object being to have prac- 
tical work for persons employed in the daytime. A list 

of the students shows 
that most are em- 
ployed. Several per- 
sons who have at- 
tended this school 
have attained consid- 
erable success, and, 
from an educational 
standpoint, it is doubt- 
ful if any other school 
in the city is doing 
more good work than 
the Y. M. C. A. 
David Sinton is con- 
sidered the founder 
(see page 345). The 
membership (1902) is 

ivS56- 

Here are the stud- 
ies of 1901— 2 : Alge- 
bra, American his- 
tory, architectural 
drawing, arithmetic, banjo, Bible, book-keeping, carpen- 
try, chemistry, Cincinnati, composition, debate, elec- 
tricity, English grammar, freehand drawing, French, 
geometry, German, guitar, hygiene and physiology and 
first aid, Latin, law, mandolin, mechanical drawing. 




John D. DeWitt, 

Practicing Attorney; One of the 

First Graduates of the Y. M. 

C. A. Night Law School. 



Miscellaneous. 



S53 



orchestra, penmanship, public speaking, reading, short- 
hand, show card writing, .Spanish, spelling, typewriting, 
and vocal music. 



Thomas W. Harvey says : " The first association of 
teachers for mutual improvement in the .State of Ohio 
was organized in Cincinnati in 1832. It was probably 
the second of the kind in the United States." 



O. T. R. C. 

The Ohio Teach- 
ers' Reading Circle 
was organized at Cha- 
tauqua, July 3, 1883, 
by Mrs. Delia Lathrop 
Williams, of Dela- 
ware, O, (see page 
558).^ 

The seventh an- 
nual meeting of the 
Ohio State Teachers' 
Association convened 
in Cincinnati in 
Greenwood Hall, 
Ohio Mechanics' In- 
stitute (1855). 




principals' associa- 
tion. 



Dr. p. S. Conner, 

Dean of the Medical College 
of Ohio. 



The Principals' Association officers (1902-3) are • 
Pres., D. L. Runyan; V. P., W. C. Washburn; Secy.,' 
E. M. Sawyer; Treas., J. H. Locke; Cor. Secy., Vir- 
ginia A. Osborn. 



554 



Schools of Cincinnati. 



The following people, active in business and pro- 
fessional life, have in their youth attended night schools : 
Gen. Andrew Hickenlooper, Supt. W. H. Morgan, 
Judge F. S. Spiegel, Attorney J. Chandler Harper, 
J. M. Robinson, Dr. E. S. Betty, Dr. W. H. Rothert, 
Reuben Levi and Jacob Ottenheimer (composing the firm 
of Levi & Ottenheimer), William Hopkins, William 
Sorrin, Attorney Edward Dienst, Principal Maximilian 
Braam, and James Grogan. 



The Berlitz Schools of Languages were started in 
May, 1878, by Prof. M. D. Berlitz, the linguist. A Cin- 
cinnati branch was opened November i, 1891. Branches 
are in all large cities of the United States, also some 
foreign cities, notably in Germany and France. 

About daylight, Thursday, September 4, 1902, a fire 
destroyed the Odeon and damaged other parts of the 
College of Music, including the Lyceum. The Dormitory 
was not injured. Mr. Vander Stucken lost about .$30,000 
in music, etc. All the College pianos were ruined and 
19 rooms rendered temporarily useless. 

Dr. Barnard (see page 62) was the first U. S. Com- 
missioner of Education, and served as such from March 
14, 1867, to March 15, 1870. 



The City Infirmary and Orphan Asylinn were once 
under the Board of Trustees and Visitors. 



The opening day of schools is usually the first Tues- 
day in September (Monday is Labor Day). Years ago 
schools opened earlier. For example, in 1857 the opening 
day was August i8th. Opening day is now often too 
early, as, owing to the intense heat, the schools have 
frequently been compelled to close for several days, and 
again to hold only half-day sessions. 



Miscellaneous. 



555 



RESOR ACADEMY. 

The building now occupied by the Clifton Public 
School was named the Resor Academy and Literary In- 
stitute, in honor of the late stove manufacturer, William 
Resor, who gave the original building to the then village 
of Clifton. The building was erected in 1869. 

CLERKS OF BOARD OV EDUCATION. 

1847, to May, 28, 
1855, Wm. Leuth- 
strom; May 28, 1855, 
to March, 1857, J. D. 
Caldwell; March, 
1857, to July 4, 1 87 1, 
W. F. Ilurlbut ; July 
4, 1871, to April 17, 
1883, B. O. M. De- 
Beck ; April 17, 1882, 
to ^Vpril 19, 1886, 
Robt. G. Stevenson ; 
April 19, 1886, to 
April 18, 1887, B. O. 
M. DeBeck; April 
18, 1S87, to October 
I, 1900, Geo. R. Grif- 
fiths; Oct. 8, 1900, 
to date, Wm. Graut- 
man. 




Stanley Strublk, 

Ex-Teacher and President Board 
of Education, Cleves, O. 



YOUNG women's CLUB. 

The Young Women's Club of Cincinnati, organ- 
ized October 15, 1900, meets at Wesleyan College, one 
part of which is occupied by the Home of the Self-Sup- 
porting Women. 



556 



Schools of Cincinnati. 



The aim of the club is to keep in touch with what is 
best in the thought and literature of to-day, and to place 
w^ithin the reach of all some means of self-improvement, 
physically, mentally and spiritually. 



AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY. 

The founder of the American Book Company was 
Winthrop B. Smith, who, as W. B. »Smilh & Co., had a 




The Woodward Homestead, 

Northeast Corner of Main and Webster ; Erected 1816; In This 
House William Woodward Died January 24, 1833 (see page 148). 

printing establishment and book store at 59 Main Street 
(old number). Edward Sargent was his book-keeper, 
and Louis Van Antwerp assistant book-keeper. In 
the book bindery department, as superintendent, was 
Anthony H. Hinkle. 



55*^ Schools of Cincinnati. 

In the 1 2th District School was Obed J. Wilson, 
principal. His eyesight threatened to fail, so he resigned 
in 1853 (succeeded by B. O. M. DeBeck) and went to 
Mr. .Smith for a position. Mr. vSmith refused to employ 
him, but sent him on amission, with expenses paid, and 
a commission if he succeeded. He did succeed, and was 
then regularly employed. Mr. Wilson had fine tastes in 
the book publishing line, and he became overseer or 
general superintendent, selecting type, pictures and dic- 
tating styles of printing. His word was soon law. 

In a few years Mr. Smith retired, and the firm be- 
came Sargent, Wilson & Hinkle. They removed to 
Walnut Street. Mr. Sargent retiring in 1868, the firm of 
Wilson, Hinkle cS:: Co. continued the business until 1877. 
During their administration the list of publications was 
more than doubled, and such was the constantly increas- 
ing popularity of the Eclectic Educational Series that 
schools in every State and Territory of the Union adopted 
and used some of their books, and their publications be- 
came more widely circulated and more extensively used 
than those of any other house in the country. 

In 1877 the two senior members of the firm retiring, 
after nearly forty years of labor, transferred their interest 
to the remaining partners, and the firm of Van Antwerp, 
Bragg & Co. was formed. 

Upon the organization of the American Book 
Company in 1890, Van Antwerp, Bragg & Co. sold 
their property to it. The American Book Company was 
made up of the following : Van Antwerp, Bragg & Co., 
of Cincinnati ; Ivison, Blakeman & Co., of New York ; 
A. S. Barnes & Co., of New York; and the text-book 
department of D. Appleton & Co. The American Book 
Company's offices are at 317 Walnut, where many books 
are printed and where extensive press facilities are in 



MlSCELI^ANEOUS. 



559 



constant use. Recently the company acquired property 
at the northeast corner of Pike and Third, where an ex- 
tensive building will be erected, to be occupied July, 1904. 
Harry T. Ambrose (New York) is president. 
Local officers are : W. B. Thalheimer, manager; Frank 
R. Ellis and George A. Howard, assistant managers. 
For many years A. Howard Hinkle was local manager. 
The company controls all the text-books in the city pub- 
lic schools through the high schools. 

* 

PENSIONS. 

September 4, 1895, ^^t '-^ meeting 
of the Teacher's Club, Principal 
H. Raschig moved to appoint a 
committee of five to investigate and 
report upon the laws and usages of 
the several States which have made 
enactments for pensions and annu- 
ities for teachers of the public 
schools. The motion carried, and 
Mr. Raschig made chairman, with 
four associates, viz. : Prof. W. O. 
Sproull, F. B. Dyer, George W. 
Harper, and W. H. Morgan. 

This was the first definite step taken in this city to 
secure pensions for teachers. February 16, 1896, the 
bill was ready, having been drawn by Attorney Drausin 
Wulsin. It was passed by the Legislature April, 1897, 
and went into force in September of that year, teachers 
paying one per cent, of their salaries each month to 
create a fund. 

Under the law, female teachers with 30 years' ex- 
perience and males with 35 years' experience were en- 
titled, on retirement, to a pension equal to half the an- 




HOWARD ChAMPLIN, 

Ex-Superintendent of 
Penmanship. 



560 Schools of Cincinnati. 

nual salary, except no pension was to exceed .$600 per 
annum. April 16, 1900, the law was amended, making 
30 years' experience for both male and female teachers 
the period required, and pensions were changed to $10 
per year for each year taught, no pension to exceed .$500. 
Thus, teachers of 25 years' experience would get $250 a 
year, and those of 30 years' experience would get $300, 
etc. 

Still not sufficient funds were available, so the law 
was amended May 12, 1902, and this stands to-day. 
Under this law, a teacher of 20 years' experience can be 
retired on account of mental or physical disability, and 
can be given a pension of $10 for each year's experience. 
Teachers of 30 years' experience can retire voluntarily. 
Each teacher pays .$2 per month, or $20 per annum, to 
create a fund, and membership is voluntary. When the 
law went into effect, June 20, 1902, the proposition to 
join was submitted to the teachers, and all in the city ac- 
cepted it except 44. 

The first pension paid out was in September, 1899, 
just two years after the original law went into effect. 



PUBLIC HOLIDAYS. 

Labor Day, first monday in September, since 1890. 
Thanksgiving, the last Thursday in November. 
Christmas and New Year (schools dismissed for the 
week). 

Washington's Birthday, Feb. 22, usually a half day 
entertainment the day previous. 

Decoration Day, May 30th, most school children 
turn out and parade with Board of Education and war 
veterans. Teachers always protest against parading. 



Miscellaneous 



561 



Warsaw School, so named (Aug. 25, 1902) after 
the town of Warsaw that was settled near there years 
ago. The school district was annexed to the city in the 
spring of 1902. 

Spanish was introduced in the high schools September, 
1901. eight bells a week in each school. 



The following is 
the inscription on 
Thomas Hughes mon- 
ument a t S p ring 
Grove : 

"Thomas Hughes, 
founderof the Hughes 
High School, died 
December 26, 1824, 
aged 55 years. Erec- 
ted by the alumni of 
the school." 




H. J. DisquE, 
Principal Fifth District School. 



THE ANNUITY ASSO- 
CIATION. 

December 2 I, 1889, 
J . E. S h e r w o o d, 
Christine Sullivan, 
G. A. C a r n a h a n, 
Bettie Wilson, aad Louis Rothenberg, started the Teach- 
ers Annuity and Aid Association of Hamilton County 
and filed incorporation papers January I, 1890. Organ- 
ization was completed January 25th by selecting these 
trustees: J. E. Sherwood, Christine Sullivan, G. F. 
Sands, G. A. Carnahan, Bettie Wilson, Alice M. Camp- 
bell, C. C. Long, John Schwaab, Jeanette Knox, Geo. 
W. Harper, A. S. Henshaw, Louis Rothenberg, C. S. 

[36] 



563 Schools of Cincinnati. 

Fay,-;Charles F. Dean, W. C. Washburn, E. W. Wilkin- 
son, |^and Minnie Herman. 

The trustees then elected officers : J. E. Sherwood, 
president; Christine Sullivan, vice-president; A. S. 
Henshaw, recording secretary; G. F. Sands, financial 
secretary, and Geo. \V. Harper, treasurer. 

The object of tlie association is to furnish pecuniary 




Thomas F. Shay, 
Member Board of Education, 1879. 

aid to members. Mr. Sherwood was president to Janu- 
ary, 1903, when J, B. Scheidemantle took his place. 



The Union Board of High Schools is made up as 
follows : 

BOARD OF EDUCATION : 

John Schwaab, Louis E. Keller, J. G. O'Connell, 
S. B. Marvin, William J. Klein, F. G. bross, B. F. Lyle ; 



5% 



Schools of Cincinnati, 



Woodward — A. H. Bode, John B. Peaslee, Robert W. 
Stewart, J. Shroder, O. J. Renner ; Hughes — R. D. 
Barney, Charles H. Stephens. 

officers. 
A. H. Bode, president; J. G. O'Connell, vice- 
president ; William Grautman, secretary. 




The H. Thane Miller School, 
Lenox Place, Avondale. 

The H. Thane Miller School for Girls was founded 
in 1856 as the Mt. Auburn Young Ladies Institute. It 
was incorporated under the laws of the State of Ohio as 
an institution for the higher education of girls. In 1897 
the school was removed from Mt. Auburn to Lenox Place, 
Avondale, and now in accordance with the express w^ish 
of its alumnae it is known as the H. Thane Miller School, 
in honor of one of its founders and long time president. 




H. Thane Miller. 



(565) 



566 Schools ok Cincinnati. 

H. Thane Miller, who died in 1895, was a leading and 
influential citizen of Cincinnati. He was a member of 
the Board of Education for many years. He was promi- 
nent in education, philanthropy, and religion. His songs 
made his name known all over the world. The school 
maintains its high reputation for scholarship, and its 
location is an ideal one, the surroundings being extremely 
beautiful. 

THE FRANKLIN SCHOOL. 

The Franklin .School, 2833 May Street, Walnut 
Hills, was started in 18S1 by two Harvard graduates and 
classmates, Joseph E. White and Gerrit S. Sykes, who 
have ever since been the principals. 

The first school was in a private house on McMillan 
Street, between Kemper Lane and Park Avenue. In one 
year this building was outgrown and a five year lease was 
made for the church property on McMillan, just west of 
Gilbert Avenue. In 1887 the school acquired its present 
property and erected the building now used. In 1893 an 
addition was made for gymnasium, chemical laboratory, 
etc. The school is exclusively for boys and young men. 
It is preparatory to colleges and schools of science or 
technology. In the twenty-one years of its existence it 
has sent 54 of its graduates to Harvard, 59 to Yale, 27 to 
the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and 9^ to the 
following institutions, viz. : Princeton. Rensselaer, Co- 
lumbia, University of Cincinnati, Williams, Dartmouth, 
Amherst, Cornell, Rochester, Oberlin, Stevens, Rose, 
Center, Delaware, Iowa State, West Point, Johns Hop- 
kins, and Pennsylvania. 

The school has three departments : primary, inter- 
mediate, and collegiate. 

The teaching force is : Principals, Joseph E. White, 
Eatin and English; Gerrit S. Sykes, Greek and mathe- 



568 Schools of Cincinnati. 

matics. Assistants : Howard Hollenbach, physical cul- 
ture and science; J. H. Bacon, French and German; 
Louise E. Dunsmoor ; Maud E. Severance, English and 
history. Intermediate department : Bessie F. Johnson, 
primary ; Marie A. Marien, French ; Helene Luise Watts, 
German. 



CHAPTER LXXXII. 
personal. 

ANDREW, MILLARD F.— Born near Amesville, 
Athens County, O. February 13, 1858; educated in 
the common schools and at Lebanon, O., taking the 
degree of B. S. in 1891. Taught 1878-9 in Athens 
County; 1 880- 1 , Lawrence County; 1882-5, Pickaway 
County ; superintendent Lucasville, 1885—7 '■< Piketon, 
O., 1888—91; principal Cheviot Schools, 1891-93; prin- 
cipal Linwood School, 1 893-1 902 ; assistant superintend- 
ent Cincinnati Schools since July i, 1902, succeeding 
F. B. Dyer. 



Baily, Hezekiah Bye. —Born Steubenville, O., De- 
cember 9, 1830; came to Cincinnati when six months 
old; entered Woodward College Nov. 3, 1845; remained 
four and one-half years ; graduated in English and 
mathematics June 28, 1850; lumber merchant in Cin- 
cinnati and Covington, 1850 to 1870; life insurance, 
1870— 1902 ; superintendent of Fowell Buxton Mission 
Sunday School, 1866— 1883; married in 1856 to Eliza- 
beth B. Griffith ; children, 6 daughters ; grandchildren, 7 ; 
lives in Covington, Ky. 



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570 Schools of Cincinnati. 

Benedict, Wayland Richardson. — Professor of phil- 
osophy University of Cincinnati, 1875. Prof. Bene- 
dict's published works are : " The Nervous System and 
Consciousness," " Evolution and Ethics," " Theism and 
Evolution," "Outlines from the History of Education," 
'' New Studies in the Beatitudes," " World Views and 
Their Ethical Implications." 



Bode, August H. — Born 1845, Peine, Hanover, Ger. 
Educated at Polytechnical Academy, Hanover, and Uni- 
versity in Berlin in connection with technical academy 
there. Came to the United States in 1866, to Cincin- 
nati 1867. Began teaching in this city in 1868 in Thir- 
teenth District. In 1876 was principal of same. Stud 
ied law and graduated 1881. Began practicing 1883. 
Author of " History of Elementary Reading," " Ele- 
mentary Arithmetic," series of seven German readers 
(used for years in Cincinnati schools), a series of writing 
books; contributor to scientific and pedagogical journals. 
Member Board of Education, president Union Board of 
High Schools (1902), judge of Police Court, and mem- 
ber Board of Elections. 



Dill, Thomas M. — For ten years principal of Twen- 
tieth District School. Author of "Outlines of Moral 
Instruction" (1871), the first attempt at systematic 
moral instruction in the public schools. 



Doerner, Celia. — Teacher in Hughes, author of 
" The Treasury of General Knowledge." 



Dubbs, Eugene L. — Principal (1902) Reading, O., 
schools; the author of Dubb's series of arithmetics. 




Florien Giauque. 



(s-i) 



572 Schools of Cincinnati. 

Fick, Henry H. — Born August i6, 1849, at Luebeck, 
Ger. Came to U. S. 1864; entered Cincinnati schools 
1870. Superintendent of drawing, 1878-1884(866 page 
i77)' Director of private school in Chicago to 1890. 
Principal Sixth District, Cincinnati, 1893 to 1901. Re- 
ceived Ph. D. from Ohio University 1892, Editor Er- 
ziehungsblcetter (Germ- Am. Journal of Ed.), 1890-99. 
Published in book form : "Pencil and Brush," an intro- 
duction to the elementary principles of graphic represen- 
tation (1884); " The Dance of Death" (1887); "Aes- 
thetic Culture" (a pamphlet); "Does the American 
Common School Meet the Educational Needs of the Peo- 
ple.?" (a pamphlet); " German Contributions to Ameri- 
can Progress" (pamphlet); besides a great many other 
pamphlets and poems in German. The poem, "The 
Song That Once My Mother Sang," has been set to sev- 
eral different compositions in Germany and America. 
Dr. Fick is editor of Jung Amerika, of this city. In 
1901 he was appointed assistant superintendent of 
schools. 



Fuchs, Julius. — Of Walnut Hills High School, 
author of : " Eighteen Lectures on Pedagogical Topics ;" 
" Fifteen Lectures on Home Education;" seventy-five 
poems, "Tender Blossoms." All the lectures were de- 
livered before normal institutes, teachers' associations, 
and literary societies. (Ready for press.) 



Giauque, Florien. — Born near Berlin, Holmes 
County, O., May 11, 1843, of Swiss parentage. Pre- 
pared for college at Fredericksburg (Ohio) Academy and 
at Vermillion Institute, at Hayesville, O. Member i02d 
O. V. I., and served under Buell, Rosecrans, Sherman 
and Thomas. After the war he graduated at Kenyon 



Personal. ^n. 

College Gambier, O., which institution later conferred 
on him the degreess of A. M. and L. L. D. Mr. Giauque 
has the honor of having received the best State certifi- 
cate ever granted ; principal of Glendale Schools from 
1869 to 1875. Mr. Giauque is noted as an author and 
compiler. The following works attest his industry • 




Arthur C. Minning. 



" The Revised Statutes of Ohio," and various sup- 
plements thereto ; "A Manual for Assignees-" "A 
Manual for Gnardiinc." '^ at ^ i- • ' 

T r L. ';^"'^'^'^'^"' ' Naturalization and Election 

Laws of the United States;" "Ohio Election Laws- 
Manual for Notaries and Conveyancers ;" "Settlement 
of Decedents' Estates;" "The Law of Roads and 



c^74 Schools of Cincinnati. 

Bridges;" " The Laws of Ditches and Watercourses in 
Ohio;" " Manual for Constables and Marshals;" and 
jointly with his partner, Henry B. McClure, " Dower 
and Curtesy Tables," and some other works of less im- 
portance. He is not infrequently called on to deliver 
lectures, and generally selects scientific subjects for them. 

Grebner, Constantine. — Teacher in Third Inter- 
mediate School, joint author (with W. H. Weick) of 
the Eclectic German readers now used in the schools. In 
1902 Mr. Grebner published^" Die Deutschen," stories 
of Germans and of German-Americans. Author of 
several poems and two novels : " Die Hessen," a Revo- 
lutionary War story, and " Die Maerchenprinz," a ro- 
mance. About 1897 Mr. Grebner published (in Ger- 
man) a history of the 9th O. V. I. He has in press 
" Iduna," two German supplementary readers for lower 
grades. 



Jordan, Clara B. — Teacher of Latin at Hughes. 
Graduated Hughes, took two gold medals, Latin and 
general scholarship. Author of 'Latin Lessons for 
Beginners." Now engaged in writing a Latin prose 
composition for High Schools. 



Lindahl, Josua. — B. Kongsbocka, Sweden, Jan. i, 
1S44; graduated Royal University of Lund, Sweden 
(1863) ; title of Officer d'Academie, French Government 
(1876) ; decorated by King of Sweden as Knight of 
Vasa (1878) ; was asst. zoologist on H. M. S. " Porcu- 
pine" (1870); zoologist in charge of expedition to Green- 
land, 1871, in Swedish warships " Ingererd " and " Glo- 
dan ; docent in zoology, U. of Lund, 1874; secy. 
Royal Swedish delegation to International Geog. Con- 



Personal. 




., 1878-88; curator Illinois State Museum Natural 
H.o Springfield, 1,1., .888-93; since December 4 
1895, director Museum Natural History Society of this 
city; author of several scientific books; contrH^utor to 
journals and editor 



of the Society's 
journal. 

Lloyd, John Uri. 
Author of "String- 
town on the Pike," 
' ' E t i d o r h p a , ' ' 
" Warwick of the 
Knobs," etc. 




Long, C. C— 

Ph. D.; b. near 

Lebanon, Butler 

County, O., Sep. 

22,1839, At twelve 
years of age he 
moved with his 
parents to Cincin- 
nati, and received ^""'""' '^ ^^^^^' 
an education in the ^^^ber of the State Normal School 

, ,. , , Commission, 

public schools, per- 

fecting his course afterwards in Asbury University 
Greencastle Ind. Tl,e „,arl<ed success in a countf; 
chool I,ad shown i,i„, that he was adapted to the pro^ 
fesston of teaching, and upon leaving college he entered 
upon his chosen work as principal of Talmud Institute 



576 



Schools of Cincinnati 



then a flourishing school in Cincinnati. This position 
he filled for three years, when he left to go into business 
in New York City. He, however, retained his desire 
to teach, and after five years he returned to Cincinnati, 
and was chosen first assistant of the First Intermediate 
School in this city. After holding various positions in 
the schools, he was elected to the principalship of the 
Eighth District School, which position he held to 1902. 
Mr. Long stands in the front ranks with those who 

believe in education 
and progress. The 
unsatisfactory results 
following the teach- 
ing of language led 
him to write "Long's 
Language Lessons," 
embodying his meth- 
od of instruction in 
English. The lead- 
ing idea in these 
books is that observa- 
tion and expression 
should go together, 
or that the acquisition 
of words should fol- 
low rather than pre- 
cede an acquaintance 
with things and acts. 
These books have met with great success, having been 
adopted in many of the large cities in all parts of the 
country. 

The methods of teaching geography were equally 
defective. The dull recital from the set questions in the 
text-books could only produce an unwilling and mechan- 




JOSRPU SURUO. 



Personal. .^^ 

ical listener and learner. Children are so constituted 
that they form an idea of the remote only by having -i 
•-mture of the same at home. A more natural a!.d 
philosophical procedure is observed therefore in " Ilonie 
(geography,- another of Mr. Long's works. 

Besides the preparation of text-books, Mr. Loner 
has been a writer for educational journals. He has also 
ecturea extensively before institutes and other educa- 
nonal bodies. Mr. Long has always been a student. 
He mastered French while teaching, and for two vears 
was associated with the noted Cincinnati scientist Prof 
Vaughn, studying chemistry. In 1S83 the degree of 
1 h^D. was conferred upon him by the College of Cam- 
bridofe. v^ain 



Maddux Berton J. -Principal Springfield. O 
Schools; author of ''The Veil Withdrawn," a novei 

Malsbary, Charles Franklin._Attorney-at-law ■ b 
Sycamore Tp., Hamilton Co., O., Feb. 21 18,7- edu' 
cated at National Normal University, Lebanon". Q '• 
taught school in Hamilton and Clermont Counties' 
pres. Ham. Co. Teachers Association, 1883; ores of 
Ham. Co. Institute, 1884; graduated with honors fi-om 
Cincinnati Law School, 1889. Mr. Malsbarv is well 
known as a public speaker and successful attor^ev. 

McClure, Henry Brown.-A. B., A. M • ^radu 
ated Miami, .Sj. , pHn. of Prep. Dept. Miami", '.8^1: 
attended Universities of Gottingen and Leipsic, 187,-4 •' 
pnn. Glendale (O.) Public Schools, X875-80; mavo ■ o^ 

?bL ;' T~'"' ^^'"^ ''''''-''' ^^ -Present \-alue 
iabies tor Dower and Curtesy," 1894. 

LS7J 



578 



Schools of Cincinnati. 



Minning, Arthur C. — Attorney; clerk Prosecuting 
Attorney's office; author of " Tabular Analysis of the 
Law of Real Property." 



Myers, Philip Van Ness. — Was born at Tribes Hill, 
N. Y., Aug. lo, 1846. He received his preparatory 
education at the Gilmore Academy, in the same State, 
and was graduated from Williams College in 1871. He 

afterwards studied 
law for one year 
(1873-74) at the 
Yale Law School, 
pursuing at the 
same time a grad- 
uate course in the 
Depart m e nt of 
Economics. T h e 
studies of these 
early years were 
varied, and broken 
by teaching and 
travel. An ex- 
pedition to South 
America, on a sci- 
entific m i s s i o n, 
filled one year, and 
later an extended 
journey through Europe and Asia occupied nearly two 
years. Two works, entitled, respectively, " Life and 
Nature Under the Tropics" (written in co-authorship 
with an older brother) and " Remains of Lost Empires," 
were the issue of these tours of observation and study. 
In 1879 Mr. Myers was called to the presidency of Far- 




Samuel W. Smith, 

A Graduate of Chickering Institute, 

Now Judge of the Court of 

Common Pleas. 



Personai.. !^79 

mers' College, at College Hill, Ohio, to which he brought 
the experience gained during several years' service as 
teacher and principal in Eastern academies. This po- 
sition he held for twelve years, until called to the chair 
of history and political economy in the University of 
Cincinnati. During the college years 1895-1897 Mr. 
Myers served as dean of the academic faculty of the 
University. In 1900 he resigned his professorship, which 
he had held for nine years. Professor Myers is the 
author of the following works, aside from those already 
mentioned in this article : " Eastern Nations and 
Greece,'' " History of Rome," "Mediaeval and Modern 
History," "A General History," and "History of 
Greece." Several editions of all these works have been 
published. 

The following degrees have been conferred upon 
Mr. Myers: A. B., Williams College, 1871 ; A. M., 
Williams College, 1874; LL. B., Yale University, 1890; 
LL. D., Belmont College, 1891 ; and L. H. D., Miami 
University, 1891. 



Parry, Emma Louise. — With the H. Thane Miller 
School; author of "Life Among the Germans," 
" Women in the Reformation," " History of Art" (out 
shortly, 1903) ; also of translations from the German. 



Porter, Jermain G. — Director of Cincinnati Observ- 
atory, 1884 to the present time. Publications : " Zone 
Catalogue of 4,050 Stars," 1887 ; " Our Celestial Home, 
an Astronomer's View of Heaven," 1889; " Charts and 
Measures of Nebulae," 1891 ; " Catalogue of Proper- 
Motion Stars," 1892 ; "Catalogue of 3,000 Stars," 1895 ; 
" Catalogue of 2,030 Stars," 1898; " Historical Sketch 



58o 



Schools of Cincinnati. 



of Cincinnati Observatory, 1843-93;" also numerous 
memoirs in the astronomical journals. 



Ravogli, Dr. A. — Italian Consul 1883-1900; au- 
thor of " Hygiene of the Skin." Dr. Ravogli is now 
(1902) a member of the Ohio State Board of Registra- 
tion and Examination. 




Renner, Otto J. 
— In conjunction with 
Charles M. Miller, a 
former teacher in the 
night schools, pub- 
lished "Elements of 
Law for the Law Stu- 
dent." 



Sanders, Alan. — 
B . near Morrow, 
Warren County, O. ; 
graduated Wood- 
ward, 1873 ; began 
teaching the next 
year in Thirteenth 
District School ; went 
to the Third Interme- 
diate, and in 1881 to 
Hughes. In 1888 he 
took the first assist- 

antship of Hughes, succeeding Jacob H. Bromwell ; 

author of "Elements of Geometry," now used in the 

hio-h schools. 



O. P. VOORHES, 

Principal of Ojler School Since 
September, 1901. 



Sherwood, James E. — Entered the Cincinnati Public 
Schools as a teacher Sep., 1859, and has been so em- 



PEIiSOVAi.. .o. 

ployed continuously, with the exception of Y„-'6^ which 
penod he spent in the anny. In x868 he opened the 
new Fn-st D.stHct School on Liberty Street as its pHn! 
cipal which position he held for thirtv years, when he 
was transferred to the Windsor Public School, of which 
lie IS now the principal. 

Sho.weli John B._Star,ed SW,oo/ /Jf,. ,, „.eeklv 

I.-urna] ot Education und General Culture,- Oct ,' 

.b99. Author of -Visit to a London School, or Ele^ 

mentary Education in England,- (,859) : also author of 

many newspaper and magazine sketches ; assistant at the 

the N.gh, H,gh .School for the same period; taught five 
years ,n country schools in Hamilton C:ountv. Ltered 
Ht,|hes H,gh School at .,, graduating at .^ in class o' 
888. President of Evendale (O. ) Board of Education, 
.888-,89,, bemg elected while in high school. P„b- 
lisner and compiler of SchoolsofC.nc.vnat," (,90.). 

Sands, George F._President National Base Ball 
tZlT.7 -P--"'i"S all the base ball clubs 

son r""t ";>"'■ <*' P"*^^ '^9» -''■ »' F'- Do-W- 
on. Canada. Oct. ,4. ,836; graduated with highest 

honors at Unnersity of Nashville. Tenn. ; served in War 

ot he Rebellion, rank of colonel; died Mav 26 ,S8n- 

author of -Elements of English.- -Studies' in English 

Literature." - McGuffey's High .School Reader " 



Stephenson. Nathaniel.-Ex-teacher Woodward 
rul Mrs. Moulton," 1902. 



58^ 



ScHOOi.s OF Cincinnati. 



Surdo, Joseph. — B. in Brindisi, Italy, 1870; gradu- 
ated Kenyon Military Academy 1886, Woodward 1889, 
and Cincinnati College of Music 1895. In composition 
he has been eminently successful; his "Viking" (solo 
for baritone and orchestra) having been performed in 
1898, under Vander Stucken's direction. His "Flag 

Song" was sung by 
3,500 children at Gol- 
den Jubilee Steenger- 
fest in 1899, and his 
Psalm 96th was per- 
formed in Music Hall 
at the Fall Festival 
(1902) by an adult 
chorus of 1 ,000 voices, 
and accompanied by 
an augmented orches- 
tra. For twelve years 
Mr. Surdo has taught 
music in the public 
schools. 




George Rethman, 

Member Board of Education 
Since April, 1897. 



Tackenberg, C. — 
Author of "Children 
of Phantasy," a book 
of poems. 



Thorns, Phoebe E, — Sister of Matthew H. Thoms ; 
author of "Important Events in the World's History," 
125 pages, containing tables of rulers and dates chrono- 
logically arranged. 

Turrill, Merwin Sherman. — B.Feb. 8, 1831 ; taught 
in Hamilton County, 1849-1854; principal Cumminsville 



Personal. 583 

Union School, afterwards Cincinnati 26th Dist., 1854 to 
1885 (except 1857 and 1858, as asst. Cin'ti I3ti'i Dist.) 



Turrell, Isaac H. — B. Brooktield, Franklin County, 
()., attended Oberlln College. vServed two years in 8ist 
Ind. Inf. At siege of Atlanta, was made ist Lieut, of 
109th U. S. Colored Infantry, serving as Adj. under 
Gen. Weitzel. After the fall of Richmond, went to 
Texas with regiment, mustered out there February, 1866. 
Member American Mathematical Society. 



\"on Wahlde, Herman. — Teacher German in Third 
Intermediate School; author of " Natur und Heimat " 
(poems now in second edition) ; also of '' Schriften 
Paedagogischen Inhalts." 



\\ alker, Paul Francis. — Teacher of Spanish in the 
three high schools; author of "A Class Book of Mod- 
ern Spanish." 



Weick, W. H. — Late of Hoffman vSchooI ; joint 
author of Eclectic German readers now (1902) used 
in the public schools. A primer was published by Mr. 
Weick alone. 



Wilson, Francis E. — Teacher for 35 years; princi- 
pal Windsor School, 1888 to 1898 ; publisher P iiblic 
School Journal, 1876 to 1898. 



White, Dr. E. E. — Died at his home, Columbus, 
O., Tuesday, October 21, 1902. (For sketch, see p. 89.) 



Tuesday, October 21, 1902, Governor Nash ap- 
pointed this State Normal vSchool Commission under the 



584 Schools of Cincinnati. 

law of last winter: C. F. Thwing, Cleveland; John L. 
Zimmerman, Springfield; William F. Pierce, Knox 
County; Charles L. Swain, Cincinnati. 

The commission is to report upon the "need and ad- 
visability of the future establishment by the State of one 
or more additional normal schools." 

Mr. Swain, the Cincinnati member of the com- 
mission, is a leading 
attornev and ex-mem- 
ber of the General 
Assembly. The 
committee reports be- 
fore the next Legis. 
lature. 




McLeish, J o h n 

Lewin. — Graduate of 

the Medical College 

of Ohio (1897). His 

first novel, " Iturbide, 

a Soldier of Mexico," 

was published in 1901. 

The companion storv. 

-The Wreak of 

r^ rj A/r rw Wrath," is to appear 

Carl Ziegler, M. D., ^ ' 

shortlv. 

Superintendent of Physical Culture " 

Since September, 1892. the American hoy. 

Four days after 
the destruction of the battle ship " Maine," W. Rankin 
Good, a seventeen year old student of Hughes High 
vSchool, conceived the idea of building a battle ship and 
naming it the "American Boy." 

The idea was to get contributions from school chil- 
dren all over the country and pay the cost. The project 



Peksonal. 



385 



found general favor, and from all over the land came 
contributions. These were deposited in the Merchants' 
National Bank, until about $75'C)00 had been accumu- 
lated. Gradually it became apparent that the $3,500,000 
necessary could not be raised, though many prominent 
men assisted. Even President McKinley favored the 
project and gave Mr. Good and his committee an audi- 
ence. 

Congress was next appealed to, but legal objections 
were found w h i c h 
precluded the accept- 
ance of the gift by 
the Government, so 
in the summer of 1902 
it was decided to re- 
turn the collections 
less fi V e per cent. 
The Cincinnati 
schools contributed 
•t 1^55 1 -59; Los Ange- 
les, Cal., schools gave 
the largest amount, 
$1,433.19. The fail- 
ure of the plan damp- 
ened the ardor of 
thousands of school 
c h i 1 d r e n , and of 
course Mr. Good was 

disappointed, vet his enthusiasm and earnestness won 
him a host of friends and \vell wishers. In order to give 
the matter proper attention it became necessary for Mr. 
Cxood to abandon all other pursuits, and he had to travel 
to other cities to respond to invitations to speak. 




W. Rankin Good. 



586 Schools of Cincinnati. 



CHAPTER LXXXIII. 

THE CINCINNATI KINDERGARTEN TRAINING SCHOOL. 

THE first meeting of Cincinnati women interested 
in establishing free kindergartens in Cincinnati was 
held December 13, 1879. At a subsequent meeting 
(held December 19th) The Cincinnati Kindergarten 
Association was formed, with Mrs. Alphonso Taft as 
president. 

In January, 1880, Dr. W. T. Harris, of St. Louis, 
now U. S. Commissioner of Education, delivered an 
address in College Hall, and awakened much interest. 
During the months of January and February meetings 
were held fortnightly at Hughes and Woodward High 
Schools, and after correspondence and conference with 
Miss Susan E. Blow, of St. Louis, the first kindergarten 
was opened in the old Spencer House, corner Front and 
Broadway, March i, 1880. 

A Training School for Kindergarteners was organ- 
ized at the same time. Later a kindergarten was opened 
in the northern part of the city, followed by one in the 
western and another in the eastern, known respectively 
as the South, North, West, and Gilbert Avenue Kinder- 
gartens. The association then, in order to encourage 
the formation of kindergartens without incurring addi- 
tional expense, volunteered to organize and supervise 
kindergartens supported by other organizations or indi- 
viduals, provided a high standard of excellence was 
maintained, by the selection of well-trained, competent 
directors. The "Kindergarten Directory" shows the 



Kindergarten Trainin(; School. 



587 



extent of the work supervised by the association in 1902. 
An Association of Mothers, holding monthly meetings 
in each kindergarten, is made a component part of the 
work, and a federation of these associations holds at 
least one general meeting during the year, for the ex- 
change of ideas, methods of work, etc. 



"^ ^ 



V 

1 > 




v<t^ 



"^^fe 



The Cincinnati Kindergarten Training School, 
Linton Street, Near Reading Road, Vernonville. 

The following bill makes the introduction of kinder- 
gartens with the public school system of Ohio optional 
with each community : 

" Each board of education of any city, special or 
village school, may, if they so choose, at any regular or 
special meeting, establish public kindergartens in con- 
nection with the public school of said city, special or 
village school district, for cliildren between the ages of 



588 Schools of Cincinnati. 

four and six, and may determine what part of the con- 
tingent fund provided for in sections 3,958 and 3,959 
shall be set aside for such purpose : Provided , no part of 
the State fund shall be appropriated therefore ; but said 
board of education may provide an additional sum for 
said kindergarten instruction by the lew of a tax not ex- 
ceeding one mill to the levy provided for in section 

3^959- " 

The Cincinnati Kindergarten Training vSchool or- 
ganized by the association, which was incorporated under 
the laws of Ohio, Oct, 20, 1894, now ranks as one of the 
leading training schools in the country. The building, 
located on Linton Street, near Reading Road, is ad- 
mirably suited to its use with lecture hall, library, class 
rooms, and dormitory, well equipped, and is situated in 
one of the most beautiful and accessible sections of the 
city. 

The school offers a thorough course of training to 
those who wish to prepare for professional work, a two 
years' course leading to a diploma ; an attractive course 
for young women desiring general culture ; and a practi- 
cal course preparatory to home making and child nur- 
ture. 

A graduate course of one year is open to students 
who have completed the regular training in a school 
of recognized standing. A one-vear course in primary 
teaching is designed to give thorough training in the 
work of the primary grades, and special courses are 
arranged with reference to governess and mission work. 

In addition to an able corps of instructors, the de- 
partments of music, art, and physical education are in 
charge of specialists, supplemented by lectures from 
eminent men and women. The entire work is under 
the managrement of a Board of Trustees, of which the 



Kindergarten Training School. 



589 



following are the officers for 1902-03 : President, Miss 
Anna Laws; vice-presidents, Miss Field, Mrs. Chas. 
Fleischmann, Mrs. P. H. Hartmann, Miss Werk, Mrs. 
D. I. Wolfstein, Mrs. Guy Mallon ; secretaries, Mrs. 
W. R. Benedict, Mrs. D. D. Woodmansee ; treasurer, 
Mrs. Edward B. Sargent. 

The following support kindergartens under the 
auspices of the afore-mentioned associations : 

Cincinnati Kin- 
dergarten Association 
(3) ; United Jewish 
Charities (3) ; Eliza- 
beth Gamble Deacon- 
ess Home (2) ; The 
Glenn Home (3) ; 
Mr. and Mrs. David 
B. Gamble (i, in 
Sherman School); 
Brighton Mothers' 
Association (i) ; 
Westwood Kinder- 
g a r t e n Association 
(i) ; Norwood Kin- 
dergarten A s s o c i a- 
tion (i) : Madison- 
V i 1 1 e Kindergarten 
A s s o c i a t i o n ( I ) ; 
Episcopal Church, 
Glendale (i); Cin- 
cinnati Orphan Asylum (i); Childrens' Home (i); 
Union Bethel (i) ; University Settlement (i)- Pro-Ca- 
thedral (i); Christ Church (I); German Lutheran 
Church, Walnut Hills (i) ; Vine Street Congregational 




John R. Trisler, 

Principal of the Twenty- Fifth 
District School, Fairmount. 



^90 



Schools of Cincinnati. 



Church and the mothers ( i ) ; private kindergartens, 
Miss Sattler's and Hyde Park. Total, 27. 

Despite repeated efforts to have the public schools 
to open kindergartens, none have yet been provided, 
although several vacant school rooms have been put at 
their disposal. The Board of Education fears the ex- 
pense should the schools be opened all over the city. 



(JEKMAN KINDERGARTENS. 

The " deutsch-amerikanischer Schulverein" (Ger- 
man -A m e r i c a n 
School Associa- 
tion) was organi- 
zed at Washington 
Platform Hall Sep. 
19, 1885, with 
August H e r h o 1 z 
presiding. Oflicers 
were elected as fol- 
lows : President, 
Adolph Pluemer; 
secretary, C. Greb- 
ner ; treasurer, 
Chas. Faust. There 
was also a board of 
directors. The 
first kindergarten under these auspices was started in 
March, 1887. 

In existence was the German Immigrants Society 
that was formed by prominent citizens about 1849, to 
assist needy and worthy immigrants. It was no longer 
necessary, and about 1893 was dissolved, and one-fifth 
of the funds were, by order of court, turned over to the 
German American Free Kindergarten Societv. This 




Alfred Herholz, 

Ex-Teacher, Editor of the 
"South-West." 



KiNDEKGAUTEN TRAINING ScHOOL. 59I 

society was incorporated March 15, 1893, by John 
Schwarb, George F. Dieterle, J. J. Maas, Alfred Her- 
holz, and VV'illiain Autenrieth, as the successor of the 
" Schulverein," and for the express purpose of receiving 
the 13,000 granted by court. The society is to-day in 
quite a flourishing condition. It is patronized by the 
best society people, and its luncheons, fairs, etc., are nota- 
ble events. vSix kindergartens are maintained, as follows : 
ist and I2th District Schools; North, Central, and West 
End Turner Halls; and in the church at head of Race 
Street. Officers: Prest., Mrs. L. Markbreit ; V.-P., 
Mrs. A. B. Yost ; Cor. Secy., Mrs. L. Ries ; Fin. Secy., 
Mr. A. A. Dorst ; Treas., Mr. L. Ries. 



CHAPTER LXXXIV. 

NEW CITIZENS EDUCATIONAL LEAGUE. 

IN 1897 t'^^ New Citizens Educational League was 
organized by Mrs. M. McClellan Brown and others. 
Its aims are as follows : 

First. — To reach every woman who sustains a fam- 
ilv relation to the public schools. 

Second. — To engage in thoughtful, homelike talks 
without personal criticisms. 

Third. — To encourage a more general interest in the 
character of the public schools. 

Fourth. — To make a calm and careful investiga- 
tion of public school conditions. 

Fifth. — To be conservative and judicious, in order 
to avoid "■ sensations." 

Sixth. — To seek to secure a closer relation between 
the home nurture and school training of all the children. 



59^ 



Schools of Cincinnati. 



Seventh, — To promote a kindly feeling of co- 
operation between mothers, teachers, and children. 

Eighth. — To correct those evils in some schools 
which tend to destroy public morals and degenerate the 
race. 




John A. Heizer, 

Former Principal of the Hoffman School; Since Sep- 
tember, 1902, Principal of the Guilford School. 



The league has a chairman and secretary in most 
wards of the city, with a view to ultimate close organi- 
zation. It also has a committee to attend each meeting 
of the Board of Education. Monthly general meetings 



New Citizens Educational League. 



593 



are held as are meetings in certain localities. Local dis- 
tricts are organized into parents' clubs, mothers' meet- 
ings, etc., and every effort is made to bring the schools 
in close touch with the parents. 




John S. Hauer, 

Principal' of tiie Sixth District School Since 
September, 1901. 



GERMAN TEACHERS ASSOCIATION. 

The German Teachers Association of Cincinnati 
was founded November, 1S88. and is a part of the Ohio 
Teachers Association. German teachers and friends of 
the German interests can become meinbers. 

L38] 



594 Schools of Cincinnati. 

Authority is vested in a Board of Directors com- 
posed of five members. These organize by choosing a 
president, vice-president, treasurer, recording secretary 
and corresponding secretary. Bi-monthly meetings are 
held at the Sixth District School on the first Saturday in 
October, December, February, April and June, from 3 
to ^ p. M., when literary and musical programs are given. 
Annual dues are fifty cents, and membership is about 
37 V Following is the list of presidents : Casper Grome, 
1889-90; John Goebel, 1891 ; H. H. Fick, 1892; Max 
Weis, 1893-4; Julius Fuchs, 1895; W. Weick, 1896; 
A. Roth, 1897; H. H. Fick, 1898; E. Kramer, 1899- 
1900; U. Willenborg, 1900-3; C. Grebner, 1903-3, 

The musical part of every program is very good. 
This is due to the organization of a musical section in 
November, 1892, first as a male chorus, afterwards 
changed to a mixed chorus of sixty voices. The first 
leader was Theodore Meyder. The recent leader was 
William Schaefer. 

B-IRST GERMAN ASSISTANTS. 

The First German Assistant Teachers Association 
seems to have been organized as early as i860, although 
records are imperfect as to the establishment. The soci- 
ety meets once a month in the rooms of the Board of 
Education, in connection with the meeting called by the 
assistant superintendent. At present there are about 40 
members. Dues are one dollar a year. Presidents since 
1894 are: Louis Hahn, 1894-7; ^^ • ^- Weick, 1897-8; 
Louis Hahn, 1898-1900; Albert Mayer, 1900-3; Benja- 
min Wittich. 1903-3. Other officers to-day are : H. Von 
Wahlde, vice. pres. ; Frank J. Keller, secy. ; Henry E. 
Kock, treas. Partial records of the association have 
been kept since September 28, 1882. 



The "Koffee Klatsch." 



595 



The " kaffee klatsch " (coffee gossip) is a favorite 
entertainment in the schools as well as elsewhere. It is 
a sort of fair and sale with light refreshments — coffee, 
cake, ice cream, etc. The "tables" are usuall}' the 
school desks. Often tables are set in the hallways. The 
" fair " has for sale all forms of fancy articles. General- 
ly considerable money is realized, such sums as $400 and 
$500 are common. It was through these " kaft'ee 




Mt. Adams Public School. 

Cost of Lot, $[6,295 ; of Building, $38,150; 8 Rooms; Seats 450 

Pupils; Helen M. Brjan, Assistant in Charge Under 

W. S. Flinn, Principal; W. F. Hartzell, Trustee. 



klatsches" that much of the money for the flower parade, 
school libraries, etc., was realized. Many parents attend, 
and the " socials " are quite popular. 



Officers of the German Teachers Relief Association 
for 1902-3 : Pres., J. L. Zeinz (Mr. Zeinz has held this 



596 



Schools of Cincinnati. 



office since 1890); Treas., Valeska Danziger ; Secy., 
Benjamin Wittich (see page 309). 



The County Teachers Association meets at the Y. 
M. C. A. liuilding the second Saturday of the nine 
months beginning with October. The Hamilton County 

Examinations are held 
the first Saturday in 
ten months, begin- 
ning with September, 
in the Second Inter- 
mediate School build- 
ing on Ninth Street, 
near Main. Exami- 
ners appointed by the 
Probate Court are : 
C S. Fay, Wyom- 
ing; J. L. Trisler, 
Ilartwell; E.H.Fos- 
ter, Glendale. The 
Hamilton County In- 
stitutes are usually 
held at Madisonville, 
though that of 1902 
was held at Harri- 
son. The graded 
county schools follow 
the Cincinnati course 
of study. 




\V. F. Martzell, 

Member Board of Education Since 

April, 1888; Frequently a Member 

of the Union Board of 

High Schools. 



October, 1902, the General Assembly, in special ses- 
sion, adopted a municipal code that provides for numer- 
ous changes in local government. Educational institu- 
tions are affected as follows : The University Board has 



National Educational Association. 597 

been reduced from 19 to 9 members, to be appointed by 
the new mayor May I, 1903. The city wards will be 
changed and reduced from 31 to 24, with a Board of 
Education member from each ward. The election is in 
April, and seats will be taken the first Monday in May. 
The House of Refuge directors will go out of office, but 
the same board may be reappointed by the Board of 
Public Service. This is the construction now put upon 
the code. Many other changes will be made, but they 
are not within the province of this book. 



The National Educational Association for 1903 will 
be held at Boston, Mass.. July 6-10 inclusive. The 
meeting of 1904 will very likely be at St. Louis. 



Free text books were first furnished in this city in 
September, 1900. For several years, under the compul- 
sory education law, books were furnished indigent 
pupils. 



CHAPTER LXXXV. 

ATHLETICS. 

George K. Elliott. 

ATHLETICS are not the least important or interest- 
ing feature of the activity in our high schools, pre- 
paratory academies, and the LTniversity. In the mind of 
the average boy student, and not infrequently of the girls, 
this branch of the school life is almost vital to his perso- 
nal interest in the whole institution. All of the local 
pride and enthusiasm of the school seems to center around 
the foot ball eleven, the base ball nine, and the track 



598 



Schools of Cincinnati. 



team, which represents, at different seasons, the institu- 
tion in the arena of interscliolastic athletic contest. A 
victory in an interscholastic debate perhaps arouses more 
sedate scholastic pride in the mind of the student, but a 
vMctory won in strenuous heroic combat on the foot ball 
field fills his heart with wild, joyous, overflowing enthu- 
siasm for his own school, for his schoolmates and for his 

teachers — all are touched 
with resplendent glory 
of the achievement. 

P"or athletic purpo- 
ses the high schools of 
Cnicinnati are compac- 
ted into the Interschol- 
astic Athletic Associa- 
tion, which is governed 
by a committee, consist- 
ing of one teacher and 
one pupil from each 
school. The teachers on 
this committee are 
staunch friends of ath- 
letics, and their authori- 
ty serves to keep the 
youthful ardor of the 
student members within 
legitimate and proper 
limits. Rules which set 
certain standards of 
scholarship, to which all the young athletes- must con- 
form, have kept athletics in good repute with the teach- 
ing faculties of the schools. Instances where athletic 
stars have also shone with conspicuous brilliancy as stu- 




Emerson Venable, 

Teacher of English Literature at 
the Walnut Hills High School. 



Athletics, 



599 



dents are not rare. At present the Interscholastic Ath- 
letic Association it composed of Hughes, Woodward and 
Walnut Hills High Schools, Franklin Preparatory School 
and the Technical School. In the past St. Xavier's Col- 
lege, the Ohio Military Institute, and Covington High 
School have been members of the association. Foot ball 
is the first game to come before the schools, the season 
opening about the first of October. As there are only 
eleven players on the regularly appointed foot ball team, 
and since often there are as many as thirty candidates, 
the rivalry is keen, and the aspirant is forced to keep 
himself in the best physical condition, if he is to win for 
himself the superior honor of a place on the team. 

The old-time gridiron struggles between Woodward 
and Hughes are historic for their intensity and bitterness. 
In 1S98 a new school, that of Walnut Hills, appeared on 
the field, and, moreover, reinforced by students taken 
from Hughes and Woodward, won the championship. 
It has been almost uniformally successful in winning the 
the foot ball championship of the association ever since. 
Games are also played by the schools with teams 
from outside the association, and very often with teams 
from other cities. 

■ Next in the athletic season comes the indoor athletic 
contests, in foot racing and the like, given each winter 
at the Armory, by the local Y. M. C. A. A special 
relay race is here arranged for the high schools. A hand- 
some silver cup is generally offered as a prize, and the 
enthusiasm generated by this annual race has given it 
first importance at the Midwinter Athletic Games. 

Base ball comes next, in May, and with it come track 
athletics — that is, foot racing, jumping, and the like. 
Each school holds its annual games, and choses the 
winners in her contests to represent the school 



6oo 



Schools of Cincinnati. 



in the big Interscholastic Field Day. The following 
program of such a field day held at Chester Park in 1898 
shows what the contests are, and the prizes, which are 
donated by local firms and individuals. 

Events. 
I. Forty-yard dash. First prize, mandolin, dona- 
ted by the John Church Co. 

2. Throwing 16- 
Ib. h a m m e r. First 
prize, umbrella, dona- 
ted by Mabley & Ca- 
rew. 

3. Running high 
j u m p. First prize, 
medal, donated by 
Brunner. 

4. 880-yard run. 
First prize, medal, 
donated by Neuhaus, 
Traunstine & Co. 

5. Pole Vault. 
First prize, hat, dona- 
ted by Burkhardt & 
Co. 

6. Putting 16- 
Ib. shot. First prize, 
fifty cigars, donated 
by Strauss. 




A. S. Henshaw, 
Teacher of Mathematics, Walnut 



Hills High School. 
100-3'ard dash. First prize, medal, donated by 



7- 

Duhme. 

8. Two-thirds mile bicycle race. First prize, med- 
al, donated by Gustave Fox. 



Athletics. 6oi 

9. Standing broad jump. First prize, sweater, do- 
nated by Browning & King. 

10. 330-yard dash. First prize, medal, donated by 
Mullane. 

11. One mile bicycle race. First prize, medal, do- 
nated by Oskamp & Nolting. 

12. Running broad jump. First prize, photos, 
donated by Bellsmith. 

13. 440-yard dash. First prize, medal, donated by 
A. & J. Plaut. 

14. Hop, step and jump. First prize, opera 
glases, donated by Powell & Clement. 

15. One-mile run. First prize, medal, donated 
by Duhme & Co. 

16. Two-mile bicycle race. First prize, medal, do- 
nated by Ponsford. 

17. Relay race. First prize, silver cup, donated 
by Interscholastic Athletic Committee. 

Since 189S the bicycle races have been discontinued, 
the 12-lb. shot and hammer have replaced the i6-lb. 
weights, which seem a little too heavy for high school 
boys. The ancient Greek exercise of throwing the dis- 
cus has recently been added to the list of events. 

In the above contests, as a rule, Hughes has fur- 
nished the best all-around runners ; Walnut Hills the best 
bicycle riders, distance runners, and weight throwers; 
while Woodward has been strongest in jumping and 
vaulting. Of course they all have had good athletes in 
all of these branches, but the above marks where each 
school has an established reputation, 

IN THE UNIVERSITY, 

So much for the high schools. In the University the 
same branches of sport prevail, but under different con- 



6o2 



Schools of Cincinnati. 



ditions. The University is leagued with no other schools 
in an association like that of the high schools ; she stands 
alone in her class in Cincinnati, and must look beyond 
the limits of the city and even of the State for suitable 
opponents to her teams. This involves considerable ex- 
pense, making the duties of the athletic supervisors more 

arduous. A t h- 
letics never have 
paid financially 
at the Universi- 
ty, but now that 
the possession of 
an athletic field 
saves the rent- 
ing of grounds, 
athletics should 
soon be made to 
at least pay their 
way. j\ physi- 
cal director, who 
has full charge 
of all branches 
of athletics, is 
hired by the 
trustees. For 
her teams, the 

Ti/r«™i v> J c ir-j ^- t ^ . , university draws 

Member Board of Education from October -^ 

9, 1899, to April, 1900. Member of Fac- upon not only 

ulty Eclectic Medical Institute. the Burnet 

Woods depart- 
ment, but also on the atfiliated law, medical, and den- 
tal schools. As a rule, the older, matured, and more ex- 
perienced athletes, such as are suited to a rugged foot 
ball team, come from the professional departments. The 




Dr. J. R. Spencer, 



Athletics. 603 

academic department furnishes material which is more 
youthful, but also more agile and lithe, and which conse- 
quently makes the best sprinters and jumpers for the 
track team. These fast but light-weight athletes also 
furnish players to the foot ball team for its backs and 
ends, positions requiring speed on the part of the player. 

The do\vn town departments of the University do 
not furnish their just quota of athletes, owing chiefly to 
their distance from the athletic field in Burnet Woods. 
How to get the four departments more closely united in 
spirit and body is just now the great question in the Uni- 
versity athletic situation. 

The University is also in need of a suitable gymna- 
sium building. The present gymnasium is a mere make- 
shift. 

In spite of the many obstacles to be faced, the Uni- 
versity of Cincinnati has a record of no mean value. Her 
foot ball team of 1898 stands as one of the best ever pro- 
duced by an Ohio college ; it is generally known as " the 
team that beat Dartmouth." In 1900 her track team 
won the championship of Ohio, and made a new state 
record in the one-mile relay race. 

Athletics, however, at the University can not be said 
to have reached that plane of uniform excellency which 
the size and importance of the institution would seem to 
demand. Conditions in the past have been too unsettled 
to bring this about. But of late things seem to have 
taken a turn in the right direction. Athletics are more 
firmly founded, and greater and grander achievements 
seem directly in the path along which the whole institu- 
tion is advancing. 



604 Schools of Cincinnati. 



CHAPTER LXXXVL 

CINCINNATI VETERINARY COLLEGE. 

THE Cincinnati Veterinary College was incorpora- 
ted in October, 1900. As its sessions began at the 
same time, the school is now in its third year. 

The course of study extends over three sessions of 
six months each, from October to March, inclusive. 
Students must furnish satisfactory documentary evidence 
of a good common school education, or pass an examin- 
ation in the common school branches. Tuition is $90 
per session, a total of $270. There are no extra fees. 

Following is the outline of the course of study : 

ist Year. — General biology, botany, zoology, anat- 
omy, physiology, histology, materia medica, chemistry, 
dissections, and laboratories. 

2d Year. — Anatomy, physiology, histology, materia 
medica, therapeutics, chemistry, pathology, bacteriol- 
ogy, theory and practice of veterinary medicine, surgery, 
obstetrics, dissections, laboratories, and clinics. 

3d Year. Anatomy, pathology, bacteriology, the- 
ory and practice of veterinary medicine, surgery, obstet- 
rics, dissections, laboratories, and clinics. 

The college is located at York and Central Avenue, 
where its hospital affords abundant material for clinical 
instruction. 

The faculty is at present : 

Louis P. Cook, D. V. S., dean, professor of veteri- 
nary anatomy and theory and practice of veterinary 
medicine. 




Dr. Louis P. Cook. 



(605) 



6o6 Schools of Cincinnati. 

E. K. Ward, V. S., associate professor of theory 
and practice of veterinary medicine. 

Wm. A. Axby, D, V. S., professor of veterinary 
surgery and obstetrics. 

John A. Meagher, D. V. S., professor of zootech- 
nics and associate professor of veterinary surgery. 

E. M. Keefe, M. D., professor of physiology and 
histology. 

Julius H. Eichberg, Ph. G., M, D., professor of 
materia medica and therapeutics. 

Carl Hiller, M. D., professor of microscopy, gen- 
eral pathology, and bacteriology. 

Wm, Dickore, Ph. D,, A. M., professor of chemis- 
try and toxicology. 

The degree of Doctor of Veterinary Medicine 
(D. V. M.) is conferred. 



THE CINCINNATI FLAG. 

In 1896 the TiDics Star Co., by offering a prize of 
$50, had Mayor Caldwell receive designs for a city flag. 
Emil Rothengatter, a local artist, secured the award, 
though the flag was never oflicially adopted, being voted 
down in the Board of Legislature as undemocratic. 
Nevertheless, the flag is popular and is universally used. 
The design on the cover of this book is made up of the 
flag and buckeye leaves, typical of Cincinnati and the 
State of Ohio. Mr. J. H. Gest, director of the Art 
Academy, made the design. 



HIGH SCHOOL MONTHLIES. 



0/d Hughes, Hughes. 
The Oracle, Woodward. 
The Gleam, Walnut Hills. 



The University Settlement. 



607 



The University vSettlement is now in its fourth year. 
It is located at the corner of Liberty and Pkmi, in a 
neighborhood of working people. 

The Lafayette 
Bloom Band, con- 
sistingof 24 pieces, 
is a fully equipped 
organization of the 
37th District 
School. 

The High 
School Association 
was formed in the 
fall of 1895. 

The following 
is the list of presi- 
dents : 

E. W. Coy, 
1895-6; G. W. 
Harper, 1896-7 ; 

J. R. Bishop, Francis Ferry, 

1897-8 • Alan vSan- President Board of Education From 
ders, 1898-9; W. ^P^'^^^ '869, to July 6, 1869, and also 
y ' ' „ 1870-71; President Union Board of High 

H. rabodie, 1099- o u 1 o^ - a^ u t> u^■ c -u 

■ "^ Schools 1870-71 ; Member Public Library 

1900; A. S. Hen- Board when Present Building Was Se- 

shaw, 1900 . cured; Director University Six Years 

Membership about («" First Board) ; School Examiner 18 

60, divided into S ^^^^"'' G'"*^"^^^ ^^^^">' (N- Y> State 
Normal 1847; Supt. Union Schools, Bi- 
sections. . XT X' r- . /^- • *• o 

mira, N. 1 . ; Came to Cincinnati 1852; 

Elected to Board of Education 1866. 

Compulsory 

education for youth between 8 and 14 has been in force 

here since March 10, 1890, when A. B, Clement, truant 

officer, was appointed. 




6o8 Schools of Cincinnati. 

The Lloyd Museum and Library, 234 W. Court 
Street, is devoted to botany, pharmacy, chemistry, and 
allied sciences. The building contains between fifteen 
and twenty thousand volumes and pamphlets on the 
aforenamed subjects. 



MANUAL TRAINING. 

Several public schools have just started manual 
training on a limited scale. There is raffia work, sew- 
ing, paper folding, bent iron work, etc. These maybe- 
come a feature of the course of studv in a short time. 



The Riding School started in Music Hall, October, 
i883; L. DeGisbert, proprietor. May 17, 1890, it was 
incorporated as the Cincinnati Riding Club. A fine 
building has been erected at Helen and Burnet. 



^ INDi:X ^ 

No Eratta is published. Mistakes found are corrected 
IN THIS Index. The letter "p" /^fter pages 

MEANS PICTURE ON THAT PAGE. 



A. 

Abbe, Cleveland, 210 
Abert, J. W. (Er- 
ror, Page 350). 
Academy, K 1 n- 
mont's, 543; 
Locke's, 541; of 
Music, Eclectic, 

541; of Medicine, 

545; of Pine Arts, 

184. 
Adams. John Quin- 

cy, 208. 
Addy, Matthew, 249. 
Advertisements, 239, 

531. 532. 
Agnostic Sunday- 
school, 361. 
Agricultural Col- 
lege, 375. 
Aid and Annuity 

Asso., 430, 561. 
Aiken, Charles, 166, 

170. 
Aiken, "Walter, H., 

170. 170a (p). 
Akels, John, 419. 
Albers, 55, .56, 536 

(P). 
Allison, Robert, 51, 

88 (p). 
Allison, James, 391, 

420 (p), 423. 
Allen, Diarca 

ITowe, 316. 
Allen, Isaac J, 

63, 64. 85, 86 

378. 
Allen, Marston 
Allyn, Robert, 498. 
Alms, Mrs. Fred. 

H., 477. 
"Alumnae," 499. 
Ambrose, Harry T., 

559. 
American 

Company 
American 

The, 584 
American 

College of 

550. 
American Female 

College, 504. 
American Hebrew 

Congregations, 330 
American Israelite, 

330. 



, 21, 
(P). 



389. 



Book 

556, 558. 
Boy, 

Eclectic 
Ohio. 



American Health 
College, 397. 

American Pharma- 
ceutical Asso., 408 

American Medical 
Asso., 506. 

American Medical. 
College Asso., 385. 

Andrew, M. P., 419, 
527 (p), 568. 

Anderson, Charles, 
49. 

Anderson, Larz, 

237, 474. 

Anderson, W. L., 
503 (p). 

Anderson Club, 115. 

Annuity and Aid 
Asso., 430, 561. 

A n n e X a tion of 
School and Vil- 
lage Districts, 18, 
561. 

Apmeyer, Charles 
A., 409. 

A p p o intment of 
Teachers. 28. 

Appropriation for 
Deaf, 26. 

Appropriation for 
Cleveland Schools, 
20. 

Appleton"s Private 
School. 539. 

Arbor Day, 23, 70. 

Armstrong, Mis.s 
L., 436. 

Armstrong's School 
for Girls, 545. 

Armory, 599. 

Arnold, Brent, 205 
(p), 235, 237. 

Art Academy, 181, 
185; Instructors, 
186. 

Associations, Cin- 
cinnati Teachers, 
434; Hamil ton 
County Teachers, 
596; (Southwest- 
ern Ohio Teach- 
ers meet at Ham- 
ilton, O., twice a 
year, in October 
and April); Ohio 
State Teachers, 
93; High School, 
607; Cin'ti Male 



1 



Teachers, 4.35; In- 
terscholastic Ath- 
letic, 598; German 
Teachers, 593; 
First German As- 
sistants, 594; Ger- 
m a n Teachers' 
Relief, 595; Ma- 
thesis, 4,36; As- 
tronomical, 194. 

Assistant Superin- 
tendents, 57 303, 
526, 527, 568, 572. 

Astronomical Asso., 
184. 

Astronomical So- 
ciety, 206. 

Athletics, 598. 

Athenaeum, 442. 

Atkins, C. H. M., 
391. 

Atlantic Exposi- 
tion, 179. 

Audubon, John J., 
545. 

Audubon Society, 
352, 353. 

Author's Grove, 69, 
78. 

Avery, Judge, 445. 

Axby, William A., 
606. 

Aydelotte, Dr. B. 
P., 152. 

B. 

Babin, Rev. J., 387. 
Baker, D. A. H., 

506. 
Baily, Hezekiah B., 

429 (p), 568. 
Bailey. Samuel, 53. 
Baldwin, Ward, 

237; Bert, L., 391. 
Ball, Plamen. 456. 
Ball, Thomas C, 

455. 
Ballman, Fred. H., 

57. 
Band, LaFayette 

Bloom, C07. 
Baptist Theo. Sem- 
inary, 547. 
Bardes, Geo., 70b, 

(p.) 
Barney, H. H., 13, 

15, 131, 123, 404. 



Barney, R. D., 130, 
564. 

Bartletf, C. M., 401; 
College, 401. 

Barrett, Lucina, S., 
172. 

Bartholomew, Geo. 
K., 432. 

Bartholomew, Clif- 
ton School, 431, 
432 (p), 543. 

Bernard, Henry A., 
62, 554. 

Battle Grove, 80. 

Baur, Clara, 371 (a 
former teacher in 
the City Schools.) 

Beach, Dr. Woos- 
ter, 379. 

Beecher, Lyman, 
314, 316, 491. 

Bell, Charles W., 
173. 

Bell, Alex. Gra- 
ham, 119. 

Bell, Andrew, 263. 

Belmont College, 
378. 

Benedict, W. R., 
443 (p), 570. 

Bequests, 534; (see 
Endowments). 

Berlitz Schools, 554. 

Bettman, B., 54, 333. 

Betty, Dr. E. S., 
554. 

Bible, 442; Resolu- 
tion Against, 442; 
Discussion of, 443, 
24; Suit Against, 
445; Attorneys in 
Case, 445; Judges, 
445 ; Reading 
Ceased, 446; Rule 
of 1842, 446; Rule 
of 1852, 446. 

Biekley, G. W. L., 
381. 

Buchwalter, M. L., 
237. 

Buchanan, Joseph 
R ^81 

Buck,'' Dr. J. D., 510. 

Buckner, Dr. C. P., 
455. 

Biggs, Thos. J., 140, 
259, 314. 

Bishop J. Remsen, 
108 (p) ,435, 4.36, 440. 

Bliss, B. P., 237, 385. 

Bloom, Lafayette, 
269. 270 (p.), 607. 

Bloom, Simeon, 
272a (p), (brother 
of Lafayette). 

Blow, Susan B., 586 

"Black Brigade," 
460. 

Bloyer, D. W. E., 
382 

Bolenbaugh, G. B., 
64a (p). 

Board of Educa- 
tion, 25; Bill Days, 



58; Committees, 
57; Kindergartens, 
590 ; Meeting 
Places, 26, 27, 38, 
50, 59, 158 (p); 
Meeting Time, 26, 
58; Members 37 to 
59; Name Changed 
(Error Page 6), 30, 
52; Organization, ' 
27, 38, 58; pay- 
days, 58; Presi- 
dents of, 50; Ros- 
ter (present), 56; 

. Sketch of, 29. 

Board of Trustees 
and Visitors (page 
6 error), 30 38, 409, 
534. 

Board, Union of 
High Schools, 33, 
108, 562. 

Bohlander, Miss, 440 

Bode, August, 54, 
273 (p), 309, 426, 
570. 

Bodmann, Charles, 
348. 

Bolger, E. D., 56. 

Bonar, Dr. J. I., 56. 

Boone, R. G., 56, 57, 
97, 100 (p). 

Booth, Dr. E. R., 
247, 248 (p), 249. 

Boyden, H. P., 54. 

Boyce, George W., 
393. 

Boynton, Gen. H. 
V. N., 160. 

Boyer, Ida J., 437, 
438, 439. 

Boss, Christian, 462. 

Bowers, James, 171. 

B o t anico Medical 
Col. of Ohio, 549. 

Braam, Maximilian, 
419, 436, 519 (p), 554. 

Brader, H. H., 435. 

Braun, George F., 
154 (p). 

Brandt, Jame-s M., 
437 (p). 

Brown, Albert T., 
300 (p). 

Brooks' Classical 
School. 539. 

Brooks, Charles J., 
533 (p). 

Browne, Rev. Sam- 
uel J., 196. 

Brown, Mrs. M. Mc- 
Clellan, 493 (p), 
591. 

Brown, Rev. Wm. 
K., 492 (p), 497, 
499. 

Bromwell, Jacob H. 
(Cong ressman), 
436. 

Bryant. William 
Cullen, 472. 

Bryan, Helen M., 
595. 

Bryn Mawr, 497. 

2 



Bugbee, Lucius H., 
498. 

Bundy, W. E., 292 
(P). 

Buntln, H. J., 54, 
431. 

Burnet, Robert W., 
48. 

Burnet, A. E., 173. 

Burnet Woods park 
190. 

Burnet, Margaret- 
ta, teacher of Bi- 
ology, Woodward, 
author of "Zoolo- 
gy for High 
Schools and Acad- 
emies" (1895), 440. 

Burns, Robert, 198. 

Burns, George W., 
419, 426 (p), 431. 

Business Colleges, 
397 to 401. 

Bushnell, A. S., 96. 

Butler, John, 406. 

Butler, Joseph C, 
235. 

Butler's School, 
Miss, 510. 

C. 

Caldwell, John A., 

20 (p), no, 237. 
Caldwell, John D., 

33 (error), 367, 555; 

(died 1902). 
Campbell, John B., 

397. 
Campbell, Amy R., 

401. 
Campbell, Dr. Ehz- 

abeth, 436. 
Cameron, Dr. Otis 

L., 409. 
Carson Library, 197. 
Carnegie, Andrew, 

488, 369. 
Carnegie Libraries, 

369, 488 (p). 
Carnahan, G. A., 

414, 435. 
Carthage, O., 498. 
Cary, Freeman G., 

214, 373, 378. 
Cary Sisters' Home 

(Clovernook), 269. 
Carothers, George 

R., 248. 
Carnivals, 278. 
Cash, Denis F., 101, 

111 ipi. Atty. 
Catholics, 444. 
Central School 

(High), 13, 126. 
Centennial Exposi- 
tion (Cin'ti,), 74. 
Certificates, 106. 
Chamber of Com- 
merce, 321. 
Chase, Salmon P., 

42, 46, 455-6. 
Champlin, Howard, 

171, 559 (p). 



Champion. R. E. 
(did not die in 
England. H i s 

brotlier, A. E., 
did), 391. 

Chester Park, 600. 

Children's Home, 
116. 

Childs, Dr. A. L., 
453. 

Chickering Insti- 
tute, 546. 

Chickering, J. B., 
546 (p). 

Christmas, 560. 

Cholera, 258. 

Church, J. A., 298 
(P), 474. 

Cilley, Jonathan L., 
392. 

Cincinnati Acade- 
my, 539. 

Cincinnati Astrono- 
mical Society, 198. 

Cincinnati College 
Building, 251, 254, 
260, 563 (p). 

Cincinnati College 
of Embalming, 523 

Cincinnati Collegi- 
ate School, 385. 

Cincinnati College 
of Dental Sur- 
gery, founders, in- 
corporation, loca- 
tion, 392; picture, 
394; faculty, 395; 
dean, 393 (p). 

Cincinnati College 
of Medicine and 
Surgery, faculty, 
i n c o r p oration, 
closed, 506. 

Cincinnati College 
of Pharmacy, in- 
corporation, 406, 
location. 408; dean, 
408 (p) ; degrees, 
faculty, 409. 

Cincinnati Exposi- 
tions, 178, 388, 515. 

Cincinnati Flag, 606 

Cincinnati Gas and 
Electric Co., 198. 

Cincinnati Kinder- 
garten Training 
School, 586, 587 
(p.). 

C i n c i nnati Law 
School, 251, 260, 
26l (p.), 460. 

Cincinnati Museum 
Association, 180. 

Cincinnati Method, 
84. 

Cincinnati Medical 
College, 549. 

Cincinnati Parents' 
Association, 119. 

Cincinnati Society 
for the Promo- 
tion of Useful 
Knowledge, 184, 
491, 545. 



Cincinnati School 
of Phonography, 
401. 

Cincinnati S y m- 
phony Orchestra, 
469, 476. 

Cincinnati Teach- 
ers' Association, 
o r ganized, 434; 
Discussions, 435; 
Presidents, 436. 

Cincinnati Veteri- 
nary College, 604. 

Cincinnati Wesley- 
an Female Col- 
lege, 491, 495 (p.), 
496 (p.). 

Cist, Charles, 45, 47 

Citizens' E d u c a- 
tional League, 591 

City Infirmary, 554. 

City Hall, 158 (p.). 

Civil TVar, 19. 21, 
157, 376, 496. 

Clark. J. H., 523. 

Clarke Library, 197 

Clark, Peter H., 
448, 450 (p.), 455, 
457, 458, 459, 461. 

Clerks' Board of 
Education, 555. 

Clerks, University 
Board, 239, 413 
(p.). 

Clerk, County 
Courts, 74, 57. 

Cleveland Schools, 
20. 

Cleveland, Ohio, 
467. 

Cleveland Harlan, 
5.51, 264a (p.). 

Clement, A. B., 57, 
607. 

Clifton School, 432 
(p.); Resor Acad- 
emy, 555. 

Clerke, A. A., 418. 

Code, Municipal, 596 
(Court decision, 
Nov., 1902, says 26 
wards). 

Colburn, AY. F.,166, 
453. 

Colton's Classical 
School, 130. 

"Colorado, The," 
89. 

Columbian School, 
302 (p.). 

Colter, Dr. L. S., 
393, 395. 

Cons ervatory of 
Music. Cincinnati 
371, 372 (p.). 

Cons ervatory of 
Music, Ohio, 535 
(p.). 

Colo red Popula- 
tion, 447; Colored 
Schools (Peter H. 
Clark and L. D. 
Easton wrote 
most of this 



sketch) ; Schools 
in 1829, 447; Lead- 
ers, 456; Separate 
Board, 456; 

Teachers' Pay 
Refused, 456; Sep- 
a r a t e Superin- 
t e n d e n t, 457 ; 
Board Abolished, 
457; Board Again 
in Control, 459; 
Voting for Color- 
ed Board, 457; 
Gaines' High 
School, 458; 

Gaines, John I., 
447, 448 (p.), 457; 
Mobs, 449, 450, 4.52; 
Troubles of 451; 
Teachers Perse- 
cuted, 449, 451, 
452; C i n i nnati 
High School, 453; 
Prominent Pu- 
pils, 455; Public 
Schools, 455; 
Trustees Elected, 
456; President, 505; 
Clark, Peter H., 
450 (p.), 460, 461. 
De Hart, A. J., 
452 (p.); Massey, 
Stephen L., 457; 
Parham, W. H., 
454 (p), 460; Doug- 
lass School, 460; 
S uperintendents, 
457, 460. 

Collegiate School, 
Cincinnati, 385. 

College, Nelson's, 
67, 397; Farmers', 
87; of Obstetrics, 
Ohio, 550; Botan- 
ico. Medical, of 
Ohio, 549; Eclec- 
tic, of Medicine, 
.550; P h a r macy, 
508, 406; Pulte,50S; 
Ohio Medical, 508. 
Miami Medical, 
508; Vassar, 497; 
W e 1 lesley, 497; 
Smith, 497; Bryn 
Mavvr, 497; Veter- 
inary, Cincinnati, 
604; of Journalism, 
310; St. Xavier, 
441 (p); of Teach- 
ers, 489, 493, 402; 
Bart lett's, 401; 
Traub's 401; Cin- 
cinnati Business, 
544; of Embalm- 
ing, 523; Physio 
Eclectic Medical, 
550; Hygeia Medi- 
cal, 550; Oxford, 
504; Cincinnati, 
of Medicine and 
Surgery, .506; Cin- 
cinnati Medical, 
549; P'e n n s y 1- 
vania, for Wo- 



men, 504; Cincin- 
nati, 531; Farm- 
ers', 374; Belmont, 
378; Worthington, 
379; Women Medi- 
cal, 382; Laura, 
382; Cincinnati of 
Dental Surgery, 
392; Miami Den- 
tal. 397; American 
Health, 397; Wal- 
ters, 399; Glen- 
dale, 504; Phvsio 
Medical, 549; Ohio 
Female, 544; Col- 
lege of Music, 3fi9 
468; Origin, 470; 
Opened, 472; Pres- 
idents of, 472, 473, 
156; Director, 472; 
Fire, 554; Odeon, 

370, 474. 554; Ly- 
ceum, 371, 474, 554; 
Trustees of, 371, 
474; Mana.gement, 
474; Dean, 474, 370; 
W. P. Deppe. 513; 
I n c o rp oration, 
369; Endowed, 369 

371, 470, 474; Num- 
ber of Pupils, 371; 
Reuben Springer, 
368 (p.), 369, 470; 
Geo. Ward Nich- 
ols, 472; J. G. 
Schmidlapp, 371, 
474; Theodore 
Thomas, 470, 472; 
Frank Vander 
Stucken, 469 (p ) 
473, 476; Peter Ru- 
dolph Neff, 472; 
J u 1 i us Fleisch- 
mann, 156 Cp.), 
473; Wm. Howard 
Neff (died Sept. 
17, 1902), 474; W. 
S. Sterling, 474 
370 (p.): A. j: 

Gantvoort, 474. 

College Building, 
Fire, 260, 563 (p.). 

Comegys, Dr. C 
G., 50, 219 (p.), 506. 

Comegys Scholar- 
ship, 198. 

Commercial Club 
249. ' 

Compulsory Educa- 
tion, 607. 

C o n s e rvatory of 
Music, Cincin- 
nati, Organized, 
371; Picture, 372; 
Removal, 373. 

Contents, Table of, 

Conner, Judge, 445. 
Conner, Dr. P. S 

228, 553 (p.), 506. ' 
Cook, Dr. Louis P 

604, 605 (p.). 
Cooking, 153. 



I Cooper, James, 49 
169 (p.). 
Cooper Female In- 
stitute, 541. 
Copy Books, 171. 
Corbin, Joseph C, 

460. 
Cormany, Jacob 
E., 5 (p.), 53, 56, 
57, 427. 
Cornish, Dr. Louis 

A., 505 (p.). 
Cost of Buildings, 

323. 
Course of Study, 7. 

10, 24, 60S. 
Covert, John, 504. 
Cox, J. D., 237, 356. 
Cox, Benj. H., 53, 

547 (p.). 
Coy, E. W.. 80, 125 

(p.), 132, 431, 607. 
Coys' Latin lies- 
sons, 134. 
Craig, Dr. J. D.. 

387. 
Cross, Dr. F. G., 56 
Culbertson, Dr J 

C, 55, 56. 
Cullen, Dr. C W 

56. 
Cummingp. J p 

431. 
Cunningham, Mrs., 

500. 
Curtis, C. D.. 378. 
Cutter Street, 150. 
Cuvier Club, 351. 

D. 

Dabney, W. P., 503 

(p.). 
Dale, John W., .50, 

152. 
Danziger. Henry, 

101, 285 (p.). 
Darby, Thomas H., 

346, 473 (p.). 
Dauner, L. J., 57. 
Davis, Dr. Clark 

W., 50. 
Davenport, Cjtus, 

84. 
Davis, Dr. W B , 

50, 160. 
Davis, Wm. Henry, 

413 (p.). 
Davis, S. S.. .53, 237. 
Dawson, Dr. W 

W., 237, 506. 
Day, Rev. George 

Edward, 316. 
Day, Timothv C. 

464. 
Deaf, School for, 

25, 113, 115. 
Deans, Miami Med- 
ical College, 338. 
Dearness, Fred W., 

92 (p.), 419. 
Dearness, William, 
406. 



De Beck, 52, 555, 558 
Decoration Day, 560 
Deckeback, George 

O., 54. 
DeCamp, Walter 

A., 235. 
Dehner, John P., 

54, 410 (p.). 
De Hart, A. J., 452 

(p.). 
Dennison Univer- 
sity, 548. 
Demcker S y s tem 

(drawing), 176. 
Deppe, W. P., 474, 

513 (p.). 
Design on Cover, 

606. 
De Vore, Miss R. 

J., 504. 
Dewey, Admiral 
(married sister of 
John R. McLean), 
502. 
De Witt, John D., 

339, 552 (p.). 
De W i t t, Rev. 

John, 316. 
Dickore, William, 

606. 

Dickson, Wm. L., 

(Atty.), 460, ,544 

(p.). 

Dienst, Edward, 544 

Dill, Thomas M., 

570. 
Disque, H. J., 561 

(p.). 
Dodds' High School 

540. 
Doerner, Celia, 570. 
Domestic Science, 

153. 
Dornette and Shep- 

pard, 328. 
Douglass, Howard, 

52. 
Dowling, Francis, 

237. 
Drake, Dr. Daniel, 

258, 259. 
Drawing, 174. 
Du Brul, Ernst F 

391. 
Dubbs, Eugene L., 

570. 
Dungan, Sarah D., 

358. 
Dury, Chas. (lead- 
ing scientist), 350, 
352. 
Dyer, F. B. rresign- 
ed July, i902, to 
become Dean of 
the State Normal 
School at Oxford, 
O.), 57. 

E. 

Early Schools, 2, 32 

531. 
Early Chronicles, 

525. 



Earnshaw, Jno. B., 
319. 

Eclectic M e d i cal 
Institute, 379, 550. 
380 (p.); Pounded, 
First Faculty, 
Char tered, 379; 
Co-E d ucational. 
3S0. 

Eclectic M e d i cal 
Gleaner, -382. 

Eckel, Herman, 51. 

Eclectic D r a wing 
System, 178. 

Eden Park, 181. 

Educational Trusts 
233. 

Ehrgott, Oscar J., 
477, 478 (p.). 

Eichberg, Dr. Ju- 
lius H., 408 (p.), 
409, 606. 

Eighth District, 30o 
(15.). 

Eight e e n t h Dis- 
trict, 427 (p.). 

Eisele's School, 541. 

Elliott, George K.. 
597. 

Elliott, Dr. Charles 
491. 

Ellis, Wade H., 
112b (p.). 

Ellis, Frank R., 559 

Ely, E. Antoinette, 
432. 

Ely, Rev. J. H., 
.374 (p.), 378. 

Emerson, Ralph 
Waldo, SO. 

Emerson, Dudley, 
37S. 

Emig, George, 54. 

Emigrant School, 
290. 

Enquirer, 4.95. 496. 

Endowments, Uni- 
versity, 198. 200, 
Art Academy, 180, 
181, 182, 184; Col- 
lege of Music, 
470, 474; Technical 
School, 249; Y. M. 
C. A., 345; Wood- 
ward , 151; Com- 
mon Schools, 461, 
462, 464, 5.34; King, 
261 ; Public Li- 
brary, 369; Me- 
chanics' Institute 
.389: Natural His- 
tory Society, 348. 

Endowment Fund 
Association, 197. 

English and Classi- 
cal School, 385. 

Evans, C. H.. 418. 

Examiners, Board 
of, 101; Pay, 107. 

Examinations, An- 
nual, 27, 31. 

Examinat ions, 
City, 106. 



Examinat ions, 
Hamilton County, 
596. 

Exhibits at Expo- 
sitions, 74, 76, 82, 
173, 176, 177, 178, 
179, 380. 

F. 

Facultv, Y. M. C. 

A. Law, 346. 
Fahrenbruck, Wm. 

56. 
Fall Festivals, 468, 

509. 
Falls, Dr. W. H., 

53, 12a (p.). 
Farmers' College, 

374. 
Fay, C. S.. 596, 578. 
Fechheimer, L. S., 

115; Marcus, 196; 

H. S., 474. 
Falter, Dr. Harvev 

W., 379. 
Female Boarding 

School, 541. 
Fenwick Edward 

D., 442. 
Fennel, A., 408; 

Charles T. P., 407 

(p.), 409. 
Feeney, T. L., 249. 
Perry, Francis, 52, 

2.37, 607 (p.). 
Ferris, Howard, 342 

(p.). 
Fesenbeck, Carrie, 

113. 
Pick, H. H., 57, 176, 

177, 526 (p.t, 572. 
Field Day, 2SS, 600. 
Filson, John, 4. 
Fire Engines, 9. 
First District 

School, 439 (p.). 
First Graduate 

U n i V e rsity, 241 

(p.). 
Fisher, Col. S. S., 

51, 59, 67. 
Fisher, Wm. Hub- 
bell, 350, 352b (p.), 

353. 
Fisher, William G., 

.391. 
Fitzpatrick, Dr. T. 

v., 506. 
Flag, Cincinnati, 

606. 
Fleischmann, Chas. 

412. 
Fleischmann. Ju- 
lius, 156 (p.), 235, 

436, 464, 474. 
Flinn, W. S., 114. 
Flowers M o n t a- 

ville, 357 (p.) 
Floral Parades, 465, 

466. 
Floral Car r.iages 

272b (p(, 466 (p.), 

509 (p.). 



Fogel, Dr. Louis J., 

34 (p.), 55. 
Foote, John P., 42, 

47, 391. 
Ford's History of 

Cincinnati, 402. 
Fort Thomas, 502. 
Forbriger, Arthur, 

176. 
Foraker, Joseph 

B., ex-Gov. of 

Ohio; at present 

United States 

Senator, S3 (p.). 
Founders' Day, 152. 
Fosdick, Philip D., 

392. 
Fossett, Peter P., 

460. 
Foster, E. H., 596. 
Fotheringay Castle 

129. 
Franklin School, 

566, 567 (p.). 
Freeman, Lewis, 

367. 
Frev, Theodore A., 

55, 56, 12b (p.). 
Prey, John, 53. 
Frieberg. Julius, 

333. 
Preidlein, 55. 56. 
Puchs, Julius, 572. 
Fuel, 38. 
Pullerton, Kemper, 

316. 



Gaines, John I., 447, 
448 (p.); b. 547, d. 

457, buried 457, 
business 458. mon- 
ument 458, resi- 
dence 158, son 45S, 
daughter, 458, 
speaker 458; exer- 
cised limited 
f r a n chise, 457; 
clerk, Colored B. 
of E., 457. 

Gaines High 
School, started 

458, teachers, 459, 
ab o 1 i s h e d 459, 
Principals of, 4G0. 

G. 
Gallup, David, 151. 
Gallery of Fine 

Arts, 184'. 
Galtareath, R. H., 

474. 
Gamble, Elizabeth, 

Deaconess Home, 

496. 
Gamble. James N., 

235 (resigned, Oct. 

21, 1902), 497.. 
Gault, W. P.. 499 

(p.). 
Gantvoort, A. J., 

474. 
Garrard, Jeptha D., 

40, 46. 



Garrard, Col. Jep- 
tha, 40. 

Garrison, Herod D. 
381. 

Garfield School. 360 
(p.). 

Geier, Fred A., 391 
(misspelled). 

General Sketch of 
Schools, 3. 

Gensley, W. H., 396. 

Geppert, Dr. J. P., 
398. 

German Language, 
13, 31; in Normal, 
304; Teachers Re- 
lief Association, 
309; in High 
Schools, 301; 
Teachers, Asso- 
ciation, 308, 593; 
Introduced, 289 
291, 292. 

Gest, J. H., 180, 606. 
Gilpin, Thomas, 391 
Giauque, P 1 orien, 
572. 
Hiram S., 



571 (p.) 
Gilmore, 

453. 
Girard, 

216 
"Gleam,' 

112 
Glendale 

504 
Glendale 

64b (p.) 
Golden 



Stephen, 

The, 606, 

College, 

School, 

Rule of 
Confusius. 363. 

Golden Circle, Or- 
der of, 381. ' 

Good, W. Rankin, 
585 (p.). 

Goodwin, Frank P 
435, 436. 

Gooch's Female 
Seminary, 543, 

Gordon, R o b e r,t 
460. 

Gordon, Harry L., 
467 (p.), 468. 

Goshorn, Sir A. T., 
161, 184 (only man 
in United States 
ever Knighted). 

Goss, Lenn W., .52, 
59. 

Graduates of Nor- 
mal, 361. 

Graduates of Y. M. 
C. A., Law, 339, 
341. 

Grades, 18, 19; 
Graded Schools.lO 

Graeser, Louis, 283, 
289. 

Graham, Geo., 40, 
46, 348. 

Graninger. Charles 

A., 534. 
Grautm a n, Wm., 

54, 57, 555. 
Great Itan, 468. 
Grebner, C, 574. 



Greve, T. L. A., 408. 
Greenwood, Miles, 

389, 391. 
Grimm, John, 55, 56 
Griffiths, 54, 555. 
Grosbeck, W. S., 

237. 
Grossman, Louis, 

333, 396 (p.). 
Guilford, Nathan, 

6, 12, 38, 40, 41, 59; 

Superintendent of 

Schools, 60, 61, 62, 

63, 482 (p.). 
Gusweiler, Frank 

R., 501 (p.). 
Gymnasiums (High 

Schools), 2S5, 288. 

H. 

Haacke, Henry, 237 
Haarmeyer, Harry 
J. (Newspaper- 
man), 275 (p.). 
Hadden, L. M., .54. 
Halstead, Mu rat, 

311 (p.). 378. 
Hamilton County 
Teachers' Asso- 
ciation, 596; Ex- 
aminers', 596. 
Hamline, Rev. L. 

L., 494. 
Hamilton, John R., 

319. 
H a n c o c k. Prof. 
Harris. 230a (p.). 
Hancock, John, 22, 
52, 65, 67, 404, 484, 
(p.). 
Handy Opera 

House 365. 
flannaford, Samuel 

317, 318 (p.), 476. 
Hannaford, H. E., 

391. 
Hanna, Henry, 192, 

217 (p.). 
Harding, Lyman, 
21, 50, 51, 65, 66 (p.). 
Harding, Edward 

C, 65. 
Harding Female 

Seminary, 540. 
Harper, J. C. (At- 
torney), 55, 118 
(p.), 250, 554. 
Harper, Geo. W., 
144, 145 (p.), 157, 
186, 431, 4.36, 506. 
Harlan, Robert, 460 
Harvey, Thomas 
W (the Gram- 
marian), 553. 
Harris, Dr. W. T., 

586. 
Harrison, Benja- 
min, 378. 
Harrison's Tomb, 

269. 
Harrison, William 
Henry, 242. 



6 



Harte, George P.., 

392. 
Hartzell, W^. F., 

54, 56, 596 (p.). 
Hauck, H. G., 17 
(p.), 56 (resigned 
Aug. 11, 1902, suc- 
ceeded by John 
G. Schroth). 
Hauer, John S., 436, 

593 (p.). 
Hauser, John, 178. 
Hayes, Lucy 

Webb, 500. 
Hays, George W., 

507 (p.). 
Haywood, Mrs. 
Francis Rolph, 
355 (p.). 
Haywood's School 
of Elocution, 354. 
Hebrew Union Col- 
lege, 329, 331 (p.) 
Hefner, Edward, 

409, 445 (p.). 
lieizer, John A., 
322, 436, 509, 592 
(P.). 
Heintz, M. G., 14 

(p.), 56. 
Hentz, Mrs. 543. 
Herholz, A., 286, 

590 (p.). 
Herald and Presby- 
ter, 504. 
Herrmann, August, 
54, 94 (p.), (Presi- 
dent Waterworks 
Trustees). 
Herron, John W., 

50. 
Herron, Joseph, 50. 
Herron's Seminary, 

539. 
Herrlinger, Andrew 

L., 54. 
Heywood, John C, 

79 (p.). 
Hickenlooper, An- 
drew, 141, 161, 464, 
554 (Pre s i d e n t 
Cincinnati Gas & 
Electric C o m - 
pany). 
High School, Wal- 
nut Hills, 107; 
Hughes, 122; 
Woodw a r d, 135; 
Central, 126, 130; 
Cincinnati, The, 
453; Papers, 606; 
Gaines, 453; Es- 
tablished, 126, 128; 
Attendance, 130, 
135. 
Highlands, J. S., 

418, 419. 
Hill, Benj. L., 381. 
Hiller, Carl, 606. 
Hinkle, Anthony, 

556. 
Hinkle, A. Howard, 
237, 412, 476, 559. 



Hinkle, Thornton 

M., 251, 260 (1).), 

445. 
History of the 

Schools of Cincin- 
nati, 47. 402. 405, 

531. 
H i st o r i c a 1 and 

Philosophical So- 
ciety. 198, 201. 
Hoarlly, George, 

237, 445. 
Hodges, W. D. C, 

366 (p.), 367. 
Hoffman, Fred'k. 

L., 480 (p.). 
Hoffman S c h o ol, 

322 (p.). 
Hoffman School 

Carriage, 509 (p.). 
Hoffheimer, Harry 

M.. 529 (p.). 
Hagens, Judge. 445. 
Hollister, George, 

237. 
Holmes, Mrs. C. R. 

477 
Holmes, Dr. C. R., 

115. 
Holidays, 560. 
Holder, Fred M., 

57. 
Hooper, William, 

45, 237. 
Hoppe, Dr. H. H., 

480. 
Hopkins, W. A., 54, 

524 (p.), -554. 
Horace Mann 

School, 329. 
Horton, John, 50. 
Horstman, Theo- 
dore, 53. 
Hosea, L. M., 490 

(p.). 
House of Refuge, 

419, 421 (p.); Offi- 
ces, 425, 598. 
Howard, Geo. A., 

559. 
Howard Univer- 
sity, 455. 
Hovt, John W., 381. 
Hubbell, John M.. 

391. 
"Hughes, Old," 606. 
Hughes, Thomas, 

122. 
Hughes, ^Will,' 122. 
Hughes" Monument 

122, 561. 
Hughes, Building 

Added to. 129. 
Hughes, Alumni, 

122. 
Hughes Fund, 124, 

126. 
Hughes, Pictures 

(Old), 127; new, 

557 
Hull, Carrie C, 153. 
Hunt, Charles J., 

Corporation Counsel, 

47 (p.). 



Hunt, Col. C. B., 

.. 502. 

Hunt, Judge Sam- 
uel F., 237, 256 
(p.). 

Uurlbut, W. F., 52, 
555. 

JTvde Park School, 
328. 

Hygeia Medical 
College, 550. 

Hyndman, Dr. Jas. 
G., 226 (p.). 



1 n g a 1 1 s, M. E., 
President B i g 
Four R.R., 182, 
183 (p.), 238, 247. 

Indigent Book 
Fund. 27i). 

Institutions now 
closed, 539. 

Institute, McDon- 
ald Educational, 
551. 

Institute, Western 
Female, 543. 

Institute, Ohio Me- 
chanics, 50. 

Institute, Systems 
of, 92, 104. 

Institute of Science 
and Languages, 
540. 

Institute, Physio 
Medical, 550. 

Institute, Western 
Academic, 402. 

Institute, Hamilton 
County (yearly"), 
596. 

Institute, C i n cin- 
nati Teachers' 
(formerly held 
first four days in 
school year, now 
held at inter- 
vals). 

Intiermediate 
Schools Started, 
16. 

I n t e r s c h olastic 
Athletic Associa- 
tion, 598. 

Intro d u c t i o n of 
German, 289, 291, 
292. 

Island Queen, 267 

I-Tan-Nic-Nics, 251 
468. 

J- 

Jackson, Geo. H., 

540 (p.), 460. 
James, Francis B. 
(Atty.), 131 (p.), 284, 

285, 392. 
Jeancon, J. A., 382. 

J. 
Johnson, Harry S., 

58 (p.). 



Johnson, A. B. Ex- 
State Examiner, 

63 (p.)., 419. 
Johnson, Francis 

W., 456a (p.). 
Jones, Frank J., 

193 (p.), 196. 
Jones, Rankin D., 

(Atty.), 211 (p.), 

464. 
Jones, Jennie H., 

437. 
Jones, Arthur O., 

425. 
Jordan, Clara B., 

436, 462, 574. 
Journal, Natural 

Historical Socle-, 

ty, 348. 
Judkins, Dr. David, 

50. 
Junkermann, G. F., 

166, 167 (p.). 
Junkerman, Dr. G. 

S., 392, 393 (p.). 

395. 

K. 

Kaefer, Wm, 520 

(p.). 
K a ff e e, Klatsch, 

595. 
Keck, Lee R., 54. 
Keefe, B. M., 606. 
Keller, L. E., 55, 56. 
Kellogg, C. H., 244. 
Kemper, Caleb, 187 

Kemper, And r e w 
C, 161. 

Kemper, Rev. Jas., 
314. 

Kemper, James B., 
162 (p.). 

Kemper, Elnathan, 
314 

Kidd, John, 254, 534. 

Kilgour, John, 19S. 
254, 209, $21,000, 
should be .$11,000). 

King, John, 381. 

King Bequest, 261. 

King, Edward, 260. 

King, Rufus, 49, 2.36 
(p.), 411, 445. 

King's Church, 447. 

Kinnont, Alexan- 
der, 489. 

Kinmont Academy, 
543. 

Kinder g a r t e n s, 
English, 586; law, 
587; Directory of, 
589, .591; Officers, 
589; German, 590; 
Officers, 591; In- 
corporators, 590. 

Klein, Henry, 57. 

Klein, Wm. (Atty.), 
56, 324 (p.), (K. of 
P. uniform). 

Klemm, Dr. L. R., 
249. 



Ki-iell, Andrew, 359. 
Knowlton, Cyrus, 

132, 302, 404. 
Knost, Herman 

(Ins. Agt.), 54, 

290 (p.). 
Knox, Janet, 440. 
Know Nothing's, 

300. 
Kolb, Dr. G. C, 550. 
Kuhn, Oscar W., 

55, 232 (p.), 235, 

238. 

L. 

Labor Day, 560. 

Langdon, Ellam P., 
42, 410. 

Tj a n g d o n, Dr. 
Frank W., 352 
(p.), 347. 

Lathrop, Carrie 
W., .356. 359, 440. 

Lathrop, Delia A., 
22, 35S. 

Lane Seminary, 196, 
312, 313 (p.), 449. 

Lancaster, Joseph, 
253, 263. 

Lancaster Insti- 
tute, 52S. 

Lancaster- Semi 
nary, 252. 

Lancaster Svstem, 
263. 

Lawson, Dr. D. S., 
506. 

La Fayette, 46. 

Laidlow, Walter, 
391. 

Lane, Ebenezer, 

3l3. 

Langston, Jno. M., 
455. 

Laura Memorial 
Women's Medical 
College, 3S2; loca- 
tion, 384 (p.); en- 
dowed, 383, 384. 

Law for German, 
289 ; Department 
University, 261; 
Building, 262, 264 
(p.); for Physical 
Culture, 287; for 
Medical College 
of Ohio, 227; for 
Kinde r g a rtens, 
587. 

I.iaw School, Cin- 
cinnati, 251, 260, 
264 (p.), 460. 

Laycock, John H., 
12b (p.). 

Leslie, Dr. James, 
391. 

Leue, Adolph, 409. 

Leuthstrom, Wm., 
555. 

Levi, Reuben, 554. 

Levy, Harry M., 
462, 474. 



Lewis , Samuel J., 

505 (p.). 
Lewis, Dr. W. E., 

508. 
Lewis, Samuel, 6, 

132. 
Lieutenant Gover- 
nor of Ohio, 11, 

467, 468. 
Lincoln School, 328 

(p.). 
Lindahl, Josua, 483 

(p.), 574. 
Littleford's School, 

401. 
Lloyd, John Uri, 

382, 575. 
Lloyd Library, 608. 
Lock, John, 387. 
Locke's Female 

Academy, 541. 
Logan, Samuel T., 

438 (p.), 440. 
L'Hommedieu, S. 

S., 42, 532. 
Long, C. C, 30 (p.). 

436. 440, 575. 
Longworth, Jos., 

180, 194. 
Longworth, Nicho- 



56, 474, li; 



las, 
(P). 

Losantiville, 4. 

liowe, J. S., 378. 

Liberia, 222, 448. 

Librarians, PubUc, 
367. 

Librariesj, Public, 
33, 365; School, 33, 
489, 409; Appren- 
tices, 410; Clarke, 
197; Carson, 197; 
Norton, 197. 

Lilienthal, S., 194. 

Lilienthal, Max, 51, 
238, 332. 

Lucas, Gov., 481. 

Luhn, J. William, 
207 (p.), 208, 235. 

Lyceum, 371. 

Lyle, B. P., 56, 57. 

Lyons, E. D.. 1-33. 

M. 

Maddux, Berton J.. 

577. 
Magurk, Mary E., 

440. 
"Maine," The. 502. 
Mall on, Guy, 26 

(p.). 
Mallon, Patrick, 

238. 
Malsbarv, Charles 

F., 424 (p.), 577. 
Mann, .1 e n n i e 

O'Keefe, 364 (p.^. 
Mannheimer, Jen- 
nie, 471 (p.), 480. 
Mansfield, E. D.. 

44, 263. 
Manual Training, 

G08. 



Marvin, Dr. S. B., 
56, 515 (p.). 

Mary, Queen of 
Scots, 129. 

Marcus, Dr. .Joseph 
C, 56, 12a (p.). 

Martineau, Har- 
riet, 530. 

Martin, O. W., -392 
(prepared the 
sketchesiof teach- 
ers' associations 
from which the 
abstracts for this 
book are taken). 

Martin, Isaac M., 
402 (p.). Manager 
of Chester Park. 

Marks, Louis D., 
464. 

March, P. G., .391. 

Markbreit, Col. L., 
474, 475 (p.). 

Massey, Stephen 
L., 457. 

Mathesis, 436; ob- 
jects, 437; Offl- 
cers, 438; Discus- 
sions, iVj; Presi- 
dents, 440. 

Matthews. Alex, 

55, 56. 

Matthews, Tho. 

E., 54. 

Matthews, Thos., 
42, 136, 138, 152. 

Matthews, Charles 
E., 140. 

Matthews, Stanley, 
163. 445, 506. 

Matthews. C. B., 
474. 

Matthews, Alexan- 
der, 55, 56, 423 
(p.). 

Mattoon, Charles 
N., 378. 

May Festivals, 470. 

Mayor of Cincin- 
nati, 156. 

McAlpin, Wm., '238. 

McClung, D. W., 
425. 

McClure, H. B., 
151 (p.), 574, 577. 

McCammon, John, 
317. 

McCallister, Wm., 
41 (p.), 55. 

McCarthy, Jno. F., 
54. 

McCormick, E. O., 

no. 

McDonald. Alexan- 
der, 340, 343 (p.), 
.383, 552. 

McDonald, Educa- 
tional, Institute 
551. 

McFarlan, Frank 
G., 240, 241 (p.), 
(first graduate of 
the LTuniversity 
of Cincinnati). 



McGowan,, Mary 

440. 
McGiffert, Arthur 

C. 316. 
McGuffey, Alex., 

238. 
McGuffey, Wm. H., 

25!), 140, 493. 
McGuffey Readers, 

24, 446. 
McKenzie, J. H., 

37S. 
Mclvee's Academy. 

541. 
McKinley, Wm.. 

465 (error. Th 
President was 

shot Friday, Seo- 
tember 6), 500. 585. 
Mcljaughlin, James 

\y., 320 (p.), 329. 
McLean, John R., 

464. 
McLean, Thomas 

(Squire), 50. 
McLean, Sarah 

Belle, 451. 
Mcliean, Dr. W. 

T., 392, 393, 395. 
McLeish, Dr. John 
Lewin, 197 (p.), 
584. 
McMicken, Ch.arles, 
Life, 210 to 224; 
Born, 210; school- 
ing, 210; Leaving 
Home, 211; In 
Cincinnati, 211; 
In New Orleans, 
211; In Bayou Sa- 
ra, 212; Business, 
212; Homestead, 
212 to 215; Picture, 
213, 232; Will, 214; 
Legal Contest, 
216; Relatives, 216; 
Death, 218; Bur- 
ial. 220; Monu- 
ment, 220; Reli- 
gion, 220; Habits, 
222; Ohio in Ll- 
.beria, 222; Gift to 
Farmer's College, 
223; Oil Portrait 
of, 232; Romance, 
223; Personal De- 
scription, 223; Dis- 
inherited, 224. 
McMicken, John, 

448. 
McMicken School 

of Design, 233. 
Meade, Dr. Edwin, 

506. 
Meader, Joseph F., 

403 (p.). 
Meader, Daniel F.. 

44. 
Meagher, John A.. 

606. 
Medals Mathemat- 
ical, Ray Sinton, 
General Scholar- 
shiD. 461; Taft, 



461; "Unknown," 
462 ; Jordan, 462 ; 
A 1 u m n al , 462; 
James F. B., 462; 
E. Cort. Will- 
iams, 462; Ger- 
man, 462. 

Medical College of 
Ohio, 224, 225 (p.). 

Medical University 
of Ohio, 550. 

Melindys, The, 122. 

Melish, Thomas J., 
51. 

Meltzer, Aug., 55, 
56. 

Memory Gems, 23, 
70, 83. 

Mielziners, Moses, 
332, 333. 

Muenzenmeier, G., 
391. 

Merrill, Joseph, 60, 
62, 482 (p.). 

Merrill, Chester 

W., 52, 367. 

Miami Dental Col- 
lege, 397. 

Miami Medical Col- 
lege, 334, 337 (p.). 

Michie, Peter S., 
1.5&, 461. 

Michigan State 
Normal, 99. 

Mickleborotigh, J., 
70, 359. 

Miller, Charles A., 

53, 417 (p.). 
Miller, Charles M., 

580. 
Miller, H. Thane, 

50, 565 (p.); Died, 

566. 
Miller, H., Thane 

School, .561 (p.). 
Miller, Samuel A., 

52, 443. 
Military Company, 

67. 
Millikin, Dr. Dan, 

430. 440. 
Minor, Dr. T. C, 

238. 
Minor, John D., 

445. 
Minning, Arthur 

C, 573 (p.). 578. 
Mithoefer, H. H., 

54, 75 (p.). 
Mitchell, O. M., 

20S. 210, 258, 540. 

Mitchell John G., 
460. 

Mitchell, J. L.., 398. 

Mitchell, Dr. Giles 
S., 531 (p.). 

Moch, M. E., 262 
(p.). 

Model Fram, 376. 

Moerlein, Chris- 
tian, 197. 

Moffatt, J. W., 56. 

Molitor, Stephen, 
46. 



Monfort, J. G., .504, 
506. 

Monfort, E. R , 55, 
105 (p.), (Post- 
master Cincin- 
nati). 

Moore, David H., 
498. 

Morris, George H., 
57. 

Morris, Edward D., 
315. 

Morris, R. Froome, 
529 (p.). 

Morrow, Thomas 
v., 379, 381. 

Morton, Oliver, 

263. 

Morgan, Robert J., 
53. 

Morgan, Wm. H. 
3, 53, 54, 56> 95, 2S, 
29, 159, 315 (p.), 
238, 411, 418, 430, 
554. 

Morgan School, 329. 

Mosby, John B., 
238. 

Moses, Joseph, .359 
(P-). 

JMt. Adams, 206, 210, 
School, 595 (p.). 

Mt. Auburn Young 
Ladies' Institute, 
564. 

Mullikin, Kather- 
ine Clark, 5W. 

Municipal Code, 

596 (court deci- 
sion Nov., 1902, 
says 26 wards) . 

.Murdoch Building 
126. 

Music Hall, 474; 
Completed, 470; 
Dedicated, 470; 
and College of 
Music Separate 
Corporations, 476; 
cost, 476; Of Or- 
gan, 476; Archi- 
tect of, 476; Re- 
modeling Hall, 
476; Cost of Or- 
gan, 476; Fire, 
554; Organ Asso- 
ciation, 476. 
Music, 166. 
Mussey, Dr. W. H., 

53. 
Myers, Prof. P. V. 
N.. 221 (p.), 378. 430, 
578. 

N. 

National Universi- 
ty, 381. 

National Educa- 
tional Associa- 
tion. 93, 177, 269, 
518, 598. 

National Educa- 
tional Bureau, 94. 



Natural History 
Society, 347, 34J 
(p.), 545. 

National Counsel 
of Education, 93. 

Neff, William, 41. 

Neff, Wm. How- 
ard, 474 (died 
1902). 

Neff. Peter Ru- 
dolph, '472. 

Nelson, Henry A., 
316. 

Nelson's Business 
College, 67, 397. 

Nelson, Richard, 
397, 398. 

Nelson, Richard J., 
398 (p.). 

Nelson, Ella. 398. 

Neurological So- 
ciety, 480. 

New Orleans Ex- 
position, 178. 

New Years Day, 
560. 

Nichols, George 

Ward, 472. 

Niederhelman,, P. 
E. (Atty.), 287 
(p.). 

Night High School, 
233, 278. 

Night Schools, 24, 
269, 276. 

Night Law School, 
Y. M. C. A.. 339. 

Nightengale, Flor- 
ence, 494. 

Nippert, Carl L., 
11 (p.), 57, 309, 467, 
468. 

Noble, Thomas S., 
233. 

Norton Library, 
197. 

North American 
Saengerfest, 468. 

Normal Graduates 
Favored. 361. 

Normal School 
C o mmission 
(State), 583. 

Normal School, 21; 
Started, 356; Abol- 
ished, 361. 

Nourse, Miss, 544. 

O. 

Oberlin, 449 451, 453. 

O'Brien, John, 115. 

O ' Bryonville 
School, 329. 

Observatory, 206, 
209 (p.); Corner- 
sone Laid, 208; 
Cost, 208; Direc- 
tors, 210; Endow- 
ments, 207; loca- 
tion, Mt. Adams, 
206; Mt. Lookout, 
207; Organized, 
208; Telescope 



Old, New, 288 (In 
1902 it was deci- 
ded to remove 
the old telescope 
to Burnet Woods. 

Ochiltree, R. M., 
340 (p.). 

O'Connell, John G , 
56. 

Odd Fellows Tem- 
ple, 398, 429. 

Odeon, 371, 554. 

O'Donnell, C. J., 
419. 

Officers Natural 
History Society, 
ty, 349. 

O'Hara, Joseph W. 
(Atty.), 23 (p.), 
.55. 

Ohio Military Insti- 
tute, 373, 377 (p.), 
376 (p.), Z78. 578, 
579; Carv Free- 
man G., 373, 378; 

Cary, Samuel F., 
Name, 378; Do- 
main. 375; Endow- 
ed, 223, 375; Far- 
mer's College, 
374; Head Master, 
375 (p.); Regent, 
374 (p.), 378: Start- 
ed, 373; Students, 
374; Prominent 
378. 

Ohio Mechanics 

Institute, 50, 387, 
388 (p.), 391. 425; 
Ball, 389; Corner- 
stone, 389; Fire 
Tower, .391 ; In- 
corporated, 387; 
Library, 391; Lo- 
cations. 388; Pur- 
pose, 389; Rebuilt, 
389; Studies, 389; 
Students, 389; Su- 
perintendents, 390, 
391. 



Note.— It was A. 
B. Champion who 
died in London. He 
was a brother of 
R. E. Champion. 
This mistake was 
made by the editor, 
not by Mr. Shear- 
er. The last line 
should read Fred 
A. Geier. 

Ohio College of 
Dental Surgery, 
228, 230 (p.); Affil- 
iated with Uni 
versify, 230. 

Ohio Conservatory 
of Music, ,534, 535 
(p.). 

Ohio College of Ob- 
stetrics, 550. 



Ohio National 
Guards, 502. 

Ohio in Africa, 448. 

Ohio Female Col- 
lege, 504. 

Ohio Medical Col- 
lege. 225. 

Ohio University 
(Athens), 292, .392, 
406. 

Ohio Teachers' 
Reading Circle, 
358, 553. 

Ohio State Teach- 
ers' Association, 
553. 

Ohio Teachers' As- 
sociation, 93, 269. 

Ohio Valley Cen- 
tennial Exposi- 
tion (1888), 179. 

"Old Woodward," 
138; Memorial, 152; 
Club, 142. 

Oliver, Dr. J. C., 
335 (p.). 

O'Neil, W. J. (Ins. 
Agt.), 52, 59, 98. 

Opening Day of 
Schools, 554. 

Opposition to Pub- 
lic Schools, 7. 

Opposition to Ger- 
man, 293. 

"Oracle" The, 606. 

Orchard Street, 140. 

Orchestra Symph- 
ony, 469, 476. 

Order of Cincin- 
natus, 247, 251. 

Orthoepy, 75. 

Osborn, Virginia 
A., 115. 

Ottenheimer, Ja- 
cob, 554. 

"Our Companion," 
423. 

Outings, 266, 430. 

Outcalt, Peter, 506. 

Ovler, George W., 
61 (p.), 419. 



Parker, Col. Fran- 
cis W., 430. 
Parker, Joseph J., 

55, 56, 569 (p.). 
Parry. Emma 
Louise, 579. 
Parham, W. H., 

454 (p.), 457. 
Parochial Schools, 

444, 468. 
Paris Pedagogical 

Museum, 178. 
Peaslee's P'arewell, 

S3. 
Peaslee, John B., 

23, 43 (p.), 52, 60, 

68 to 84, 239, 275. 

305, 418, 435, 460. 
Peaslee. Mrs. Jno. 

B., 74. 



10 



Peck, H. D., 239. 
Pedagogical Muse- 
um, Paris, 512. 
Peebles, Mrs. Ed- 
win C, 65. 
Pekin, 500. 
Penmanship, 171. 
Pensions, 559; Law, 

28, 430. 
Pendleton, Elliott 

H., 235. 
Perkins, Joseph H., 

455. 
Peter's Gallery, 

185. 
Pflueger, Theo- 

dore, 149 (p.). 
Pharmacy, College 

of, 408. 
Phelps. A. v., 393. 
Phillips, Richard 

C, 498 (p.). 
Philipson, David, 

329, 333 (p.). 
Physio - Eclectic 

Medical College, 

550. 
Physio Medical In- 
stitute, 550. 
Phj'sio Medical 

College, 549. 
Physical Culture, 

282. 
Pickets' School, 

542. 
Picket, Albert, 489, 

44. 
Picket, John W., 

403. 
P i k e's Opera 

House, 279. 
Pinchback, P. B. 

S., 455. 
Pinneo, Timothy 

S. (the grammar- 
ian), 152. 
Pitm.an, Benn, 352a 

CP.). 
Population, 12. 
Poole, W. F., .367. 
Poor, Erastus, 41. 
Poor, N. Peabody, 

367. 
Porter, Jermain 

G., 210, 579. 
Porter. C. H., 4.36. 
Potter, L. D., 504. 
Potter, S. S., 504. 
Powell, James, 142,' 

147 (p.). 
Powell, William B., 

381. 
Presbyterian Hos- 
pital, 382. 
Preparatory School 

for Boys, 539. 
President McKin- 

ley, was shot 

Friday, Sept. 6. 

(Error on p. 465. ) 
Presidents, Board 

of Education, 59: 
Natural History 
Socie^tv. 350; Uni- 



versity, 203; Ohio 
Mechanics Insti- 
tute, 391; Wesley- 
an College, 497; 
Principals' Ass- 
c i a t i o n, 418; 
Mathesis, 440: 

Cincinnati Teach- 
ers' Association, 
436; High School 
Association, 607. 

P r i n c ipals, IS; 
Principals' Asso- 
ciation, 414, 419, 
553, 418. 

Prichard, Edward 
H., 159. 279 (p.), 
414, 419. 

Prizes, 464, 461; Or- 
a t o r i c a 1, 437; 
Cash. 287: Books, 
409; Tickets, 464; 
Athletics, 600, 601. 

Procession (of 
1833), 7, 465, 502. 
560. 

Procter, W. A., 239, 
197. 

Protestant Univer- 
sity of the United 
States, 549. 

Professors Hebrew 
Union College, 

333. 

Prussian Educa- 
tion, 484. 

Public Library, 33, 
365, 489. 

Public School Jour- 
nal, 405, 406. 

Pulte Medical Col- 
lege, 508, 540. 

Pulte, Dr. .loseph, 
508. 

Pupils Promotion, 
Honor, 27; 

Pupils Studying 
German, 306. 

Purcell, J. B.. 442, 
440. 

Q. 

Quill Pens, 171. 



R. 

"Ragtime," 465. 
Raine, Fred, 53. 
Rainey, Thomas, 

404. 
Ralph, Dr. John, 

356. 
Ramsey, Wm. M., 

445. 
Raschig. H. H., 267. 

418, 559. 
Ravogli, Dr. A., 

475 (p.), 580. 
Ray, Dr. Joseph, 

15, 45, 46, 136, 142, 

297, 435 (p.), 405. 
Ray, Daniel G., 461. 

11 



Arithmetics, 
Dr. Victor. 



Rays 

24. 
Kay, 
144. 
Rcamy, Dr. Thad. 

A., 235, 506. 
Reed, Dr. C. A. L., 

234 (p.), 506. 
Reformed Medical 
School of Cincin- 
nati, of Ohio, of 
New York. 379. 
Refuge, House of, 

419, 421 (p.). 
Rehm, Ernst, 5'J 

(p.), 54. 
Remley, Jacob A., 

53. 
Remley, W. H., 308. 

415 (p.), 419. 
Renner, Otto J., 
Atty.,]()l.lO;i p. ,.")S0. 
Renner, Philip, 55. 
Rennick. Susan, 410. 
Rendigs, J. H., 53. 
Rendigs, William, 

8 (p.-), 54, 110. 
Report, Cal\-in E. 

Stowe's, 482. 
Resor Academy, 555. 
Resor, I. Burnet, 

474. 
Resolutions of Gen- 
eral Assembly, 
481. 
Resolutions Bible, 

444. 
Rethman, George, 

55, 56, 582 (p.). 
Rickoff, A. J., 14, 
13. 63, 65, 484 (p.), 
579. 
Rickoff's School, 

540. 
Riding Club, 608. 
Riggs, Alexander, 

316. 
Riverside School, 

281 (p.). 
Robinson, W. L., 

247. 
Robinson. James 

M., 54, 56, 235. 
Rogers, John C. 

(Atty.), 294 (p.). 
Rogers, "William 
P., 551, 264b (p.). 
Rolker, Dr. Fred- 
erick, 44. 
Roosevelt , Theo- 
dore, 502. 
Rosa, »torm. 381. 
Rothe, Ella, 440. 
Rothenberg, T.,ouis, 

45 (p.). 
Rowe, J. W., 396. 
Royse, Noble K., 

418. 
Ruehrwein, Wm. 
(Supt. City Work- 
house), 54, 326 
(p.). 
Rules of School, 
39. 



Rulison, Hiram, iU 

(p.), 54. 
Runyan, D. I^., 267, 

462 (p.), 553. 
Russell. Dr. L. E 

382. 
Rust, Richard S., 

498. 
Rust, Richard H., 

499. 
Ryland's School, 

545. 



Saengerfest, 468; 

objections to, 470. 

Sadler, L. L., 54, 

]20 (p.). 
Sage, Geo. R., 445. 
Sage, Rev. O. N 
. 548. 

Salary, Superin- 

t e n d e n t s, 102 ; 
Teachers, 63 
(principals now, 
dist. school, $1,900; 
I n t e r m ediate, 
*2,100; High 

School, $2,600). 
Sands, A. C, 53. 
Sands, George F., 

436, 516 (p.), .581. 
Sanders, Alan., 164 

(p.), 580. 
Sargent, Edw., 55G. 
Sargent, Wilson & 

Hinkle, 558. 
Sattler, Alma, 479. 
Sattler, Dr. Robt., 

115. 
Sawyer, Louis B., 

(Atty.j, 529 (p.). 
Sayler, J. R., 244, 

254 (p.). 
Schiff, Charles, 249. 
Scheidemantle, J. 

B., 419, 159. 
Schulverein. 590. 
Schwaab. John, 25 
55, 57, 289, 322, 591. 
Schmidlapp (Build- 
ing), 184; J. G 
239, 474. 
Schaff, David S., 

316. 
School Life, 267, 405 

406. 
School Libraries, 
33, 409, 411; Juven- 
ile, 410; Appren- 
tices, 410; A. 
Howard Hinkle. 
412; Chas. Fleisch- 
■ mann, 412; Chris- 
tian Moerlein, 412; 
Hughes, Wood- 
ward, 414; of De- 
sign, 180, 1.85; of 
Expression, 480, 
471. 
School Journals, 401 

to 406. 
School Laws, 6, SO, 
32, 33, 34, 62, 596. 



School Architect- 
ure, 317. 

(School at County 
• Intirmary teacher 
must have a 
county certificate. 
Schools of Cincin- 
nati, 47, 405, 406; 
Early, 525; Paro- 
chial, 444; Colored, 
447; 1st 6; Opposi- 
tion to, 7; Exam- 
iners of, 6; Re- 
ports, 7; Interme- 
diate, 16; Superin- 
tendents, 102; Gra- 
ded, 10; Laws, 6, 
30, 32, 33, 34, 62, 
596; Attendance, 
6, 7, 9, 13, 17, IS, 
38; Levy, 20; 
Cleveland, 20; 

Night, 24, 269; 
Deaf, 25, 113; Sign, 
113; Oral, 115; Y. 
M. C. A., .339, 551; 
Rules, 39. 
Schiel, Louis M., 

419, 440. 
Scudder, Dr. J. M. 

51, 381. 
Scudder, Dr. John 

K., 381 (p.). 
Seasongood, Laura, 

196; Lewis, 197. 
Semi - centennial 
High Schools, 128. 
Seminary, Baptist 
Theo., 547; Cin- 
cinnati Theo., 547; 
Cincinnati P"e- 
male, 540, 541; Cin- 
cinnati Adelphi. 
539; Gooch's, 543; 
Lloyd's, 541; Her- 
ron's, 539; Hard- 
ings, 540. 
Senior, Edw., 235, 

386 (p.). 
Shay, Thos. F., 53, 

562 (p.). Atty. 
Shepardson, Dan- 
iel, 144. 
Sherman Sthool, 

306 (p.). 
Sherman School 

Carriage, 272b 

(p.). 
Shearer, John L., 

390 (p.). 
Sherwood, James 
E.. 64, 414, 418, 425, 
486 (p.), 562, 580. 
Shillito Co. (The 

John), 466, 474. 
Shillito Mansion, 

373. 
Shotwell, John B., 
405 (p.), 406, 581, 
title page, pref- 
ace. 
Shotwell, Dr. John 
T., 226. 

12 



Shuff, John L. 14i 

(p.), 467. 
Siewers, Dr. Sarah 

M., 36 (p.). 
Siling, Wilmer L., 

375 (p.), 378. 
Sinton, David, ISl, 

197, 345 (p.), 552. 
Sixteenth District 

School, 39 (p.). 
Slack, Dr. Elijah, 

254, 490. 
Slate Work, 23, 73 

(p.). 
Smedes, Jno. M., 55 

(p.). 
Smith, Jr., Amor, 
148, 239, 19fib (p.). 
Smith College, 497. 
Smith, M. W., 129 
(p.), 581; J. H. 
Chas., 15 (p.); 
Rev. J. B., 378; 
Henry Goodwin, 
315; Dr. H. A., 229 
(p.); Henry Pre- 
served, 316; Judge 
Samuel W., 578 
(p.). 
Smith & Co. (W. 

B.), 403, 556. 
Sparks, Chas. S., 

362 (p.). 
Spaeth, Phil. D., 

56. 
Spanish Taught, 

561. 
S p anish-American 

War, 500. 
Spelling Exercise, 

77 (p.). 
Spencer, Dr. J. R., 

602 (p.). 
Spencer House, 48, 

586. 
Spencer O. M.. 38, 

48, 447, 506. 
Spiegel, Judge Fred 
S., 53, 305, 412 (p.), 
.554. 
Sproull, Prof. W. 

O., 223 (p.), 431. 
Springer, Reuben, 
180, 368 (p.), 369; 
Death, 470; En- 
dowment, 470, 474; 
Stallo, E. K.. 239. 
Stallo, J. B., 239, 

381, 445. 
Stallo, Laura Mc- 
Donald, 383. 
State School Com- 
missioner, 15, 67, 
91, 131, 411, 460. 
Stanwood, J. B., 

249. 
Starbuck, Alexan- 
der, 351. 

Stammel, Dr. 

Chas. A., 56. 
Statistics Public 

Schools, 522, 523. 

Stephens, Chas. H. 

Atty.), 52, 542 (p.). 



Stevenson, Frank 
W., 238 (p.). 

Steadman, A. H., 
174. 

Stevenson, Robert 
G. (clerk), 54, 555. 

Stephenson, Nath- 
aniel, 581. 

Stewart, Dr. Thoh. 
M., 510. 

Stewart, Jas., 378. 

Stewart, Dr. Robt. 
W., 564. 

Sterling, W. S., 473, 
474, 370 (p.). 

Stone, George N., 
521. 

Stowe, Harriett 

Beecher, 543. 

Stowe. Calvin E., 
316, 481. 

Storer, Bellamy, 
46. 239, 445. 

Struble, Stanley, 
5.55 (p.). 

Strunk, Wni., 52, 
239, 70a (p.). 

Straehley, John, 53. 

Strickland, W. S., 
283 (p.), 306, 436, 
435. 

St. John's College, 
540. 

St. Xavier College, 
441, 442. 

Sullivan, Christine 
G., 97, 174, 279, 425, 
435, 137, 439, 440, 
510, 511 (o.^; 

Work. 512; Death, 
518; Bust, 518. 

Superintendents of 
Schools, Table, 
102; N. Guilford, 
61; Joseph Mer- 
rill, 62; A. J. 
Rickoff, 63; lay- 
man Harding, 65; 
John Hancock, 65; 
John B. Peaslee, 
68; Isaac .T. Allen, 
85; .Dr. E. E. 
White, 89; W. H. 
Morgan, 95: R. G. 
Boone, 97. 

Superintendents of 
Buildings, 57; of 
Drawing, 174-177, 
and 511; of Music, 
170; of Penman- 
ship, 171-174; of 
Physical Culture, 
282-288; of Colored 
Schools, 450, 457. 

S u p p 1 e m entary 
Readers, 414. 

Surdo, .Toseoh, 576 
(.p.), 582. 

Swain, Charles li., 
575 (p.), 584. 

Swift, Dr. Edwin 
B., 397. 

Swing, F. E., 569 
(p.). 



Sykes, G. S.. 235, 
566. 

"Symmes Hole," 
46. 

Symmes, Peyton 
S., 41, 46. 47. 

Symmes, John 
Cleves, 530. 

Symphony Orches- 
tra. 469, 476. 

Symphony Di'-eet- 
r.rs, 477. 



Table, W o m e n's 

"Vote, 35; Superin- 
tendents', 102; B. 

of E., Presidents. 

59. 
Tackenberg, Chas.. 

582. 
Taft, Alphonso, 199 

(p.), 237, 445; Mrs. 

A 1 p h o n so, 586; 

Wm. H., 258 (p.); 

Chas. P., 277 (p.). 
Tafel, Gustav, 52. 

239. 
Talmund Institute, 

575. 
Tatem, H. H., 464. 
Tate, Dr. John H., 

506. 
Teachers, Number, 

9, 10, 12, 13, 18, 38; 

Salaries, 10, 19, 37. 

63; Tenure, 28; 

Appointment, 28. 
T e a c h e r s' Rifle 

Club, 67. 
Teachers' Aid and 

Annuity Associa- 
tion, 561. 
Teachers' Club, 425; 

Meetings, 128, 429; 

B a n q u e ts, 430; 

Presidents, 431. 
Technical School, 

247. 
Telephone, .500, 521. 
Tenth District 

School, 522 (p.). 
Text Books, S. 
Thanksgiving Day, 

560. 
Thalheimer, W. B., 

559. 
■ Theory and Prac- 
tice. 92. 
Theological Semi- 
nary, Cincinnati, 

547. 
Thirtieth District, 

School, 81 (p.). 
Thornton, Jos eph 

L,., 132. 
Thorner, Dr. Max, 

436, 506. 
Thomas, Theodore, 

472. 
Thomas, Port, 266, 

269, 502, 
Thomas, A. S., 461. 

13 



Thorns, Phoebe E., 
582. 

Thoms, Mat thew 
H., 196a (p.). 

Toelke, Josejih H., 
19 (p.), 56. 

T o 1 1 i V e r. Re v. 
Philip. 455. 

"Transac t i o n s," 
489. 

Traub's B u s i ness 
College, 401. 

Tree Planting, 23. 

Trollope's Bazaar, 
388-9 

Trolley Rides, 269. 

Trisler, Earl C, 517 
(p.). 

Trisler, John R., 
589 (p.). 

Trisler, J. L., 596. 

Trotter, Monroe, 455 

Trustees and Visi- 
tors, 30 (.on page 
6 is an error in 
date, it should be 
1868), -447. 

Truant Officer, 57, 
607. 

Trustees, Art 
Academy, 186. 

Tuckerman, Jacob, 
373. 

Turrell, I.saac H., 
160 (p.), 5S3. 

Turrill. M. S., 444 
(p.), 582. 

Turners, 286. 

Twenty-eighth Dis- 
trict, 308 (p.). 

Twenty-second Dis- 
trict, 245 (p.). 

Twenty-third Dis- 
trict, 538 (p.). 

Twenty-s e v e n t h 
District, 271 (p.). 

Twitchell, Henry 
210. 



Underbill. Dr. J. 
W,. 53, 59. 

Union Board of 
High Schools, 33, 
126, 461, 562. 

University of Chi- 
cago, 432. 

University, How- 
ard, 505. 

University, Protes- 
tant, of the U. S., 
549. 

University. M e d i- 
cal, of Ohio. 550. 

University, Cincin- 
nati (Old), 5.32. 

University of Cin- 
cinnati, Adver- 
tisement, 240 ; 
Athletics, 601 ; 
Ayers, Howard, 
200, 203 (p.); Bur- 
net Woods, in. 



190; Board of To- 
day, 235; Board, 
235, 596; Meeting 
Places, 239; Bene- 
factors, 1.94, 198; 
Building, Burnet 
Woods, 189 (p.); 
Change of Name, 
218; Chairmen of, 
237; Clerks, 239; 
Corner Stone 
Laid, 192; Cun- 
ningham Hall, 

193, 500; Depart- 
ment, Dental, 228; 
Department, 
Law, 251, 261; Di- 
rectors, 231; En- 
dowme n t s, 198; 
Engineering Col- 
1 e g e, 194; Ex- 
Members Board, 
237; Fire, 190; 
First Department 
(School of De- 
sign), 233, 182; 
First Graduates, 
241 (p.); Hanna 
Hall, 192, 195 (p.).; 
Harper, George 
W., 186; Hebrew 
Union College, 
190; Ingalls M. E., 
194; Legal Contest 
Over Removal, 
192; Medical De- 
pa r t m e nt, 224; 
McMicken, Chas., 

194, 210, 213 (p.).; 
McMi c k e n Uni- 
versity, 218. 231, 
225 (p.).; McMick- 
ne Home stead, 
187, 215 (p.).; New 
Board of (May. 
1903), 596; Officers, 
237; Old and New 
Board, 233: Ob- 
servatory, 206, 209 
(p.); O r d inance, 
231; O r g a n ized, 
186; Sett lemont, 
607; Third Inter- 
mediate, 187; 
Technical School, 
194, 247; Thoms. 
Matthew H., 196, 
196a (p.); Van 
Wormer, Asa, 193, 
240, 243 (p.); at 
Woodward, 186. 

University Settle- 
ment, 607. 



Valley Forge, 80. 
Van Antwerp, 556. 
Van Antwerp, 

Bragg & Co., 558. 
Van Cleve, J. S., 474 
Van Der Stucken, 

Frank, 469 (p.) ; 

473, 476. 



Van Dyke, A. M., 

i;», (p.): 146, 164. 
Van VVormer, Asa, 

193, 240, 243 (p.). 
Van Wormer Li- 
brary, 191 (p.), 194 

245. 
Vassar, 494, 197. 
Vaughn, Daniel, 

381, 506. 
Venable, Emerson, 

.598 (p.). 
Venable, W i 1 liam 

H., 107, 110, 431, 

435. 
Victoria, Queen, 49. 
Vickers, Thomas, 

52, 239. 369. 
Vienna Exposition, 

176. 
Visit to Europe (C. 

E. Stowe's), 481. 
"Visit to a London 

School," 581. 
Vogel, William H., 

175 (p.)., 178. 
Volks Blatt, 48: 
Volksblatx, 475. 
Von Wahlde, Her- 
man, 583. 
Voorhes, O. P., 580 

(p.). 
Voorheis, Louis E., 

474. 



1 W. 

I Wahle, G. R., 54. 
I Walker, Timothy, 

260, 445. 
Walker, Paul F., 

583. 
AVald Gustavus H., 

252 (p.)., 551. 
Walnut Hills High 

School, 107. 108 

(p.), 109, 462. 
Walden, John M., 

51, 378, 463 (p.). 
War Veterans, 159. 
War, Civil, 19, 21; 

Spanish, 500. 
Warsaw School, 

561. 
Wards of City. SS, 

42, 44, 45, 52, 54, 55, 

597. (The number 

of Wards will be 

26 after May 1, 

1903.) 
Ward, E. K., 606. 
Warden, Reuben 

H., 48. 
Warder, Dr. John 

A., 45, 48, 350. 
Washington, Mar- 
tha, 278. 
Wasihingto n's 

rsirthday, 560. 
Washburn, W. C, 

178 (p.)., 409. 
Waters, Jabez M., 

51, 549 (p.). 



Watters' Business 

College, 399. 
Watters, J. Harry, 

399, 400 (p.). 
Webster School, 71 

(p.). 
Webber, C. T., 198, 

233, 246, 310. 
WeiCk, W. H., 583. 
Weidner, Jr., Chas. 

(frontispiece), 2, 

.54. 57, 439. 
Weil, Samuel, 32 

(p.), 54. 
Welch, Judge, 44C. 
Wellesley, 494, 497. 
Wells, J. D., 54, 239. 
Werner and Ad- 

kins, 488. 
West, Chas. W.,180 
Western Academy 

of Natural 

Sciences, 347. 
Western Museum, 

255, 545. 
Western Literary 

Institute, 489, 491. 
Western F e m ale 

Institute, 543. 
Wesleyan F e male 

College, 491: pic- 
ture of (old), 495; 

(new), 496. 
Wetherby, A. G., 

196. 
Whallon, Dr. R. 

H., 101, 440. 
Whalen, Thos. J., 

55. 
Whelpley, Alb ert 

W., 369. 
White, Joseph E., 

566. 
White, Laura 

Heinrich, .304 (p.). 
White, Dr. E. E., 

27, 54, 89, 90, (p.).; 

239, 316, 406, 583 

(died). 
White's Arithmetic 

27. 
Whiteley, Chas.W., 

53. 
Whittier School, 250 

(p.). 
Wiborg, Prank B. 

(resigned, U. of 

C Aug. 1902), 2.35, 

474. 
Wilber, Perlee C, 

494, 497. 
Wilber, Mary C, 

499. 
Wllberforce U n 1- 

versity, 460. 
Wilkie, Christie, 237 
Wilkinson, E. W., 

64a (p.), 435, 436. 
Williams, F. H., 

101. 
Wi 1 1 i a m s, Delia 

Lathrop, 553. 
Williams, E. Cort, 

53, 462. 



14 



Williams' Private 

School, 539. 
Wilson, Hinkle & 

Co., 67, 558. 
Wilson, Francis E. 

51 (date should be 

18S8-98) (p.).. 405, 

583. 
Wilson, Gideon C, 

53. 
Wilson, Herbert C, 

210. 
Wilson, Obed. J., 

558. 
Wilson, Moses F., 

25, 239 Can ex- 
teacher). 
Wilstach, Charles 

F., 391. 
Writing, V e r tical 

and Natural 

Slant, 174. 
Wright, Dr. C. W., 

506. 
Wright, John C, 

50, 260. 
Wright, Joseph F., 

239. 
Windsor Public 

School, 64 (p.). 
Windisch, Charles 

F., 197. 
Winslow, John F., 

235. 
Wise. Isaac M., 239, 

329, 330 (p.), 334. 
Wisnewski. J. F., 52 
Withrow, Dr. J. M. 

383 (p.). 
Wolfstein, Dr., D. 

I., 480. 
Woman Admitted, 

494, 506. 
Woman Dentist. 230 
Woman's Medical 

College, 382. 



Found- 
152. 
Gram- 



Women Candidates 
34, 35, 36, 37. 

Women's Vote, 35. 

Wood, Selma, 440. 

Woodward, W i 1- 
liam, 122, 135, 148. 

Woodward Birth- 
day, 152 (error on 
page 135, correct- 
ed page 152.) 

Woodward Banner, 
165. 

Woodward Cadets, 
148. 

Woodward College, 
]2S, 138; suspended 
141. 

Woodward in Civil 
War, 157. 

Woodw.ard 
ers' Day, 

Woodward 
mar School, 136. 

Woodward Grave 
and Monument, 
149. 

Woodward Guards, 
165. 

Woodward High 
School 135, 136, 
137 (p.), 319. 

Woodward Home- 
stead, 556 (p.). 

Woodward P o r- 
trait, 151. 

Woodward P r e si- 
dents, 152. 

Woodward Princi- 
pals, 152. 

Woodward 
erty, 149. 

Woodward 
55. 

Woolson, Moses, 
144. 

World's Fair, Chi- 
cago. 179, 425. 



P r o p- 
J. O., 



Worthington Col- 
lege, 379. 

Wulsin, D r a usin, 
53, 559. 

Y. 

Yancey, Rev. Wal- 
ter, 452. 

Young M e n's 
Christian Asso- 
ciation, 347 <p.).. 
425, 490, 501; Or- 
ganized, 551. 

Y. M. C. A. Law 
Department, 339. 

Youmans, Fred M., 
81, 96 (p.), 436. 

Young, Thomas, 239 

Young's School for 
Boys, 541. 

Young Men's Mer- 
cantile L i b rary, 
261, 369, 464. 

Young Women's 
Club, 555. 

Yowell, Everett T., 
210. 

Yowell, R. C, 176 
(p.), 328, 419, 431. 

z. 

Zenner, Dr. Philip, 

480. 
Ziegler, Carl, 282, 

287, 584 (p). 
Ziegler, W. C, 54, 

57. 
Ziegler, Christian, 

48. 
Zion College, 329. 
Zion Collegiate As- 
sociation, 329. 
Zoological Gardens 

267, 268 (p.). 
Zumstein Frank C, 

296 (p.). 



^/ 1903 



